明敷暗敷引下线产生雷电反击原因及其对策

建筑物防直击雷的引下线是连接接闪器与接地装置的金属导体,其作用是将强大的雷电流从接闪器导引至接地装置而泄放到大地,从而保护建筑物免遭雷击。引下线在防直击雷装置中是一个关键部件。按传统的做法和现行有关规范要求,引下线的设计或安装主要采用明敷、暗敷、利用柱筋三种形式。在雷电灾害调查中,每年都发现有多宗明敷、暗敷（抹在墙内）的引下线,在通过雷电流时导致建筑物损坏和室内电器损坏的例子。本文分析了防直击雷装置的明敷或暗敷引下线在通过雷电流时对建筑物本身产生雷电反击的原因,并提出了引下线的设计、安装和整改方…     

玉林电视台塔楼雷击的分析与防护改造

经过对玉林电视台塔楼遭受强雷击损害,避雷针保护与针（网）混合保护比对,引下线根数对分流系数影响,变压器设置在建筑物内外对雷击风险值影响的分析,得出电视台塔楼应采取针（网）混合保护、增加防雷引下线根数和变压器设置在建筑物内部等防护改造措施。     

从紫马岭公园电话总机雷害事故看防雷设计的隐患

１９９９年６月１８日１３时,中山市紫马岭公园办公楼靠近电话总机处的屋檐遭雷击损坏,面积达２０ｃｍ×５０ｃｍ,并烧毁电话总机内除主板外的所有分机板,损失严重。为什么会发生这样的雷击事故呢？这要从紫马岭公园办公楼的防雷设计进行分析。紫马岭公园办公楼位于山坡顶部,地势高,周围空旷,没有其它建筑物,是一个极易受雷击的地方。该办公楼原先设计并实施了一套防雷方案。现就该大楼的原防雷设施和安全隐患分析如下（图１）。１　原防雷设施　　（１）防直击雷装置的设置（按１９８３年规范设计）,办公楼天面设暗敷式避雷带,暗…     

建筑物防雷工程施工中应注意的问题

介绍了建筑物防雷工程施工中屋顶设备外壳的接地、玻璃幕墙的接地的方式,对避雷针等器件、引下线的机械保护,空碍信号灯等垂直敷设回路的设计等应注意的问题,特别强调建筑物内总等电位联结是防止电击事故的一项重要安全措施.     

建筑物防雷工程施工中应注意的问题

介绍了建筑物防雷工程施工中屋顶设备外壳的接地、玻璃幕墙的接地的方式,对避雷针等器件、引下线的机械保护,空碍信号灯等垂直敷设回路的设计等应注意的问题,特别强调建筑物内总等电位联结是防止电击事故的一项重要安全措施。     

加油加气站防雷技术探讨

对加油加气站建设前期要做好选址、规划、气象灾害评估、设计等工作,在设计中应考虑防直击雷、防感应雷、防雷电波入侵、防静电等综合防雷措施,并严格按相关规范和技术要求做好施工,防止或减少雷击安全事故,确保人民生命和财产安全。     

浅谈电视监控系统的防雷保护

1引言电视监控系统在银行、交通、公安等系统中得到广泛应用,监控系统的设备是敏感的电子设备,耐压低,易受雷击,其后果可能会使整个系统瘫痪,并造成难以估计的经济损失和社会影响。电视监控系统的防雷保护是比较复杂的,首先必须明确监控系统遭受雷击损害的主要原因以及雷电可能入侵途径,然后在分析其损坏原因的基础上正确选择和使用监控系统设备的防雷保护装置。2电视监控系统的组成以及遭雷击损坏的途迳2.1电视监控系统电视监控系统(Closed Circait Televisiow,简称CCTV),一般由以下3部分组成:前端部分:主要由黑白(彩色)摄像机、镜头、…     

一种易被忽视的雷击隐患

在防雷安全检查过程中发现,有很多单位都很重视按行业规范要求建设标准的防(避)雷设施,如接闪器、引下线、地网等,但却往往忽视了引下线与某些被保护对象的接点是否良好的问题,尤其是那些由厂方亲自派人安装的新设备,更是让人误以为可以高枕无忧,殊不知,厂方工作人员并不一定都熟悉防雷技术,其操作上的失误或过错很可能会给设备造成不可估量的损失.     

加油站雷击电磁场影响分析及危害范围界定

为确定加油站雷击电磁脉冲的防护水平和安全间距,根据雷电流特性和油品燃烧爆炸性质,采用ADTD闪电定位系统监测资料,通过对重庆华兴加油站的防雷安全评估,重点分析加油站遭受临近雷击或自身遭受雷击后雷击电磁场影响及起火、爆炸的危害范围。结果表明：在加油站周边防雷设施能保护距离加油站33.54～41m范围的情况下,加油站遭受临近雷击时雷击所产生的电磁场可不考虑;加油站遭受直击雷时,应采用小于5m×5m的屏蔽网格才能使LPZ1区的电磁场处于安全状态;加油站因雷击起火或爆炸的危害范围分别为5.22m和138.95m。结论可为加油站的雷电设防要求及周边规划提供理论依据。     

等电位连接及其在防雷中的应用

所谓等电位连接,就是将分开的装置、诸导电物体用等电位连接导体或电涌保护器连接起来,以减小雷电流在它们之间的电位差.在雷电防灾保护工作中,人们对接闪器、引下线和接地装置的功能和作用比较了解和熟悉,但对于等电位连接措施的作用往往忽视,以至于因未采取等电位连接和等电位连接不规范而遭受雷击的事故时有发生.为了减少和避免雷电灾害,建筑物的电气装置、防雷装置以及进出建筑物的电源线、信号线均应采取等电位连接.     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale

2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness.     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.     

由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑

2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡.