Resedimented carbonate and volcanic rocks in the Berriasian-Hauterivian of the Subbetic (Alamedilla, Betic Cordillera, southern Spain)

Sedimentary rocks of the Lower Cretaceous in the Subbetic of the Alamedilla area (province of Granada) were studied. In this area, a significant amount of redeposited sediments within the Carretero Formation were recorded. Resedimented material is mainly composed of Jurassic oolitic limestones and volcanic rocks, as well as of Neocomian hemipelagic sedimentary rocks (marly limestones and marls). All these redeposited sediments corresponding to rock fall and debris flow originated as the result of significant slopes in a very sharp submarine topography. Volcanism and the resultant volcanic edifices created this sharp slopes making up in some cases guyots. The volcanism was mainly active in the Middle Jurassic, although it persisted locally until Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous, and controlled the sedimentation in this area of the Subbetic basin during most of the Mesozoic. The proposed genetic model is in agreement with a base-of-slope apron model with two significant special features: (1) the provenance of the clasts mainly from Jurassic outcrops with oolites deposited in guyots and isolated marine platforms, and volcanic submarine rocks, and (2) the palaeobathymetry of the deposits, relatively shallow and sporadically affected by storm waves.     

Volcanic edifices on guyots of the Magellan Seamounts (Pacific Ocean)

Analysis of detailed bathymetric charts and records of phototelevision profiling over the surfaces of the guyots of the Magellan Seamounts reveals many cones and domes. Their diameters and heights vary from a few hundreds of meters to 10 km and from 30 to 350 m, respectively. The age generations of these mesomorphic structures correspond to the Campanian–Maastrichtian, Late Paleocene–Eocene, and Miocene. The formation of complicating volcanic edifices is most likely determined by late phases of volcanic activity related to differentiation of magmatic melts. At the same time, the tectonic factor responsible for their formation is also sufficiently well evident: volcanic edifices on plateau summits are associated spatially with linear morphostructures and lineaments.     

Distribution,Seismic Characteristics and Controlling Factors of Carbonate Platforms on the Northwestern Margin of the South China Sea

Newly-acquired seismic data reveal widespread carbonate deposits covering a large part of the northwestern South China Sea margin.Three carbonate platforms are identified to have developed on the topographic highs inherited from tectonic deformation and volcanic accretion.Across the carbonate platforms,the Miocene strata are characterized by high-amplitude seismic reflections and distinct platform architecture that overlaps older strata.The Guangle and Xisha carbonate platforms grew on faulted blocks due to South China Sea continental rifting,while the Zhongjian carbonate platform developed on a structural high induced by early Miocene volcanism.During the late Miocene,partial drowning resulted in the inhibition of platform growth,eventual platform drowning and termination of most carbonate deposition.The drowning of the Guangle and Zhongjian carbonate platforms is shown by the supply of siliciclastic sediments during the late Miocene and seems to be closely linked to late Neogene volcanic activity,whilst the drowning of the Xisha carbonate platform is primarily related to relative eustatic changes.Our results imply that tectonic activity,volcanism and eustasy are the dominant controls on the evolution of carbonate platforms on the northwestern margin of the South China Sea.     

中国南方晚古生代深水碳酸盐岩及控油气性

晚古生代华南陆块西南部位于被动陆缘和陆内,早泥盆世开始,裂离和裂陷运动最终使之形成连陆台地、孤立台地和台缘斜坡-台间海槽相间排布的古地理格局,晚石炭世至早三叠世,槽、台格局分布区收缩,仅限于滇东、桂西、桂中和黔南地区。已总结出裂陷区碳酸盐岩综合沉积模式。台缘中、下斜坡沉积厚度大,最有利烃源岩发育,台间海槽亦有烃源岩形成。跌积边缘型中斜坡剖面大量原生与次孔隙中有丰富的沥青充填。沉积边缘型剖面某些层段粒间、亮晶间亦见沥青充填。故应对深水碳酸盐岩中的油气勘探予以重视。     

