人工影响天气后下游地面湿度响应分析探讨

2008年8月8日下午到夜间,针对北京地区西北部、西部和西南部强对流天气进行了人工影响天气作业。为了解大规模进行人工影响天气作业后下游地区地面湿度的变化情况,文章结合空中天气形势,利用北京城区和郊区215个自动站及非自动站资料进行降水分布研究,重点利用其有湿度记录的108个站资料,对大规模人工影响后的地面湿度变化结合同期降水资料进行分析,以期为今后大规模的人工影响天气提供实验依据。结果表明,2008年8月8日夜间北京地区引导气流为西南东北向,天气系统基本沿西南—东北向移动,18：00—00：00的6小时累计降水量,呈东北西南向带状分布,北京城区处在降水量比较少的＂豁口＂处,＂鸟巢＂无降水。人工影响天气部门在北京地区西南部进行大规人工模影响强对流天气作业。作业后,在大规模人工影响作业区下风方带状范围内,地面水汽压随时间具有明显的突变（地面水汽压突然减小,持续时间大致在25分钟左右）,且这种突变从由西南向东北减弱,突变开始的时间逐渐推后。在带状中心轴线附近这种突变比较明显,远离中心轴线这种突变减弱,开始突变的时间也推后;而在带状范围外,则没有这种现象。究其原因,主要由于大规模发射火箭弹进行作业,一是火箭弹尾喷的播撒作用,二是尾喷激起的强大扰动作用,有利于大的雨滴降落,或迅速长大后降落,形成下沉气流,下沉气流将高层的干冷空气带到低层引起地面水汽压减小;此下沉气流沿着引导气流向下游传播,在传播过程中逐渐衰减。进一步分析2008年8月8日20时500 hPa风,根据此高度风速大小估算大规模作业区距离分析地面水汽压发生较大变化测站的时间,发现测站地面水汽压的发生较大变化时间与由上游空气柱移来的时间比较一致。     

An inadvertent transport of the seeding material as a result of cloud modification

Successful seeding of clouds in weather modification experiments essentially depends on the seeding time and dynamics, amount of seeding material and location of the initial seeding area. In the present study, we focus on the influence of the initial seeding zone location on the transport of seeding agent material into the target cloud. In addition, the inadvertent transport of seeding material is analysed. During weather modification activities, a lot of seeding material can be transferred far from the seeding zone in a downwind direction. The primary motivation for this research was to prove this statement. We use a three-dimensional, mesoscale cloud-resolving model to achieve our goal. We performed sensitivity tests with respect to the distance between the mass centres of the initial seeding area and the cloud. Different seeding scenarios are analysed. Our principal findings are as follows: (1) For distances between the mass centres of the initial seeding area and the cloud below 2.5 km, all seeding agent material would be activated after a short time. For distances above 10 km, most of the seeding agent would remain inactivated, because horizontal transport of the seeding agent becomes more important than transport induced by the main updraft. For these scenarios, the seeding agent is injected in the cold peripheral part of the cloud. (2) Sensitivity tests show that the inactivated seeding agent would remain close to the seeding area if the seeding is performed below cloud base. This effect occurs even for large distances between the seeding area and the target cloud (>20 km) due to low-level convergence. Thus, this seeding method suppresses the inert seeding material from being transferred far from the seeding zone. (3) The complete seeding material stays inactivated if the seeding is performed between the ?8 and ?12°C isotherms in front of the increased reflectivity zone. As a consequence, it would be transferred far from its initial area. The cloud would not be able to capture the seeding agent even during its greatest lateral extent.     

基于ArcGIS的人工影响天气综合分析平台

人工影响天气业务涉及大、中、小、微尺度各种资料分析,信息种类繁多,类型复杂,需要一个强大的综合分析平台的支持。文章介绍了基于ArcGIS的人影综合分析平台(WMicaps)的总体设计目标、软件框架、数据标准化、系统数据库、平台主要功能以及主要采用的技术方法等。该平台是针对人工影响天气作业研究设计的系统,主要用于人影综合分析处理、决策指挥、效果评估以及高炮、火箭增雨防雹服务等。     

江西省人工影响天气工作高质量发展思考

为贯彻落实国务院、江西省委省政府关于推进人工影响天气工作高质量发展的部署,通过现场座谈、信函采访、电话咨询、问卷调查等方式,围绕人工影响天气组织体系、法规体系、业务体系、服务体系、科研体系、安全体系、经费保障机制等方面,对贵州、重庆、宁夏、甘肃、云南、福建6个省(市)人工影响天气工作现状和未来发展进行调研,总结了外省在人工影响天气工作中许多值得学习的经验,同时对比分析了江西省人工影响天气工作的的短板和优势,提出推进江西省人工影响天气工作高质量发展的对策与建议。     

利用雷达回波与GIS技术反演面雨量研究

自动气象站可以直接测量单点或较小范围的降水量,测量精度较高,但自动气象站的分布密度不够,往往漏掉强降水、暴雨中心。雷达能实时探测云和降水结构及系统发生、发展演变情况,能迅速提供一定区域的实时降水情况,但雷达测量误差较大,测定局地降水量精度不高,因此,将自动气象站与雷达进行点面结合,采用一定的数学方法和GIS技术,可以得到能够代表某特定区域平均降水情况的面雨量。以深圳市行政区域面雨量反演为例,建立区域内所有测站的6 min累积降雨资料与雷达回波数据之间的回归关系,借助GIS技术和包括对经度、纬度、海拔高度3个因子的地理订正,构建雷达图上特定行政区域的面雨量计算模型,并对格点拟合雨量进行空间分辨率的精细化反演,得到雷达图上的特定行政区域的面雨量图。     

2008—2018年我国人工影响天气技术及应用进展

在抗旱、防雹、生态环境保护和重大活动气象保障等国家和地方重大需求的推动下,2008—2018年我国人工影响天气技术和应用得到快速发展。在气溶胶粒子、云（雾）物理垂直结构和降水形成机理等方面,开展了大量科学试验研究,取得了重要成果,建立了国家级人工影响天气实时业务数值预报模式,提高了对作业云特征和演变过程的预报能力,对作业方案的科学设计具有重要作用。在机载云粒子谱仪与成像仪、多通道微波辐射计、X波段偏振雷达、雨（雾）滴谱仪、先进火箭作业系统等核心关键技术装备的国产化研发方面也取得重要进展,研制成功国产机载云粒子测量系统、地基多通道微波辐射计和立体播撒火箭作业系统,并应用于业务,提高了作业条件监测识别和地基作业能力。建立了空中国王、新舟60等型号的先进飞机探测和作业平台,大幅度提高了作业飞行高度、续航时间和空中作业能力。在电离、飞秒激光、声波等人工增雨新技术领域开展了理论和实验探索研究,在飞秒激光诱导降雪机理实验和数值模拟等方面取得了重要进展。     

偏振雷达在人工影响天气工作中的应用潜力

在人工影响天气作业时，实时了解被作业云中的水成物粒子大小、相态、密谋、运动等参数及其微物理变化过程是非常重要的。这些微观参量和微物理过程揭示了云降水发展的不同阶段，对于及时正确地评估云增水及消雹潜力，确定是否适合人工影响作业以及如何正确选择作业时机、作业部位和作业量，与了解云的宏观特征一样是至关重要的，它是提高作业效率的基础。本文借助国内外偏振雷达应用研究中成功的范例，探讨了偏振雷达在人工影响天气方面的应用问题。特别是介绍了不同偏振雷达在识别云内水成物粒子的相态、密度，观测云内水成物粒子微物理变化过程，以及被作业云的作业效果评估等方面的方法。这些方法对于发展我国偏振雷达技术，促进偏振雷达在人工影响天气方面的应用和提高我国人工影响天气工作水平方面有很好的参考与借鉴作用。     

多普勒雷达产品在人工增雨效果检验中的应用

利用多普勒天气雷达提供的垂直积分液态水含量、回波顶高、风暴体积、体积含水量、反射率因子产品,以及回波面积和降水通量等,对2004年6月28日的一次人工防雹作业前后的有关参数变化进行了分析,对作业效果进行了检验。结果表明,云体的相关参数在作业后发生了显著变化,对流发展趋势得到减弱。选取合适的多普勒雷达产品进行综合分析,可以对人工影响天气作业效果进行检验,为建立以新一代天气雷达为基础的人工影响天气效果检验系统提供参考。     

Recent progress in cloud physics research in China

A review of China cloud physics research during 2003-2006 is made in this paper. The studies on cloud field experiments and observation, cloud physics and precipitation, including its theoretical applications in hail suppression and artificial rain enhancement, cloud physics and lightning, and clouds and climate change are included. Due primarily to the demand from weather modification activities, the issue of cloud physics and weather modification has been addressed in China with many field experiments and model studies. While cloud physics and weather modification is still an important research field, the interaction between aerosol, cloud and radiation processes, which is the key issue of current climate change research, has become a new research direction in China over the past four years.     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地1961-1998年逐月平均气温序列的重建

 利用塔里木盆地周边27个气象站1961-2006年逐月平均气温和塔中气象站1999-2006年逐月平均气温资料,同时选取1961-2006年NCEP/NCAR 2.5°×2.5°经纬度距地表2 m的月平均气温再分析格点资料,分别用逐步回归分析、EOF分解和NCEP资料3种方法对塔中气象站1961-1998年历年逐月平均气温序列进行了恢复与重建,分析了误差,并与周边气象站的变化特征进行对比。结果表明,逐步回归和EOF法都能够作为重建塔中逐月平均气温的方法,但相对而言,逐步回归法重建的序列误差更小,平均拟合绝对误差为0.3℃,最大绝对误差为1.9℃。而NCEP/NCAR资料由于冬季存在明显的系统性误差,数值显著偏高,不能用于塔中气温序列的重建。     

当前国外人工增雨防雹作业的效果评估

统计学推荐随机化播云试验作为人工增雨防雹作业的最佳效果检验方法,但在业务性作业中却难于实施。作者综述国外人工影响天气主要外场试验计划实施中的缺陷和经验教训,以及近年来对两个最受推崇的随机化试验的争论,并通过实例说明人工影响天气的效果评估可基于无分布推断法,以简化试验设计并提高检出功效。     

人工影响天气中雷达回波跟踪方法及其应用

基于最大相关系数的雷达回波跟踪方法(TREC),实现了对选定雷达回波区的连续跟踪,使用阳江、深圳、广州、梅州、韶关几部雷达站点的拼图CAPPI格点数据资料,对该连续跟踪方法进行跟踪效果分析。结果表明:对于一般的积层混合云,在一定时间内,利用TREC方法连续跟踪效果较好,随着时间推移,跟踪速度稳定性变差,导致效果逐渐变差。将该连续跟踪方法应用于北京的一次人工影响天气作业过程,使用雷达CAPPI格点数据资料对人工影响天气作业区的回波进行跟踪,从而可以确定不同时刻人工影响天气作业云区所在的位置,同时计算了跟踪到的区域内大于不同给定反射率因子阈值的像素点面积和VIL总量,为此次人工影响天气作业效果评估提供了依据。     

纳米碘化银在人工影响天气的应用研究I:理论分析结果和展望

人工影响天气领域一直致力寻求一种经济有效且催化效果明显的过冷云催化剂,纳米催化剂是首选.具有与冰晶结构相近的纳米材料因其尺寸效应、体积效应和其他表面效应等特性,有望提高冰晶晶核数量,有可能提高人工增雨的作业效果和作业能力,使寻求高效、价廉的人工影响天气催化剂成为了可能.作者主要针对纳米材料的性质和特点,通过理论分析和初步的实验,探讨了纳米催化剂在人工影响天气中的应用前景.     

