地震资料中柱状流体运移通道形态参数及其地质意义

深部流体在向上运移的过程中,能够形成垂直-近似垂直的柱状通道,如气烟囱构造、流体逸散管道等。利用高分辨率地震资料,能够直观地对这些柱状地球物理异常进行精细的描述与刻画,从而统计其形态参数。综合不同海域的研究成果,本次研究系统总结归纳了柱状流体运移通道的8个重要参数,分别是发育层位、终止层位、平面形状、直径、高度和宽高比、反射偏移、椭圆率、拟合椭圆方位角。形态参数分别与通道群在平面上的展布方位、特殊的海底异常地貌(如海底麻坑、丘状体等)、深部构造发育与分布(如底辟、断层等)等进行耦合关联,能够进一步揭示柱状流体运移通道的地质含义。可将形态参数分为:(1)从形态学上对柱状通道进行直接分类的参数;(2)指示柱状通道形成诱发因素或形成过程的参数;(3)划分柱状通道幕式流体活动及期次的参数;(4)定义柱状通道中流体活动时间区间的参数;(5)间接反映柱状通道中流体通量相对大小的参数。实际研究过程中,单一形态参数难以准确反映出复杂地质背景下柱状通道的真实地质含义,多参数组合、相互对比验证,能够更好地对柱状流体通道的地质含义做出综合分析。     

冲绳海槽岩浆性质的变化特点:斜方辉石提供的信息

对冲绳海槽18个表层样品和11个柱状样品的156个层次中的火山成因斜方辉石进行了电子探针分析,计算了斜方辉石的FS值。结果表明,其FS值具有南高北低的特点,反映出在冲绳海槽从北向南岩浆性质由基性向酸性的变化。各沉积物岩芯中,斜方辉石的FS值自下而上的变化,则反映出冲绳海槽的岩浆性质从早期到晚期,具有由酸性向基性、由基性向酸性、稳定型和波动型四种变化形式。     

莺歌海盆地有大型古潜山构造

南海西部石油公司的地质研究人员，在对南海莺歌海盆地的地质剖面解释过程中，发现该盆地的北部1号大断裂和莺东大断裂之间，有一个大型的古潜山构造．这一地质上的发现，迅速引起了有关地质专家的重视。据地质人员分析，这个大型古潜山构造具备储藏石油天然气的地质条件，很有可能通过钻勘探井而获得油气发现．     

试论断裂构造的扩展

本文对断裂构造的涵意,是指地质体在构造应力的作用下,相邻部分沿破裂面发生分离的现象,即构造地质学中所泛指的断层、节理等宏观破裂构造。 近几年来,由于野外资料的不断积累和研究成果的逐渐丰富,笔者认为对断裂构造的认识,不论是在理论上还是在实际现象上,都还需要深入的探索和研究。本文在前人研究成果的基础上,拟对断裂构造的扩展问题作一概略的论述,从这一侧面来反映断裂构造的形成、发展和演化特点。     

南海沉积物中的微玻璃陨石

在对南海表层沉积物和部分柱状样品进行矿物研究时,发现少量玻璃质微球粒。根据这些玻璃质微球粒的物理、表面结构构造及常量元素等特征,可认为是微玻璃陨石。南海微玻璃陨石虽分布于澳亚散落区内,但不是同一地质事件的产物。     

渤海西部及沿岸地区晚更新世以来孢粉组合及地层、古地理研究

渤海为我国内海。有关单位曾对海区中部及海峡地区的六个柱状剖面样进行了孢粉分析,为渤海海洋孢粉研究积累了宝贵资料。为了进一步探索渤海西部及沿岸地区沉积物中孢粉的分布规律,推断沉积物的地质时代,划分、对比地层,恢复古地理和古气候,追溯海盆物质来源和运移等,本文对位于渤海西部的渤25、渤12-2和位于现代滦河三角洲上的乐五杜状剖面样进行了孢粉、藻类研究。     

菲律宾蛤仔消化系统的组织学和

用组织学和组织化学方法对菲律宾蛤仔的消化系统进行了研究.消化腺腺上皮由消化细胞和嗜碱性细胞组成.消化细胞呈现蛋白酶、非特异性酯酶、脂酶、酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶活性,表明能进行细胞内消化.嗜碱性细胞含丰富的RNA和蛋白质.消化道粘膜上皮由纤毛柱状细胞和少量的粘液细胞组成.晶杆囊基部与肠相连.肠纤毛柱状细胞呈现蛋白酶、非特异性酯酶、酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶活性.     

菲律宾蛤仔消化系统的组织学和组织化学研究

用组织学和组织化学方法对菲律宾蛤仔的消化系统进行了研究。消化腺腺上皮由消化细胞和嗜碱性细胞组成。消化细胞呈现蛋白酶、非特异性酯酶、脂酶、酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶活性 ,表明能进行细胞内消化。嗜碱性细胞含丰富的RNA和蛋白质。消化道粘膜上皮由纤毛柱状细胞和少量的粘液细胞组成。晶杆囊基部与肠相连。肠纤毛柱状细胞呈现蛋白酶、非特异性酯酶、酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶活性。     

加拿大地学数据库建设和应用

以数据库和地理信息系统为代表的信息化技术在地学领域得到日益广泛的应用。世界各国尤其重视大型数据库的建设，用于对地质数据进行存储、分析、共享。加拿大地质专家在中－加地学研讨会上介绍了其数据库建设的思想、方法及数据库成果的应用情况，其中先进的建库思路和有效的应用模式值得我们学习借鉴。     

下扬子区下古生界油气有利勘探区带探讨

下扬子区下古生界具有良好的油气地质条件,具备形成大型油气藏的物质基础,但一直未获得油气勘探的突破。本文通过地质、地球物理综合解释,结合部分地质露头、钻井资料及上扬子勘探成果,重点对下扬子区下古生界构造地质特征与油气地质条件等开展了综合分析研究。从构造沉积充填角度将下扬子区分为4个二级构造单元,中部地区的无锡-黄山断隆带构造相对稳定,分析认为其西北部的无锡-黄桥低褶带为油气勘探的有利区带,具有形成下古生界弱改造型油气藏的勘探前景。     

利用H/V方法研究琼北火山区的浅表层地质变化特征

海南琼北活火山作为华南沿海重要的第四纪火山, 一直受到国内外学者的广泛关注, 目前对该火山的形成演化已开展了大量深部地质结构的研究, 但对其表层地质结构特征仍然缺乏详细了解。水平-垂直频谱比法(简称H/V方法)已被广泛应用于浅表层地质结构的研究, 本文基于35个便携式微功耗地震仪组成的流动台阵观测数据, 采用经典全波场H/V_(full)和瑞利波椭圆率H/V_(Ray)分析方法, 获得了琼北火山区H/V曲线峰值频率(F₀)和放大倍数(A₀)的空间变化特征。琼北火山区H/V曲线峰值频率变化强烈, 以长流-仙沟断裂为界, 断裂西南侧很难从H/V曲线中获取清晰的F₀和A₀, 而断裂东北侧则存在明显的F₀和A₀。结合已有地质资料, 本文认为长流-仙沟断裂西南侧处于凹陷区, 其浅表层火山岩未发生明显的风化作用, 而东北侧位于隆起区域, 地表火山岩受到了比较严重的风化作用。这一研究结果表明, H/V方法可反映表层火山岩的风化状态, 火山岩出露场地H/V曲线的峰值频率和放大倍数随风化作用程度的增强而表现得更加明显。本研究为琼北火山区浅表火山岩风化状态和地震危险性评估提供了重要的信息支撑。     

青岛胶州湾口海底隧道火成岩岩石地球化学及成因

胶州湾是位于新华夏隆起带次级构造单元胶南隆起区和胶莱凹陷的交接部的断陷盆地,团岛——薛家岛海底隧道开挖段有大量火成岩出露。本文对采集于海底隧道的8件岩石样品进行了岩石学和地球化学研究,按岩性将其分为偏基性岩类和偏酸性岩类两类。其中除样品F4-5(辉绿岩)外,偏基性岩类均落入岛弧型钙碱性玄武岩区域内;而偏酸性样品均落入火山弧花岗岩区域,显示其原岩起源于同一种火山弧的环境。稀土元素标准化曲线表明,其岩石轻重稀土元素分馏比较明显,其LREE/HREE也显示样品的分异作用较强。岩石样品的地球化学特征研究证明,研究区域的玄武质岩体为遭受地壳混染的岛弧型性玄武岩,应为在燕山晚期花岗质脉岩沿着青山群中构造薄弱带侵入,与地壳物质发生混染作用形成的。     