太平洋西北平顶海山上环礁型碳酸盐建造与白垩纪赤道洋流

深海钻探揭示构成环礁的浅水碳酸盐建隆覆盖沉积在太平洋西北部平顶海山之上。相对于现今珊瑚藻类生物构成的环礁而言,白垩纪和古新世孤立的环礁的四周边缘生物含量甚少,造礁能力下降。这些环礁浅水碳酸盐沉积在火山基座的顶部,在Albian初期、Albian末期、Maastrichtian晚期和始新世中期发生沉没。早期研究认为这些碳酸盐体系经历了地面暴露阶段以及随后的海侵淹没阶段。然而,一个事实是,环礁沉没仅发生在当太平洋板块背负着平顶海山向北漂移过程中,并且是经过南纬7°以后。几个不同的假说用来解释该时期环礁沉没现象,包括环礁暴露、喀斯特化、地面侵蚀、增强赤道上升洋流、缺氧和/或者富营养的浑浊水的出现等。文中在太平洋平顶海山深海钻孔的沉积、生物地层和古纬度数据综合研究基础上,提出一种新模式用于解释晚白垩世—古新世浅水碳酸盐建造的沉没。与以前的模式不同的是,文中提出,这些晚白垩世—古新世“环礁”之所以发生沉没,原因是受到原始环南赤道洋流(pSEC)的影响,导致一种对分泌碳酸盐的生物不利环境的产生。而且,当这些平顶海山漂移到南纬5°时,即赤道古纬度带,许多浅水碳酸盐建造之上,铁锰结核开始沉积。同时,平顶海山下沉到溶解氧极小层(海平面之下400~1 100 m)和原始环南赤道中层洋流( pEI     

国际大洋钻探全球海平面变化研究进展

国际科学大洋钻探计划对全球海平面变化问题的关注始于1980年代初,至今已在被动大陆边缘、孤立碳酸盐台地、混积台地边缘、平顶海山等不同类型海区执行了23个与海平面变化相关的专题航次,采集了大量的钻探资料,为全球海平面变化研究提供了关键信息。依据这些资料,重建了近100 Ma以来的全球海平面变化历史,检验了Exxon的层序地层模型和海平面假说,明确了海平面变化的地层响应,建立了南极冰盖演化与海平面变化的关系。尽管如此,科学大洋钻探海平面变化研究仍存在一些不足,如钻探区的地域代表性还不够多,全球海平面变化信息提取时难以消除其他地质因素(如构造沉降)的影响,海平面变化记录的精度有待提高,多种因素作用下地层结构对海平面变化的响应还需进一步研究,海平面变化机制特别是冰盖动力学对海平面变化的影响及暖期海平面变化的原因还认识不清。在当今气候变暖的大背景下,这些问题的解决有助于提升未来海平面变化趋势预测的可靠性。     

Global and regional factors responsible for the drowning of the Central Apennine Chattian carbonate platforms

This work discusses and interprets the factors responsible for the Oligocene–Miocene drowning of the Central Apennine platform deposits, based on facies and stable‐isotope analyses of two representative stratigraphic sections. The Mediterranean carbonate platforms were affected during the Oligocene–Miocene boundary by a carbonate production crisis that was induced by global factors and amplified by regional events, such as volcanic activity. The positive δ¹³C shift observed in the studied sections corresponds to vertical facies changes reflecting the evolution from middle carbonate ramp to outer ramp‐hemipelagic depositional environments. This drowning event is recorded not only in the Apennine platforms, but also in other Mediterranean platforms such as in southern Apulia, Sicily and Malta, and outside the Mediterranean Basin. The ~24–23.5 Ma Mi‐1 glacial maximum may have had a significant influence on this drowning event because it was associated with high rates of accumulation of continent‐derived sediments. The increased continental weathering and runoff sustained high trophic conditions. These probably were a consequence of the Aquitanian–Burdigalian volcanic activity in the Central‐Western Mediterranean, that may have led to an increase in nutrient content in seawater and an increase in atmospheric and marine CO₂ concentrations. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

