内蒙古阿拉坦合力苏木汗贝布敦昭奥陶纪裸河组的重新厘定及其意义

2010-2012年在内蒙古东乌旗阿拉坦合力苏木中蒙边境-带开展1：5万区调时,根据岩性组合、古生物特征及地层对比等,将汗贝布敦昭地区的奥陶纪铜山组重新厘定为裸河组,并划分出3个岩性段。粒度分析等特征表明,裸河组总体上表现为动荡的滨-浅海沉积环境;化石及区域地层对比、沉积物源分析等特征表明,裸河组的形成时代为晚奥陶世。这些成果为兴安地层区奥陶纪地层的研究和对比提供了有价值的基础资料．对探讨西伯利亚板块南缘活动大陆边缘旱古生代地质构造演化具有重要意义。     

Fluvial incisions in the North‐Western Pyrenees (Aspe Valley): Dissection of a former planation surface and some tectonic implications

Dissected remnants of a high elevation low relief surface (HELRS) are encountered all along the Pyrenean range. All authors agree that the HELRS was shaped during the post‐shortening evolution of the belt, but doubt remains on its original elevation. Notably, whether a post‐shortening uplift event occurred after the generation of the Pyrenean planation surface is still debated. Based on a geomorphological study of the entrenchment of the Aspe River in the North‐Western Pyrenees, we describe a post‐Oligocene multi‐stage dissection of the HELRS linked to a regional post‐shortening uplift. Each incision stage is recorded by erosional triangular facets and associated stepped remnants of former smooth topographies. Compared analysis of patterns of incision in the Axial Zone and its northern border allows to evidence differential vertical motions. We discuss the forcing mechanism(s) that controlled this morphological evolution.     

构造掀斜主导的断陷湖盆缓坡层序“源—汇”正演模拟定量研究

断陷湖盆缓坡带的构造掀斜作用对其地层叠置样式和沉积体系展布具有重要的控制作用。通过基于“源—汇”系统理论的地层正演模拟研究方法,在三级层序地层格架下（以2 Myr为总时长）对断陷盆地缓坡带构造掀斜型层序地层发育样式及其相关地貌演化、沉积物通量变化进行了定量表征。以恒定的绝对湖平面为研究前提,共建立了高/低沉积物供给的背景下4种不同的地层正演模型。两种不同缓坡带掀斜初始位移模型的设定反映了掀斜点和沉积滨线的相对位置,以便于不同掀斜层序样式对比分析。研究表明,掀斜支点位于滨线之上的模型常形成湖侵和正常湖退,而掀斜支点位于滨线之下的模型常形成强制湖退。滨线迁移轨迹和层序叠置样式的不一致性贯穿整个层序发育过程,是沉积物通量及滨线迁移共同作用的结果。该模型中沉积物通量的变化直接响应于源区地貌演变,滨线迁移则受控于新增可容空间和沉积物供给的相互关系。这一系列构造掀斜型层序模型及其相关成因解释对断陷盆地层序地层格架及其叠置样式的精细解剖具有重要的指导意义。该模拟研究对断陷湖盆的高频湖平面变化特征也有较为合理的解释（如海洋同位素3期以来的贝加尔湖）。然而本次正演模拟所设置的初始地貌较为单一,在相同构造、气候条件下和不同沉积物供给背景下所形成地层模型无法涵盖所有缓坡带层序地层类型。由此可见,基于“源—汇”系统思想探讨断陷盆地层序地层多样性的相关模拟工作仍然任重道远。     

西南天山乌什北山高山峡谷地貌形成过程

地貌演化过程受大地构造及其规律的控制。本文通过对西南天山乌什北山地区滚滚铁列克河第四纪沉积和侵蚀地貌的观测,结合已发表的地层年代学研究,恢复了中更新世和全新世两期侵蚀地貌演化过程。中更新世地貌切割深度达1870 m以上,远远大于全新世50 m的地貌切割深度,认为该地区的高山峡谷地貌形成于中更新世。西南天山普遍发育的中更新世褶皱冲断构造,造成山体快速大幅隆升,是乌什北山高山峡谷地貌形成的主因。褶皱冲断构造向盆地方向扩展,导致山体向盆地方向隆升幅度减小,揭示了乌什北山地貌演化的空间规律。西南天山第四纪构造隆升过程与地貌演化之间存在密切关系。     