人工影响天气作业装备研发和应用进展

人工影响天气科学活动持续了将近70 a,其作业装备和技术方法均得到了很大的发展,已经形成空中和地面一体化作业体系。以美国、加拿大、澳大利亚、以色列、南非、泰国等为代表的国家主要使用飞机和地面发生器开展人工影响天气作业。以俄罗斯、中国、保加利亚等为代表的国家在使用飞机和地面发生器的同时,也使用火箭(或高炮)开展人工影响天气作业。随着高性能飞机的投入使用,播撒技术和催化剂配方的不断研发改进,人工影响天气作业装备整体水平有了明显的发展和提高。文章分别介绍了国内外人工影响天气飞机及机载作业装备、火箭和高炮、地面发生器、常用催化剂的研发和应用情况及未来发展趋势。     

北京2008年奥运会开幕日云、降水特征及人工影响天气作业分析

2008年奥运会开幕日当天北京及周边地区出现了较强对流云团,尤其是西南和东北两个方向云体发展旺盛,并且向北京城区形成“合围”之势,给国家体育场内开幕式活动的顺利进行带来了极大威胁。根据天气实况,北京市有针对性地组织实施了大规模地面火箭人工消减雨作业。利用自动气象站雨量监测、雷达云和降水探测以及卫星资料反演的云特征参量,通过对奥运会开幕式活动期间云、降水主要特征及人工消减雨作业的物理响应分析,结果显示：2008年8月8日傍晚至夜间北京西南和东北部郊区(县)对流发展较强,19时（北京时间,下同）至23时降水集中分布于北京房山区与怀柔区、密云县一带。北部—东北部对流云团和雨带在向东北方向缓慢移出过程中曾出现西伸、南压现象,西南部对流云团在进入房山区后其主体移动缓慢,雨区向东偏北移动并威胁到城区和国家体育场,最后云团沿东南方向逐渐移出北京市。结合地面火箭作业的时间、空间分布,通过对目标区内自动气象站雨量、雷达回波探测和卫星资料反演的云、降水宏微观特征参量变化分析均表明,大规模和高强度的火箭引晶作业对抑制云、降水的形成和发展起到了一定作用。     

安徽大别山一次强雨雪天气过程降水粒子特征分析

通过对降水粒子特征研究,以便探讨云、降水的形成机制。利用一台安装在安徽大别山区潜山县气象局楼顶无障碍平台上,德国OTT公司生产的Parsivel激光降水粒子测量系统所获取的2008年1月26—28日强雨雪天气过程的2540份资料,对不同降水类型的粒子数浓度及其谱分布、下落速度及其谱分布进行了特征分析。结果表明:(1)这次强雨雪天气过程中不同降水类型降水粒子中雨夹雪平均数浓度最大,每分钟可达589个;雨最小,为每分钟255个。(2)雪与冻雨的数浓度是双峰型,其他降水的数浓度都是单峰型。(3)不同类型降水粒子尺度谱主要出现在直径为0.125～1.00 mm之间。谱最宽的是雪,最窄的是毛毛雨。整个过程的平均谱分布都是单峰型,但峰值却有所不同。(4)整个过程不同降水类型降水粒子的最大下落速度主要集中在1.0～4.8 m·s~(-1)段。在此段中毛毛雨、毛毛雨与雨、雨、雨夹雪、冻雨和雪的粒子数分别占各自粒子总数的98.68%、98.46%、97.72%、94.79%、93.69%,和85.83%。(5)不同类型降水粒子平均速度谱中雨和雨夹雪的谱最宽,最大落速可达9.6 m·s~(-1),毛毛雨最窄,最大落速只有5.6 m·s~(-1);其他大体相当。在整个过程中不同类型降水粒子平均速度谱都是单峰型,但峰值所处的位置却有较大差异。     

Nocturnal Airflow from Urban Parks-Implications for City Ventilation

Summary The spatial and temporal pattern of nocturnal airflow in and around two urban parks in Scandinavia were analysed. The results, based on 724 field measurements during 21 case studies, showed that both parks generated a local airflow during clear and calm weather conditions. The spatial pattern was characterised by calm in the middle of the park and a steady airflow towards the surrounding built-up areas at the park borders. The airflow from the park started one to two hours after sunset and continued during a period of four to eight hours. The wind speed was low (< 0.5 ms⁻¹) and the local air flow reached a short distance from the park border. In the flat park in K?benhavn, Denmark, the air flow from the park was attributed solely to the development of a thermally induced park breeze. The park breeze development was also predominant in the park in G?teborg, Sweden, but the influence of topography could not be totally excluded. The origin of the airflow from the park and its importance for urban air quality were discussed. Received April 15, 1999Revised December 2, 1999     