江西省冷水坑银铅锌矿床铁锰碳酸盐角砾岩成因研究

江西省冷水坑银铅锌矿床的铁锰碳酸盐角砾岩层与顶底板侏罗系火山杂岩呈整合接触关系,填隙物内存在清晰可辨的火山凝灰物质。铁锰碳酸盐角砾岩的稀土元素配分型式属于轻稀土富集的右倾型,稀土组成特征有类似于正常湖相碳酸盐岩低的稀土总量,又类似于正长质岩浆岩的正Eu异常特征。碳氧同位素显示其形成环境属于陆相火山湖泊,陆相沉积岩与岩浆岩均为成岩提供了物质来源。通过顶底板火山杂岩锆石U-Pb年龄的限定,指示在155Ma左右,铁锰碳酸盐角砾岩经历了陆相火山湖泊沉积-火山喷发使之角砾化-正长质岩浆物质混入的成岩过程。     

雅鲁藏布中新生代深水沉积盆地形成和演化(Ⅱ)——喜马拉雅碳酸盐台地动力演化

喜马拉雅地区的碳酸盐台地产生、发展和消亡与特提斯造山带形成的动力演化息息相关。三叠纪时,碳酸盐台地较稳定地在聂拉木陆架边缘发展起来,主要受陆源碎屑强烈干扰,碳酸盐台地在其生长面附近发育。早、中侏罗世,碳酸盐台地受构造沉降和海平面变化强烈影响,从潮下低能带向高能变浅的镶边台地旋回性发展。在台地边缘斜坡—盆地中发育一套特殊的碳酸盐“喷溢流”沉积。晚侏罗世,碳酸盐台地受被动大陆边缘初期快速热沉降影响,被黑色页岩覆盖,台地被淹没死亡。早白垩世,陆架边缘台地可能以孤立台地为特征,相当多的碳酸盐台地碎裂或崩塌,靠大陆一侧则主要为末端变陡缓坡。晚白垩世开始,碳酸盐台地主要在岗巴一带发育,发育向上变深的沉积序列,为受前陆挠曲影响产物。第三纪初,碳酸盐台地主要为缓坡,属于前陆盆地远离造山带一侧的碳酸盐台地沉积。喜马拉雅碳酸盐台地的最终消亡是由于造山抬升暴露。     

准噶尔盆地及其周缘地区晚古生代火山机构分布与发育环境分析

本文收集了北疆地区已报道的145处晚古生代火山机构信息.其中,准噶尔盆地周缘32处,主要集中分布于博罗科努山、博格达山以及克拉美丽山,包括破火山口、火山穹窿、火山通道(火山颈)等多种火山机构类型;准噶尔盆地盆内火山机构85处,主要分布在西北缘克百断裂带和盆地腹部的四处凹陷(三南凹陷、东道海子凹陷、滴水泉凹陷和五彩湾凹陷)及七处凸起(白家海凸起、石西凸起、夏盐凸起、三个泉凸起、滴北凸起、滴南凸起和北三台凸起).盆内火山机构分布主要受海西期断裂系控制,大致沿着NE、近EW两个方向的断裂展布,并在断裂交汇部位最为发育.由于后期改造,晚古生代火山机构普遍遭受剥蚀,且发生强烈变形和风化、淋滤改造,野外识别主要依靠残留地貌特征、火山岩相变化趋势及引爆角砾岩等特征岩性;地震识别则主要依靠地震切片、属性分析及构造趋势面分析等手段.准噶尔盆地晚古生代火山岩年龄集中于340～320Ma,300～295 Ma,分别对应东、西准噶尔岛弧俯冲时期.自早石炭世至晚石炭世,准噶尔盆地及邻区火山活动具有自水下向水上、深水向浅水、陆缘向陆内转换的变化趋势.     