Applied geomorphology and the impact of natural hazards on the built environment

This paper examines the scope and limitations of geomorphological investigation of the sites of architectural and engineering works. Various degrees of vulnerability, forms of impact, and types of applied geomorphological response are summarized. Aspects of land development and construction practice that may increase the vulnerability of buildings and structures to geomorphological hazards are discussed. Strengths and weaknesses of the geomorphological input to hazard mitigation are reviewed. Examples are described that show both negative and positive influences exerted by geomorphological site analysis on urban and regional planning for unstable terrains in Italy. It is concluded that societal choice, within the overall matrix of a society's culture (sensu largo), will influence the way in which vulnerability is managed at sites, and hence the scope for utilizing geomorphological analysis of the physical risks.     

堆积阶地古老滑坡识别方法及其在线状工程地质勘察中的应用

阶地型古老滑坡体形成后,长期受各种营力影响,导致古老滑坡地貌形态破坏严重甚至消失。目前遥感技术和普通工程地质调绘很难发现这些滑坡的存在,给工程建设和后期运营造成较大安全隐患。为准确识别形态特征不明显的古老滑坡体,从阶地物质结构特征演变入手,找到阶地受剪切破坏产生的典型物质结构特征,将地层结构错断、卵砾石异常定向排列、摩擦镜面和泥包粒的眼球构造等作为滑坡准确识别依据。首先采用沿沟谷进行工程地质测绘的纵横交错追踪法确定滑坡体纵向范围和滑面形状,再结合地貌特征推测各级、块滑坡平面范围和分布,最后用点状勘探工程验证和校正推测结论。可将其总结为由"地貌异常、沿沟追踪、面上推断、点状校验"组成的阶地型滑坡识别方法,即物质结构异常推断法。结合线状工程勘察设计各阶段工作特点,提出线状工程前期工作中阶地型滑坡识别步骤,并在临渭高速公路工程建设项目中取得成功应用。     

青藏高原1∶25万区域地质调查地貌年代学研究

高原隆升及剥蚀作用的复杂性与区域差异性以及高原恶劣的气候、地理条件,使得在青藏高原空白区1∶25万区域地质调查中进行地貌年代学研究具有很大的现实意义.由于地貌是高原隆升、环境演化、新构造运动等的信息载体,地貌年代有助于重塑这些地质作用的发生时间及发展过程,因此地貌年代学研究具有重要的技术意义.1∶25万银石山幅的工作表明,地貌年代学调查对高原隆升及环境演化过程研究具有良好效果.     

江苏扬州旅游地学资源初探

扬州旅游地学资源类型丰富,特色分明,自然性保存好,旅游市场潜力大,在国内具有一定代表性。主要包括火山地貌景观、地层剖面、古生物化石产地与古文化遗址、观赏石、矿产、水体景观、地质工程景观和地质灾害遗迹资源8大类。其中尤以新生代地质火山石柱林、雨花石和龙虬庄古文化遗址为代表,积极地保护与合理的开发利用这些资源,为地方经济和社会发展作出贡献。     

Beyond stratigraphic noise: Unraveling the evolution of stratified assemblages in faunalturbated sites

This study explores the stratigraphic evolution of archaeological assemblages in faunalturbated sites. These sites are sometimes described as having limited archaeological value because of varying degrees of occupation mixing. It is argued here that the vertical distribution of assemblages is predictable in faunalturbated contexts. Understanding this vertical evolution may lead to a better assessment of the archaeological potential of a cultural sequence. In faunalturbated soils, the stratigraphic evolution of the assemblages is largely dictated by faunal activity. Tunneling by small animals tend to “sink” cultural remains through the deposits. Although objects sink at a relatively fast pace near the surface, the process slows down as the objects reach the bottom of the biomantle where the sediments are more compact. This process affects the shape of the artifact vertical distribution. The analysis of a multicomponent site from southern Québec is used to model how assemblages may evolve temporally in faunalturbated settings. At Station 3‐avant, the stratigraphic distribution of the cultural remains appears to evolve from an upward‐skewed distribution to a bottom‐skewed distribution through time. This evolution is interpreted to result from the fact that objects are often too large and/or heavy to be moved upward by the pedofauna. In situations in which this stage of stratigraphic evolution is not yet reached, enough information about temporal successions may be retained for the site to be useful for investigating diachronic change. This may prove invaluable in regions in which faunalturbated sequences are common. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Geochronological position of badlands and geomorphological patterns in the Guadix–Baza basin (SE Spain)