甘孜州石渠县2008年特大雪灾冻害分析

2008年1月中旬~3月中旬,四川省甘孜州石渠县发生特大雪灾冻害,尽管此次灾害是在全国大范围低温雨雪冰冻灾害的背景下发生的,但在很多方面都有其特殊性,尤其是局地性特征突出。为今后更好地做好雪灾冻害预测预报及防御工作,作者对此次极端灾害性天气气候事件造成的影响和成因及防灾减灾效果进行了认真分析。结果表明,此次雪灾冻害的强度之大,持续时间之长,危害和损失之重均为当地有气象记录以来少有;2007年8月~2008年5月的拉尼娜事件造成的大气环流异常、地面冷空气活动频繁、西太平洋副热带高压异常偏北、南支槽异常活跃是石渠发生特大雪灾冻害的重要原因,当地特殊的地理位置和地形是雪灾冻害的又一个客观因素;天气气候预报预测、气象服务和相关部门同步开展的防灾救灾工作对最大限度地减轻灾害造成的损失作用明显。      

Advances in weather modification from 1997 to 2007 in China

Rapid and significant advances in issues relevant to weather modification have been made in the last decade in China due to high water resource stresses and severe weather hazards induced by climate change. This paper reported some progress in aspects of theoretical modeling, field experiment and cloud-seeding tools, as well as research projects regarding weather modification during the ten years from 1997 to 2007. More advanced theoretical models such as cloud models with bin-microphysics and glaciogenic and hygroscopic seeding processes, and mesoscale cloud-resolving models with AgI-seeding processes have been developed to study seeding-induced changes of cloud structure and precipitation as well as to understand critical issues in association with weather modification. More advanced cloud-seeding tools such as mobile ground-based launching system of AgI-rockets and aircraft-based AgI-flares have been developed and used in operation. Several important projects aimed at exploring weather modification techniques and their applications have been conducted during this period.     

Effects of Weather on Traffic Collisions in Edmonton,Canada

Abstract

Three years of hourly traffic collision data and associated weather data for the city of Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, were analyzed. Using a matched-pair analysis to compare periods of adverse weather with similar periods without adverse weather, the effect of weather on traffic collisions in Edmonton was assessed. Adverse weather took the form of strong winds (>35?km h^?1), precipitation (>0.10?mm?h^?1), or limited visibility (<1.0?km). Risk ratio (RR) values were calculated to determine the relative increase in accidents resulting from each type of weather, as well as for multiple types of concurrent weather. Analysis was performed for collisions that resulted in property damage only (PDO) and severe collisions that resulted in injuries. To determine whether specific types of collisions were more likely to occur during adverse weather, RR values were determined for multiple types of collisions, such as following too closely or failing to stop at a traffic signal. Our results show that adverse weather affects traffic collisions in a variety of ways. Horizontal visibility less than 200 m and strong winds above 45?km?h^?1, while relatively infrequent in Edmonton, typically resulted in an increase in overall collisions (RR?=?3.40 and 1.17, respectively). Precipitation, which is far more common to Edmonton, posed an increased risk to drivers. The type of precipitation was also clearly a factor. The RR value for PDO collisions was higher during periods of snowfall (1.90) than during periods of rainfall (1.28), but the RR value for collisions resulting in injuries (1.37) was higher than the value for PDO collisions during periods of rainfall. Collisions during snowfall had a higher RR value (1.90) for PDO collisions than for collisions resulting in injuries (1.55), and both were higher than the RR values for either type of collision during rainfall, suggesting that snowfall is a greater threat to driving safety than rainfall. For both precipitation types, a higher rate of precipitation was associated with increased risk and a larger number of collisions. Some collision types were clearly affected by the type of precipitation. Vehicles left the road resulting in property damage at far higher RR values during snowfall (3.36) than during periods of rainfall (1.09). Furthermore, analysis of collision types identify that two collisions with nearly identical actions, stopping at a stop sign and stopping at a traffic signal, have very different risks during adverse weather. Stopping at stop signs appears to be far more difficult than stopping at traffic signals during precipitation events and has a higher associated risk. Lastly, we identify a puzzling concern: our results show that Edmonton drivers do not perceive periods of rainfall as presenting a hazard, resulting in a disproportionately high number of injuries during rainfall.