Tectonics of ridge-transform intersections at the Kane fracture zone

The Kane Transform offsets spreading-center segments of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge by about 150 km at 24° N latitude. In terms of its first-order morphological, geological, and geophysical characteristics it appears to be typical of long-offset (>100 km), slow-slipping (2 cm yr^-1) ridge-ridge transform faults. High-resolution geological observations were made from deep-towed ANGUS photographs and the manned submersible ALVIN at the ridge-transform intersections and indicate similar relationships in these two regions. These data indicate that over a distance of about 20 km as the spreading axes approach the fracture zone, the two flanks of each ridge axis behave in very different ways. Along the flanks that intersect the active transform zone the rift valley floor deepens and the surface expression of volcanism becomes increasingly narrow and eventually absent at the intersection where only a sediment-covered ‘nodal basin’ exists. The adjacent median valley walls have structural trends that are oblique to both the ridge and the transform and have as much as 4 km of relief. These are tectonically active regions that have only a thin (<200 m), highly fractured, and discontinuous carapace of volcanic rocks overlying a variably deformed and metamorphosed assemblage of gabbroic rocks. Overprinting relationships reveal a complex history of crustal extension and rapid vertical uplift. In contrast, the opposing flanks of the ridge axes, that intersect the non-transform zones appear to be similar in many respects to those examined elsewhere along slow-spreading ridges. In general, a near-axial horst and graben terrain floored by relatively young volcanics passes laterally into median valley walls with a simple block-faulted character where only volcanic rocks have been found. Along strike toward the fracture zone, the youngest volcanics form linear constructional volcanic ridges that transect the entire width of the fracture zone valley. These volcanics are continuous with the older-looking, slightly faulted volcanic terrain that floors the non-transform fracture zone valleys. These observations document the asymmetric nature of seafloor spreading near ridge-transform intersections. An important implication is that the crust and lithosphere across different portions of the fracture zone will have different geological characteristics. Across the active transform zone two lithosphere plate edges formed at ridge-transform corners are faulted against one another. In the non-transform zones a relatively younger section of lithosphere that formed at a ridge-non-transform corner is welded to an older, deformed section that initially formed at a ridge-transform corner.     

The ocean/continent transition along a profile through the Lofoten basin,Northern Norway

The Cenozoic margins of the Norwegian-Greenland Sea offer ideal conditions for passive margin studies. A series of structural elements, first observed on these margins, led to the concept of volcanic passive margins. Questions still remain about the development of such features and the location of the boundary between oceanic and continental crust. Despite the thin sediment cover of the margins, seismic reflection data are not able to image the deeper structures due to the occurrence of igneous rocks at shallow depth.This paper presents a 320-km long profile perpendicular to the strike of the main structural units of the Lofoten Margin in Northern Norway. A geological model is proposed, based on observations made with ocean bottom seismographs, which recorded seismic refraction data and wide angle reflections, along with a seismic reflection profile covering the same area. Ray-tracing was used to calculate a geophysical model from the shelf area into the Lofoten basin. The structures typical of a volcanic passive margin were found, showing that the Lofoten Margin was influenced by increased volcanic activity during its evolution. The ocean/continent transition is located in a 30-km wide zone landwards of the Vøring Plateau escarpment.The whole margin is underlain by a possibly underplated, high velocity layer. Evidence for a pre-rift sediment basin landwards of the escarpment, overlain by basalt flows, was seen. These structural features, related to extensive volcanism on the Lofoten Margin, are not as distinct as further south along the Norwegian Margin. Viewed in the light of the hot-spot theory of White and McKenzie (1989) the Lofoten Margin can be interpreted as a transitional type between volcanic and non-volcanic passive margin.     

Geology and Geochemistry of Magmatic Rocks from the Southern Part of the Kyushu–Palau Ridge in the Philippine Sea

The paper reports the results of a geochemical study of volcanogenic rocks from the southern part of the Kyushu–Palau Ridge. Volcanic structures, such as plateaulike rises, mountain massifs, and single volcanoes, are the major relief-forming elements of the southern part of the Kyushu–Palau Ridge. They are divided into three types according to the features of the relief and geological structure: shield, cone-shaped, and dome-shaped volcanoes. The ridge was formed on oceanic crust in the Late Mesozoic and underwent several stages of evolution with different significance and application of forces (tension and compression). Change in the geodynamic conditions during the geological evolution of the ridge mostly determined the composition of volcanic rocks of deep-mantle nature. Most of the ridge was formed by the Early Paleogene under geodynamic conditions close to the formation of oceanic islands (shield volcanoes) under tension. The island arc formed on the oceanic basement in the compression mode in the Late Eocene–Early Oligocene. Dome-shaped volcanic edifices composed of alkaline volcanic rocks were formed in the Late Oligocene–Early Miocene under tension. Based on the new geochemical data, detailed characteristics of volcanic rocks making up the shield, cone-shape, and dome-shape stratovolcanoes resulting in the features of these volcanic edifices are given for the first time. Continuous volcanism (with an age from the Cretaceous to the Late Miocene and composition from oceanic tholeiite to calc-alkaline volcanites of the island arc type) resulting in growth of the Earth’s crust beneath the Kyushu–Palau Ridge was the major factor in the formation this ridge.     