The Guadix–Baza basin is one of a number of intramontane depressions located within the Betic Cordillera (SE Spain), where the geological and geomorphological evolution is controlled by tectonic activity. The basin ceased to be closed after capture by the Atlantic network, when five main land systems developed. Late Pleistocene geological evolution basically consisted of erosional modelling, when badlands were deeply incised in highly erodible materials (marls and silts). Three travertine platforms and several Palaeolithic sites were used to determine that this main incision period fell within a 115,000–48,000 yr range. There are few signs of geomorphological evolution of this basin in the last 48,000 yr. Based on these geomorphological data and soil development, tectonic uplift of the basin probably played a secondary role in its evolution, and climatic conditions in southern Iberia in the 144,000–48,000 yr period were more humid and variable than later.     

太行山地貌计量指标空间特征及其构造地貌意义

系统的地貌计量指标分析有助于理解造山带新构造活动特征与地貌演化.太行山地处中国第二、三地形阶梯的边界,具有重要的构造地貌意义.基于ASTER GDEM地形数据,对太行山按流域进行了面积高程积分、河长坡降指标(SL)和Hack剖面等地貌计量指标的分析,结合地层、构造等资料,探讨了太行山构造地貌演化特征.结果表明,在分析的...     

岷江上游流域裂点分布及成因分析

均衡状态时的基岩河道纵剖面表现为平滑形态,然而自然界的河道纵剖面常因地球各种内外动力作用的影响而呈现出以裂点为特征的不均衡状态,因此不均衡的河道剖面及裂点的特征可以用于指示外界环境的扰动。位于青藏高原东缘造山带的岷江上游流域水系普遍呈现不均衡的特征,且广泛发育有裂点。文章基于数字高程模型,提取裂点空间分布特征,通过裂点成因分析后发现,这些裂点的形成受到岩性、冰川作用、构造等因素的影响：因岩性形成的裂点主要位于花岗岩与其他地层的交界线上;而高海拔裂点主要受到冰川作用的控制,位于地形起伏度较低的区域;流域内低海拔区域成层分布的坡断型裂点可能主要因多期次区域构造隆升而形成;岷江上游下段流域的阶梯状垂阶型裂点则主要因地震滑坡形成。这一结果增进了对岷江流域的河流地貌发育及其影响因素的理解。此外,研究结果也说明在对河道纵剖面分析时有必要更多考虑到滑坡及冰川等因素对现代河道纵剖面产生的重要影响,为进一步理解造山带地貌演化及控制因素提供了参考视角。     

The Horst of Sabzevar and regional water resources from the Bronze Age to the present day (Northeastern Iran)

Numerous researchers previously explored the question of the origin of qanat system on the Iranian plateau. In 2008, the Iranian-French excavation work carried out on the site of tepe Damghani raised the issue of the evolution of water resources in the area since the Bronze Age. A regional geomorphological survey showed that the Plio-Quaternary horst of Sabzevar played a significant role in providing water in the whole area from the Bronze Age up to now and that the qanat system had developed at the Achaemenid period. Indeed, at the back of the horst, a graben housing an important water table in its Quaternary alluvium has been found. Hydrological and geomorphological study shows that the overflowing of the water table provided a perennial flow. The archaeological data allow confirming the assumptions formulated starting from this study. The development of the qanât system then allowed irrigation of the whole hillfoot of the Sabzevar horst but in return provoked a lowering of the water table level, that massive pumping worsened; this level is currently to approximately 150 m of average depth.     