塔里木盆地奥陶纪层序岩相古地理

通过大量钻井取芯及露头沉积相观察、地震层序解释及地震相分析,结合蛇绿混杂岩带及板块构造演化等区域地质资料,首次编制了层序地层格架下的8张塔里木盆地奥陶纪岩相古地理图,发现了塔里木板块内部存在5个孤立碳酸盐台地（塔北台地、巴楚—塔中台地、罗西台地、塘南台地及库鲁克塔格台地）及其“台—盆”相间的古地理格局,对塔里木盆地海相油气勘探具有重要指导意义。最初发生于早震旦世及早寒武世的塔里木板块北缘大陆裂谷运动及震旦纪—中奥陶世的张裂构造环境控制了塔里木板块内部多个孤立碳酸盐台地及其间深水沉积区的形成,而晚奥陶世发生于板块南缘的阿尔金岛弧及库地岛弧与塔里木板块的碰撞挤压运动及其产生的大量陆源碎屑物源,则导致了板块内部多个孤立碳酸盐台地的逐步消亡及板块南部浊流盆地群的形成。     

松辽盆地白垩系营城组古火山机构特征

在系统总结Hawaiian等7种喷发方式、互层状火山等3种火山机构的岩性岩相和垂向序列特征与识别标志基础上,通过剖面火山机构剖析及其与盆内埋藏火山机构对比,总结出营城组2类古火山机构特征。营城组玄武岩火山机构自下而上为枕状、渣状集块熔岩（占总厚度30%）,气孔杏仁和致密块状熔岩（70%）,喷溢相为主,火山口附近隐爆角砾岩发育,为夏威夷式喷发。火山机构厚度以200~500 m居多,顶面盾状,相对高差100~250 m,以坡角小于10°为特征,属于盾状火山。营城组流纹岩火山机构的纵向序列300~700 m,内部结构呈现上中下三段式：下部火山碎屑（熔）岩为主（30%）,爆发相为主,以基浪（base surge）沉积为标志,喷发方式主要表现为高粘度岩浆强烈气射作用的培雷式喷发;中部主要为气孔、石泡和流纹构造流纹岩（60%）,构成火山机构的主体,喷溢相为主,火山口附近常见侵出相珍珠岩穹隆,喷发类型接近于斯通博利式;上部主要为细粒（层）凝灰岩（火山灰湖相沉积,10%）,爆发相为主,以普林尼式喷发为主。流纹岩火山机构顶面呈丘状,相对高差200~300 m,以坡角多大于15°为特征,属于互层状火山。     

Geochronology of Pliocene volcanism in the Dzhavakheti Highland (the Lesser Caucasus). Part 2: Eastern part of the Dzhavakheti Highland. Regional geological correlation

The results of isotopic-geochronological study of the Pliocene volcanic rocks in reference sections and volcanic edifices of eastern part of the Dzhavakheti Highland (the northwestern Lesser Caucasus) are considered. The isotopic-geochronological data obtained here are correlated with data on western part of the Dzhavakheti Highland, which have been considered in previous part of this work. Based on correlation, time spans of principal volcanic events of the Pliocene in the study region as a whole are determined, and general trends of the young magmatism evolution within the region are established. In sum, the isotopic-geochronological dates evidence that the Pliocene magmatism of the Dzhavakheti Highland developed practically without essential breaks during the period of about 2 Ma long, from 3.75 to 1.75–1.55 Ma ago. The areal basic volcanism that was most widespread at that time is divisible into five discrete phases according to the isotopic dates obtained. Comparatively short pauses, which separated these phases of magmatic activity, were a few hundreds thousand years long, not more. Chemical composition of moderately acidic to silicic volcanics, which are of a limited distribution in the Dzhavakheti Highland, and their age relations with basic lavas of the region suggest that they are most likely the differentiation products of parental basic mantle-derived magmas. The analyzed distribution of volcanic centers, which erupted basic lavas of the Dzhavakheti Highland, evidence that first two phases of basic magmatism were connected here with volcanic activity in southwestern part of the region (northern termination of the Egnakhag Ridge), whereas activity of volcanoes situated on the east, predominantly in water-shed part and on slopes of the submeridional Dzhavakheti Ridge, controlled development of the third and fourth phases. Consequently, magmatic activity of the Pliocene stage in history of the Neogene-Quaternary magmatism of the Dzhavakheti Highland laterally migrated from the west to the east, being controlled by development of regional submeridional extension zones. Volcanic ridges marking the latter are formed by volcanic edifices, which are amalgamated at their bases and have erupted lavas of close age and composition. The migration of volcanic activity can be described in terms of the “domino effect,” when cessation of volcanism in one zone led to formation of the other submeridional zone of extension and magmatic activity displaced from the west eastward in sublatitudinal direction. In general, evolution of the Pliocene magmatism of the Dzhavakheti Highland, was similar, despite the essential regional peculiarities, to the generalized trend of magmatism evolution in the continental rifts and intraplate zones of the “hot-spot” type.     

