江苏及邻区地震烈度衰减关系

地震烈度衰减关系由于受震源性质、传播介质特性以及近地表场地条件的影响,存在较强的区域性差异。收集1937—2015年发生在江苏及邻区的59个地震数据,利用长轴可转向方法得到120条等震线长短轴半径,采用椭圆烈度衰减模型,用多元稳健回归方法将等震线数据进行拟合,统计得到本地区地震烈度衰减关系,并与汪素云等的研究及实际地震等震线数据进行比较,结果表明,本文结果与实际资料拟合程度较好,且在地震震级M_S < 6.0及震中距小于300 km时具有较强的可靠性。     

江苏及邻区地震烈度衰减关系

地震烈度衰减关系由于受震源性质、传播介质特性以及近地表场地条件的影响,存在较强的区域性差异。收集1937—2015年发生在江苏及邻区的59个地震数据,利用长轴可转向方法得到120条等震线长短轴半径,采用椭圆烈度衰减模型,用多元稳健回归方法将等震线数据进行拟合,统计得到本地区地震烈度衰减关系,并与汪素云等的研究及实际地震等震线数据进行比较,结果表明,本文结果与实际资料拟合程度较好,且在地震震级M_S6.0及震中距小于300 km时具有较强的可靠性。     

阿坝州及邻区地震烈度衰减关系

选用 190 0～ 1990年发生在 2 9°～ 35°N ,10 0°～ 10 5°E间的地震 ,并参考有关资料 ,研究了阿坝州及邻区地震烈度衰减关系 ,得出相应的衰减函数。     

中国西部地区地震烈度衰减关系

本文收集了1991年之后我国西部地区71个地震的烈度等震线资料,并以此对1918—1989年间176次地震的烈度资料进行了补充,采用长、短轴椭圆模型重新拟合了西部地区的分区地震烈度衰减关系。结果表明,新疆区和川藏区2个统计单元内地震烈度衰减关系有显著不同,应作为不同的分区对待。同时与其他研究者给出的该地区地震烈度衰减关系的对比结果显示,本文结果合理可靠,体现了近、远场地震烈度分布的特点,适合于该地区工程地震研究和应用。     

云南地区S波非弹性衰减Qem值研究/

地震波衰减性质的研究是地震学研究的重要课题.地震台站(地震仪)记录到的地震波,包含了地震震源效应、地震波的传播路径效应、台站场地响应及仪器响应.在使用地震波资料研究震源性质时,必须要扣除地震波传播路径效应、台站场地响应及仪器响应的影响.地震波传播的路径效应(地震波衰减),除了随距离存在几何衰减外,还有一个重要的影响因素--即介质的非弹性衰减,用介质品质因子Q值来度量.Q值是地球介质的基本物理参数之一,是对地震进行定量和研究震源性质(如震源参数的测定等)所必需的重要参数,在震源物理和工程地震研究中具有重要应用价值.     

地震动衰减关系区域性差异初步探讨

本研究以中国川滇地区、美国西部、日本、新西兰四个典型的地震区为对象,利用四个区域81次地震获取的2488组强震记录,借鉴广义反演的思想,对影响地震动幅值和地震动衰减关系的震源效应、距离衰减和场地效应3个主要因素进行了分离。通过从以上3个方面对比和分析,初步探讨了四个地区地震动特征和衰减关系的区域性差异。比较结果表明:(1)震源方面,区域震源特征的差异对T0.5 s的短周期段和T3.0 s的长周期段地震动影响尤为显著,同时,相比于小震,大震地震动受区域震源特征差异的影响更大;(2)传播介质方面:不同区域传播介质的差异性对小震影响比对大震的影响更显著,且对短周期地震动的影响比对长周期地震动影响更大;(3)局部场地方面,不同区域场地特征的差异对软土场地长周期地面运动影响更加显著。     

青藏工程走廊地震危险性对比分析及区划

潜在震源区地震活动性参数、地震动衰减关系对地震危险性分析结果至关重要。以中国第五代地震动区划图潜在震源区划分方案为基础,采用2类震级分档分别建立自编及五代图潜在震源区空间分布函数,收集4组青藏高原及周缘地区地震动衰减关系,采用不同组合对青藏工程走廊沿线的81个场点进行概率地震危险性分析计算,得到50年超越概率10%(地震重现期475年)的各场点基岩地震动峰值加速度(PGA),并转换为一般场地(Ⅱ类)PGA,对计算结果进行对比分析,并与第五代地震动区划图归档上下限值进行比较。结果显示:采用我国西部地区地震动衰减关系计算得到的PGA最大,采用云南地区地震动衰减关系得到的PGA最小,采用川藏地区及青藏高原东北缘地震动衰减关系时居中;在同一地震动衰减关系下,采用自编空间分布函数计算得到的PGA普遍略大于采用第五代图空间分布函数时;在震级上限为8.5的潜在震源区及附近地区,潜在震源区空间分布函数震级分档对计算结果有显著影响。综合分析表明,采用自编Ⅱ型震级分档空间分布函数方案与川藏地区地震动衰减关系组合方案的计算结果最为理想。最后,采用该组合方案对青藏工程走廊50年超越概率10%的基岩场地PGA及一般场地PGA进行了区划。     

黏弹性VTI介质微地震正演模拟与震源机制全波形反演

微地震矩张量能够描述储层岩石破坏的细节,有助于了解水力压裂储层的地质力学特征,震源机制矩张量反演对于非常规油气开发具有重要的作用.水力压裂通常在页岩油气储层中进行,震源区介质表现出速度和衰减各向异性,需要研究衰减各向异性介质中微地震信号的传播规律.基于观测到的微地震记录,通过波形反演能够获得矩张量,忽视震源区介质的衰减...     

基于震源-河谷波场数值模拟的坝址地震动参数确定方法

针对目前高坝坝址地震动参数确定方法的一些不足,本文尝试了一种基于地震学理论的坝址区三维地震动场生成方法.基本思路是将地震学和工程学结合,针对设定地震,建立震源-传播介质-坝址峡谷场地数值模型,通过超大规模的数值计算,模拟地震波从发震断层破裂开始到坝址场地的物理传播过程,生成坝址区的三维地震动参数.与传统基于衰减关系的地震动参数确定方法相比,这一方法可以考虑震源机制、传播介质和坝址峡谷场地效应等三大要素的影响.对于特定的坝址,可以生成符合实际地质构造、区域岩体动力特性以及坝址峡谷地质地形条件的地震动荷载分布,具有针对性,为重大高坝枢纽工程遭遇极端地震荷载作用时的抗震安全性提供了一种新的分析手段.     

滇西地区地震活动图象与近用强震危险性分析

本文着重研究了滇西地区（Ｎ２３．５°～２８°；Ｅ９７．５°～１０１．５°Ｅ）地震活动概况、地震时空展布、地震活动特点以及震源深度分布。并对近期滇西地区强震危险性进行探讨和分析。     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.