“Mind the gap”: Caves,radiocarbon sequences,and the Mesolithic–Neolithic transition in Europe—lessons from the Mala Triglavca rockshelter site

Radiocarbon sequences from some northern Mediterranean cave sites show a temporal gap between Mesolithic and Neolithic occupations. Some authors regard this as a regional phenomenon and have sought to explain it in terms of a general population decline in the late Mesolithic, which facilitated the replacement of indigenous foragers by immigrant farmers. New evidence from the rockshelter site of Mala Triglavca, in Slovenia, leads us to question this view. We describe the deposits in the rockshelter and discuss the results of AMS radiocarbon dating of bone samples recovered in excavations in the 1980s. New archaeological investigations and associated soil/sediment analyses show that in the central part of the rockshelter a well‐defined stratigraphic sequence can be established, despite post‐depositional modification by soil forming processes. There is also evidence of substantial post‐depositional disturbance of the cave sediments by human agency and geomorphological processes, which have created “temporal gaps” and “inversions” in the radiocarbon sequence. The relatively large series of radiocarbon dates obtained enables some of the post‐depositional processes to be identified. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Geoarchaeology and prehistory of the Kipsing and Tol river watersheds in the Mukogodo Hills region of Central Kenya

An archaeological survey and geomorphological investigation were conducted over a period of three years in the Tol and Kipsing River valleys, both located in the Mukogodo Hills‐Upper Ewaso Ng'iro Plains region of Central Kenya. Eleven alluvial‐stratigraphic sections were studied, and five late‐Quaternary alluvial stratigraphic units were identified on the basis of lithology, chronology, and soil stratigraphy. The locations of 63 archaeological sites recorded during the reconnaissance were compared with the distribution of the alluvial units. These data were used to predict where sites of different cultural periods are most likely to be found and to determine the relationship between site location and alluvial deposition. Since natural processes of deposition and erosion do not fully account for the distribution of Middle and Later Stone Age sites in the study area, the hypothesis that these differences reflect human choices, not the operation of natural processes, cannot be rejected. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Geomorphological and sedimentary evidence for late Pleistocene to Holocene hydrological change along the Río Mamoré, Bolivian Amazon

Aerial photography and satellite imagery reveal manifold geomorphological evidence of a dynamic evolution of past and present rivers in the Bolivian Amazon. Comparison of oxbow lake and meander scar dimensions along an inactive meander belt of the Río Mamoré (Llanos de Moxos, north-eastern Bolivia) and its modern counterpart suggests significant regional paleohydrological variability. We used these features as geomorphological and sedimentary archives to enhance our understanding of longer-term variations of the fluvial system. Late Pleistocene to Holocene hydrological changes of the Río Mamoré are inferred from: (i) the analysis of satellite imagery, (ii) discharge estimates from meander morphology, (iii) stratigraphic, and (iv) chronological information based on luminescence and radiocarbon dating. The combined data from three oxbows indicate that the now abandoned meander belt – the paleo-Mamoré – continued to be active at least until ∼5 ka, and likely even postdating 3 ka. An up to threefold increase in discharge is estimated for the modern Río Mamoré versus the paleo-Mamoré. The altered runoff regime may have triggered an avulsive shift towards the currently active Río Mamoré. The preceding increase in discharge in turn, was possibly related to a shift in climatic conditions, which changed markedly between the mid- and late Holocene in tropical South America. In addition, it may have been the indirect result of capturing the avulsive Río Grande system to the east of the Río Mamoré. Alternative explanations for the differences in dimensions of the paleo versus the modern Río Mamoré, i.e. contemporaneous activity of both rivers or alteration of site factors such as the channel/floodplain relationship, are considered to be unlikely.     