松辽盆地南部地区营城组典型火山机构地质特征

在松辽盆地地质背景研究的基础上,根据盆地南部地区营城组火山岩地质特征对火山机构进行分类,描述其地质特征,并讨论其储层特征。将研究区火山机构分成3类9种,即熔岩类火山机构、碎屑岩类火山机构和复合火山机构3类;熔岩类火山机构包括粗面质熔岩火山机构、玄武质熔岩火山机构、安山质熔岩火山机构、英安质熔岩火山机构和流纹质熔岩火山机构,碎屑岩类火山机构包括玄武质碎屑岩火山机构、安山质碎屑岩火山机构和流纹质碎屑岩火山机构,以及复合火山机构共计9种。并统计了不同类型流纹质火山机构储层的储集空间类型及孔隙度,结果表明：流纹质复合火山机构储集空间类型复杂,储层溶蚀孔缝十分发育,储层物性最好;流纹质碎屑岩火山机构储层溶蚀孔缝较为发育,储层物性中等;流纹质熔岩火山机构储集空间类型单一,储层物性最差。将长岭断陷火山机构内部储层分为高孔-高渗型、中孔-中渗型和低孔-低渗型3类,且有利储层受岩性影响较小,受岩相影响较大。     

海拉尔盆地侏罗系火山-沉积岩地震识别和岩相古地理重建

海拉尔盆地侏罗系塔木兰沟组火山岩显示有巨大油气勘探潜力. 海拉尔盆地内侏罗系“塔木兰沟组”火山喷发期次和岩相分布尚不清楚,制约了盆内火山岩型油气藏勘探部署.针对海拉尔盆地火山岩相复杂且相变快,火山机构类型多样等特点,通过野外露头调查、年代学资料和单井和连井地震对比,利用地震剖面、时间切片、三维可视化和均方根振幅属性提取等技术,对盆内各个凹陷开展火山-沉积岩识别、旋回划分和岩相古地理恢复.野外露头、测井、地震反射、火山岩U?Pb年代学等证据都表明海拉尔盆地侏罗系发育2期火山-沉积旋回. 火山喷发沉静期于火山机构外围发育沉积岩夹层,在地震剖面上形成的连续反射且可区域追踪对比,可以作为旋回划分依据. 利用均方根振幅属性对岩性敏感特性来勾勒火山机构和外围的沉积岩.盆内第1期火山-沉积旋回岩以中基性火山岩、酸性火山岩和沉积岩为特征,对应于盆地外围的塔木兰沟组. 第2期火山-沉积旋回岩以酸性火山岩和沉积岩为主,对应于盆地外围的玛尼吐组. 盆内西部凹陷带主要发育火山机构和裙边砂砾岩体,中部和东部凹陷带主要发育湖相砂岩和泥岩. 各个凹陷内火山机构主要集中在盆地或斜坡带,侏罗系火山-沉积发育具有明显的火山-断陷湖盆特征,与区域上额尔古纳和德尔布干断裂空间展布关系密切.      

广西田林县浪平碳酸盐台地石炭纪沉积环境及大塘期苔藓虫-珊瑚点礁

一、区域地质概况浪平碳酸盐台地位于桂西北田林县与乐业县境内,在区域构造上位于华南海西部南盘江区域内。根据我院碳酸盐岩研究室的研究,华南海在早古生代末期位于大陆边缘,海西期时受东南库拉板块俯冲以及西部特提斯海北支洋壳分裂的影响,区域上形成北东与北西向两组断裂系统,从而使海区进入陆缘断陷海盆地发育阶段。断裂活动把早古生代的基底切割成网状分布的狭长形断堑以及由其所围限的块状断垒。     

新疆巴里坤县老爷庙、额仁山一带晚古生代火山岩

老爷庙-额仁山一带发育3套性质不同的火山岩，通过对其岩石组合、岩相、古火山机构特征的详细观察及岩石学、岩石化学、地球化学的研究，晚泥盆世老爷庙组火山岩为玄武岩-安山岩组合，发育盾状和层状火山，属海相环境，为板块消减带岛弧型高铝玄武岩；晚石炭世-早二叠世哈尔加乌组火山岩为陆相火山岩，岩石组合为安山岩．英安岩-流纹岩，以爆发相为主，常形成破火山及锥状火山机构，为陆-陆碰撞造山期火山岩；早二叠世中晚期卡拉岗组火山岩为一套以酸性为主的陆相火山岩，喷溢相发育，常形成穹状古火山机构，岩石组合为英安岩-流纹岩，为造山期弛张期火山岩，3套火山岩为板块不同阶段的火山岩，从老爷庙组火山岩→哈尔加乌组火山岩→拉岗组火山岩，岩石向酸性演化，地壳成熟度愈来愈高，南混合壳转化为陆壳．     

阿尔金山东段奥陶纪火山-沉积体系及构造意义

出露于阿尔金山北坡的厚度巨大、基本不变质的海相沉积地层,岩性以火山岩、碎屑岩、碳酸盐岩为主.研究表明,该地层年代为奥陶纪中晚期.沉积特征具有限洋盆边缘向洋中脊扩张中心变化特征,沉积环境为:冲洪积扇→滨岸(碳酸盐台地)→浅海(海山)→半深海→洋脊火山岩,所含火山岩为以拉斑系列玄武岩为主的基性火山岩.岩石化学特征表明,除具明显洋壳特征外,由于位于大陆板块边缘(塔里木板块),还留有大陆板块烙印.因此,本地区早古生代火山沉积体系为形成于大陆板块边缘有限洋盆.     

松辽盆地断陷层火山机构类型及其气藏特征

松辽盆地断陷层(火石岭组和营城组)火山机构类型见3类6型。营城组以酸性火山机构为主,其中:盆地北部酸性熔岩火山机构占33%,南部占38%,北部的中基性火山机构比例小于南部。火山岩气藏类型主要为构造-岩性气藏,气水界面是一个起伏变化的界面。气藏内部特征受火山机构类型控制：酸性碎屑岩火山机构的气层厚度变化较小,其形态为板状或席状;酸性复合和熔岩火山机构气藏的气层厚度变化小,其形态为丘状和席状;中基性熔岩火山机构的厚度变化较大,其形态为丘状或楔状。松辽盆地火山岩气藏成藏主控因素为有效烃源岩、通源断层和储层物性。从松辽盆地发现的火山岩工业气藏来看:火山岩气藏主要集中在酸性熔岩火山机构中,北部贡献率为50%,南部贡献率为38%;盆地北部中基性火山机构的成藏效率高于南部。火山岩勘探方向应该聚焦在具有烃源岩和通源断层的区带,首先针对酸性火山机构,其次是中基性火山机构。     

东昆仑西段晚古生代盆地系

东昆仑西段晚古生代从北向南分别为昆北弧后盆地、昆中岛弧及昆南弧前增生楔.在二叠纪,增生楔又转变成岛弧及弧后盆地.昆北弧后盆地石炭纪发育有陆缘到深海盆地的沉积,二叠纪由碎屑岩过渡为浅海碳酸盐岩.昆中岛弧带沉积盖层为一些碳酸盐岩孤立台地和小的山间盆地,并有火山熔岩、火山碎屑岩的堆积.昆南弧前盆地岩石类型非常复杂,石炭纪包括了陆源碎屑岩、火山熔岩、火岩碎屑岩、钙屑浊积岩、硅质岩等.二叠纪的弧间盆地从深海盆地演化为浅海碳酸盐岩沉积.前锋弧也逐渐露出水面,形成孤立灰岩台地.东昆仑西段晚古生代沉积整体特征具有沉积相分布不对称性及"盆岭"相问展布、沉积类型多样性、物源、古流向的双(多)向性、沉积序列的两层性、沉积物的成熟度低、近源等.盆地演化可划分为盆地扩张阶段、弧陆碰撞阶段两个阶段.总体表现为弧后盆地性质的沉积与演化特点.