松南长岭断陷东部深层天然气勘探潜力分析

松辽盆地南部长岭断陷为古生界变质基底上发育的箕状断陷,沙河子组发育厚度较大的深湖相黒色泥岩,有机质丰度高,热演化程度高,生烃强度大,具备很好的天然气资源基础.断陷期发育2套火山岩,其中营城组爆发相、溢流相火山岩大面积分布,岩性以酸性流纹岩、凝灰岩、火山角砾岩等为主,孔洞发育,储集物性较好.长岭断陷东部发育2个大型古隆起,断裂发育,天然气运聚条件较好,目前已发现3个气藏3个含气构造,是寻找大型天然气藏的最有利地区.     

东海西湖凹陷北部基底构造特征

根据最新的重磁资料,反演了西湖凹陷北部的基底深度,推断解释了火成岩和断裂构造,结合相关地质和构造方面资料,对西湖凹陷北部基底性质和基底构造特征进行了分析,深化了对西湖凹陷北部基底构造特征的认识。研究认为,区内的断裂构造主要由NE向和NW向两组断裂构成。NE向的断裂主要为年代较老的大断裂,它们在构造上被NW向的断裂错断,并被NW向断层复杂化;西湖凹陷的火成岩比较发育,火成岩主要沿着大的断裂带以及断裂带的两侧分布,形成许多串珠状的火成岩带。岩浆岩的分布受断裂控制明显,尤其是在NE向断裂与NW向断裂交汇处,更是岩浆活动的主要地区;西湖凹陷北部的古新近系基底构造主体走向为NE向,但明显受NW向断裂的改造,形成东西分带、南北分块的构造特征。西湖凹陷基底构造起伏较大,绝大部分的基底深度都在5000m以下,总体上呈南高北低、凸凹相间分布,由东到西分别为保俶斜坡、三潭深凹、浙东中央背斜带、白堤深凹和天屏冲断带5个次级构造单元。     

东海陆架区中北部前第三系基底综合地球物理研究

从地震、钻井资料出发,结合周边地质特征,推断东海陆架区中北部存在中生界和古生界地层。结合地震资料,正演消除了海底和新生界密度不均匀在重力场上的影响,定量反演重、磁力异常并求取了重力基底和磁性基底。重力基底的特征在东西分带的大背景下表现出“靠陆侧南北分块,靠洋侧东西分带”的特点。西湖凹陷区的磁性基底与重力基底埋深大致相同,不一致地方可能是受岩体的影响。西湖凹陷以西地区,包括海礁凸起等单元,总体出现磁性基底埋深比重力基底埋深深2km左右,初步解释为古生界地层的反映。中生界地层厚度的分布也具有东西分带和南北分块特点。西湖凹陷西缘的中生界地层厚度大,其中带中生界虽然含有一定的火山岩或火山碎屑岩,但沉积岩更多,这对下一步的油气勘探有利。     

REE and Sr-Nd isotope characteristics of hydrothermal chimney at Jade area in the Okinawa Trough

Hydrothermal chimney is a product of hydrothermal activity on the seabed. Chimney samples dredged from Jade hydrothermal area in Izena depression of the Okinawa Trough, are characterized by relatively enriched light rare earth elements (LREE) and strongly positive Eu anomalies. ^87Sr/^86Sr and ^143Nd/^144Nd of these samples are exactly between those of seawater and of acidic pumice, averaged at 0.708928 and 0.512292, respectively. These characteristics imply that the main source of hydrothermal sulfide at Jade area is possibly the undersurface acidic rocks. The mineralizing mechanism can be summarized as follows: Large amount of mineralized material would be leached out and LREE-enriched hydrothermal solution would be subsequently produced as a result of thermo-chemical exchange reaction between acidic volcanic rocks and heated seawater that penetrated in advance from upper water mass. The spurting out from the seabed and quickly crystallizing in the seawater of hydrothermal solution are responsible for the formation of Cu-Zn sulfide and barite-amorphous SiO2 minerals that are characterized by enriched LREE and positively strong Eu anomalies.