Morphological analysis and features of the landslide dams in the Cordillera Blanca,Peru

Global warming in high mountain areas has led to visible environmental changes as glacial retreat, formation and evolution of moraine dammed lakes, slope instability, and major mass movements. Landslide dams and moraine dams are rather common in the Cordillera Blanca Mountains Range, Peru, and have caused large damages and fatalities over time. The environmental changes are influencing the rivers’ and dams’ equilibrium, and the potential induced consequences, like catastrophic debris flows or outburst floods resulting from dam failures, can be major hazards in the region. The studies of past landslide dam cases are essential in forecasting induced risks, and specific works on this topic were not developed in the study region. Reflecting this research gap, a database of 51 cases and an evolution study of landslide dams in the Cordillera Blanca Mountains is presented. The main morphometric parameters and information of the landslide, the dam body, the valley, and the lake, if any, have been determined through direct and indirect survey techniques. Low variability in some of the main morphometric parameter distributions (valley width and landslide volume) has been shown, most likely due to an environmental control connected to the regional tectonic and glacial history. In order to analyze present and future landslide dam evolution, a morphological analysis was carried out using two recently developed geomorphological indexes employed on the Italian territory. The results of the Cordillera Blanca analysis have been compared with a large Italian landslide dam inventory, highlighting as much the differences as the similarities between the two datasets. The long-term geomorphological evolution changes are evaluated. Many of the stable dams are in disequilibrium with their surrounding environment and their classification result is of “uncertain determination.”     

松南月亮泡地区青山口组高分辨层序研究与岩性圈闭预测

月亮泡地区位于松南西部沉积体系斜坡背景下的三角洲前缘相带,受坡度、物源等因素影响,地层对比误差较大,沉积相认识不清楚,岩性圈闭难以落实。通过建立研究区高分辨率等时层序地层格架,重新分析区域的沉积演化模式,发现在青一二、青三层序时期地层内部发育多套上倾尖灭的地震反射轴。进一步研究证实,该地震反射轴反映松南月亮泡地区高台子油层发育了多期叠置的三角洲前缘沉积,即为本区的超覆圈闭发育区。应用三维地震识别技术刻画出岩性圈闭的展布形态和分布范围。高分辨率层序理论的应用在本区岩性油藏勘探中起到了重要的指导作用。     

Stratigraphic architecture of the Plio-Pleistocene infill of the Corinth Rift: Implications for its structural evolution

An integrated study of the stratigraphy, structure, sedimentology, and geomorphology of the Akrata–Derveni region (southern coast of the Gulf of Corinth, Greece) forms the basis for a tectono-stratigraphic model for the evolution of the Plio-Pleistocene central Corinth Rift.

The syn-rift sediments exposed on the uplifted southern coast of the Gulf of Corinth comprise three stratigraphic groups. Maximum total thickness of the syn-rift sediments can reach 2800 m in the middle of the studied area. The Lower Group is made of fluvio-lacustrine deposits. The Middle Group corresponds to thick alluvial fan conglomerates and their equivalent Gilbert-type fan deltas that built toward the north. The Upper Group is composed of uplifted terrace deposits, slope breccias and small Gilbert-type deltas. These groups have been subdivided into informal formations and depositional systems. Restoration of the stratigraphic architecture along a N–S transect provides a linked structural and depositional model for this part of the rift. Reconstruction of the latest phases of uplift is based on a study of geomorphological features.

Evolutionary phases include, (1) an overall increase in accommodation space during deposition of the Lower and Middle Groups followed by (2) a drastic decrease in accommodation space during deposition of the Upper Group. Sedimentary signals indicate that most of the major normal faults were active during deposition of the Lower Group. The depocentre was located in the middle part of the study area and paleocurrents were predominantly toward the ENE. The main depositional system shifted south at the onset of deposition of the Middle Group, recording a widening and deepening of the rift. This major event also corresponds to a change in paleocurrent direction to a clear northward polarity. The southernmost border fault, the Killini Fault, was sealed during deposition of the Middle Group. A northward migration of fault activity was associated with northward progradation of giant Gilbert-type fan deltas that record water depths up to 500 m. Finally, the fan delta system was abandoned as progressive tilting to the south and uplift of the margin induced a reversal of the drainage system with the development of an endorheic depression. Sediment supply to the basin thus decreased and a forced regression took place during deposition of the Upper Group recording a northward shift of more than 5 km and a 600 m relative sea-level drop. As no major eustatic sea-level falls of such amplitude are documented during the Pleistocene, the uplift is linked to regional tectonics. Uplift and fault reactivation gave the present day configuration of the southern coast of the Gulf.