青海玉树地震的天文背景分析

系统地分析了青海玉树地震发生时的天体位置、太阳活动与地球自转等天文因素的影响.从大的长期天文背景来看,玉树地震发生于中国大震频发的月亮白赤交角由极大变到极小时期,并且是太阳活动的偶数周;从短临看,玉树地震正好发生在地球自转与太阳黑子数发生突跳的时期,且此时震中所受的天体引潮力加速度又处于其变化速率最大的极值附近.研究结果表明,这些天文因素对玉树地震的孕育与发生起到了不可忽视的作用,是值得进一步深入研究的.     

用模式识别方法研究强震发生的动力因子

用模式识别方法研究了大地震的发生时间与中等地震活动性、太阳活动水平、地球自转之间的关系.由模式识别所得的性质提出,大地震前中等地震活动达到一定水平是大地震可能发生的重要性质.而太阳活动极值前后及自转加速度变化较大时段可能触发大地震.      

中国大地震的天体位置特征分析

为探寻太阳系天体位置的变化对大地震发生的影响,作者分析了1900-1996年发生在中国7级以上大地震的天体位置特征和引潮力．分析结果表明,太阳系天体的特殊位置的确对地震的爆发起到了一定作用,太阳系10个天体中,又以月亮影响最大,本世纪71％的大地震发生于赤白交角从极大变为极小时期,对引潮力的分析表明,其水平分力更易触发大震,这与大震时10个天体天顶距集中分布于40°─140°之间是一致的,文中对此作了初步讨论,认为天体引潮加速度触发地震不在于某一量值,而在于其变化量的大小．     

大震的孕育规律与预报初探

大地震的孕育与发生,是构造变动的一部份,是受区域应力场控制的。本文正是通过对区域地震活动图象的研究,探索大震可能发生的危险地点;并通过其变化规律,探讨大震孕育的周期。笔者根据对川滇地区两千年的历史地震资料及1965年至1982年底的十八年地方台网资料的研究,初步确定了以 NW50°、NE40°的地震密集条带构成的网状图象。7级大震,90%以上发生在条带内,80%以上发生在网状结构的“结点”区。通过对1970—1976年五次7级大震的综合对比研究,初步确定,大地震的孕育周期:6—5年、4—3年为中长期阶段,2—1年为中短期阶段。而大震前,震源结点区及其相应的共轭条带上,多有中强震发生。从而可为大地震的长、中、短期预报,为中强震的中、短期以至临震预报提供趋势意见。     

滇西地震活动群体时空分布特征研究

研究区域、资料和地震活动概述 滇西地区(本文选择λ_E:97.5°—101°,φ_N:24°—28°的3.5°×4°区域)位于众所周知的川滇菱形块体西北侧南段,该区以三大经向构造为主:怒江断裂、澜沧江断裂及著名的红河深大断裂,还伴有少量北东向构造。这里地震活动除频度较高外,强度亦颇大,历史上曾有1515年永胜7.0级大震,本世纪以来又相继发生了1925年大理7.0级和1976     

全球7级大震与我国地震活动的关系

本文对全球７级以上大震进行了分区研究，分析了各区地震活动的特征及其与地球自转速度的关系，并对华北中强以上地震活动特征及其与全球大震活动的关系进行了探讨，结果认为，全球各区大震活动特征分为三种类型，它们都与地球自转速度有关。     

二十世纪以来中国西部和邻区的大地震活动与地球自转的关系

中国西部及周邻地区大震活动与地球自转速率变化有一定关系,尤其是8级以上特大地震与地球自转变化的加速期关系更为密切。中国西部及其邻区76％的地震发生在地球自转速率变化的相对加速期。本文通过地震活动与地球自转变化的关系,对帕米尔-杭爱山地区本世纪末至二十一世纪初的地震危险性作了趋势性估计。     

地球自转速率与地震活动的相关性

本文从全球八级大震的活动水平出发,根据地震频度和应变能释放两个方面,论证了地球自转与全球大震活动在宏观趋势上的一致性。并由84对子样群求出它们之间的相关系数r等于-0.3489,取自由度n-2=82,置信水平α等于0.01,|r|值线性相关是显著的。这种负相关特征对预测今后大震活动有其实际意义。根据目前地球自转持续加快的趋势,预计今后10至20年间全球地震活动将处于低潮,而在此总的背景下,中国发生7.5级以上地震的可能性较小。     

全球MS≥8.0地震和中国大陆MS≥7.0地震发生与地球自转速率变化的关系

利用1963—2017年间中国大陆地区29次M_S≥7.0地震和全球范围内42次M_S≥8.0地震资料,根据地球自转速率季节性变化计算了它们的相位角,分析了它们的相位角分布,利用统计检验方法对它们与地球自转季节性变化之间的关系进行了检验。结果是:中国大陆地区M_S≥7.0地震,约81%的地震发生在地球自转速度季节性变化加速初期和高值点附近-减速初期,在α=0.001显著性水平下通过显著性检验。全球范围发生的M_S≥8.0地震,约68%的地震发生在地球自转速度季节性变化低值点附近,在α=0.001显著性水平下通过显著性检验。      

全球M_S≥8.0地震和中国大陆M_S≥7.0地震发生与地球自转速率变化的关系

利用1963—2017年间中国大陆地区29次M_S≥7.0地震和全球范围内42次M_S≥8.0地震资料,根据地球自转速率季节性变化计算了它们的相位角,分析了它们的相位角分布,利用统计检验方法对它们与地球自转季节性变化之间的关系进行了检验。结果是:中国大陆地区M_S≥7.0地震,约81%的地震发生在地球自转速度季节性变化加速初期和高值点附近-减速初期,在α=0.001显著性水平下通过显著性检验。全球范围发生的M_S≥8.0地震,约68%的地震发生在地球自转速度季节性变化低值点附近,在α=0.001显著性水平下通过显著性检验。     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.     

Scenario predictions for potential near-field and far-field earthquakes affecting Hong Kong

Historical earthquakes noted in the written records of the South China region, including Hong Kong, are not well delineated along identified prominent fault sources. Despite the lack of any definitive, localised trend in the spatial distribution of seismic activity in the region, there does appear to be some major disparity in the seismic activity rates (especially for large magnitude earthquakes) between the near-field and the far-field regions of Hong Kong. Despite this observation, previous studies of the regional seismic activity and seismic ground motion hazard (the latter using a probabilistic seismic hazard assessment, PSHA) have considered very broad source zone regions, in which uniform levels of seismic activity have been assumed. The present paper further scrutinises this broad source zone (BSZ) approach by adopting a novel expanding circular disc (ECD) method to determine the rates of earthquake recurrence. Such a method is intended to counter-check previously developed models by determining earthquake scenario events in terms of magnitude–distance (M–R) pairs or combinations, having defined values of average return period. Unlike the BSZ approach, the ECD method specifically accounts for the supposed variations in the seismic activity rates between events in the near-field and the far-field of Hong Kong.The form of the developed method is particularly suited to the determination of design-level earthquake ground motions for bedrock sites, since it assumes a directionally-independent attenuation model as described in the companion paper. It is found that, whilst the BSZ approach may indicate the overall average levels of hazard that are representative of the South China region as a whole, it does not capture the large disparity in seismic activity rates between near-field and far-field events. This important feature is expected to have a significant impact upon engineering assessments of the seismic safety of structures in Hong Kong and elsewhere in the South China region. For example, it is found that for events with M≥6, the seismic activity rate (normalised by time and area) in the very far-field is around 3.5 times larger than in the near-field and medium-field of Hong Kong. The resulting design M-R combinations, covering a range of return periods from 70 to 2500 years, are limited, for very long return periods and for distant events, by the maximum credible earthquake (MCE) magnitude. Intensive research to determine this seismic hazard parameter is recommended, in order to refine further the results of the ECD analysis, which presently conservatively assumes the MCE to range between M=6 in the near-field of Hong Kong to M=8 in the very far-field, at distances greater than 280 km from Hong Kong.     

Depositional ages and characteristics of Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in southeastern Mongolia

Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales are widely distributed in southeastern Mongolia. Due to the high organic carbon content of oil shale, many geochemical studies and petroleum exploration have been conducted. Although most of the oil shales are considered to be Early Cretaceous in age, a recent study reveals that some were deposited in the Middle Jurassic. The present study aims at establishing depositional ages and characteristics of the Jurassic and Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in Mongolia. The Lower Cretaceous Shinekhudag Formation is about 250 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale and dolomite. The Middle Jurassic Eedemt Formation is about 150 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale, dolomitic marl, and siltstone. The alternations of shale and dolomite in both formations were formed by lake level changes, reflecting precipitation changes. Shales were deposited in the center of a deep lake during highstand, while dolomites were formed by primary precipitation during lowstand. Based on the radiometric age dating, the Shinekhudag Formation was deposited between 123.8 ±2.0 Ma and 118.5 ±0.9 Ma of the early Aptian. The Eedemt Formation was deposited at around 165–158 Ma of Callovian–Oxfordian. The calculated sedimentation rate of the Shinekhudag Formation is between 4.7 ±2.6 cm/ky and 10.0 ±7.6 cm/ky. Shales in the Shinekhudag Formation show micrometer‐scale lamination, consisting of algal organic matter and detrital clay mineral couplets. Given the average thickness of micro‐laminae and calculated sedimentation rate, the micro‐lamination is most likely of varve origin. Both Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales were deposited in intracontinental basins in the paleo‐Asian continent. Tectonic processes and basin evolution basically controlled the deposition of these oil shales. In addition, enhanced precipitation under humid climate during the early Aptian and the Callovian–Oxfordian was another key factor inducing the widespread oil shale deposition in Mongolia.     

THEORETICAL APPROACH TO THE SOLUTION OF THE INFILTRATION PROBLEM

ABSTRACT

The one-dimensional transient downward entry of water in unsaturated soils is investigated theoretically. The mathematical equation describing the infiltration process is derived by combining Darcy's dynamic equation of motion with the continuity and thermodynamic state equations adjusted for the unsaturated flow conditions. The resulting equation together with the corresponding initial and boundary conditions constitues a mathematical initial boundary value problem requiring the solution of a nonlinear partial differential equation of the parabolic type. The volumetric water content is taken as the dependent variable and the time and the position along the vertical direction are taken as the independent variables. The governing equation is of such nature that a solution exists for t > 0 and is uniquely determined if two relationships are defined, together with the specified state of the system, at the initial time t = 0 and at the two boundaries. The two required relations are those of pressure versus permeability and pressure versus volumetric water content.

Since the partial differential equation has strong non-linear terms, a discrete solution is obtained by approximating the derivatives with finite-differences at discrete mesh points in the solution domain and integrated for the corresponding initial and boundary conditions. The use of an implicit difference scheme is employed in order to generate a system of simultaneous non-linear equations that has to be solved for each time increment. For n mesh points the two boundary conditions provide two equations and the repetition of the recurrence formula provides n—2 equations, the total being n equations for each time increment. The solution of the system is obtained by matrix inversion and particularly with a back-substitution technique. The FORTRAN statements used for obtaining the solution with an electronic digital computer (IBM 704) are presented together with the input data.

Analysis of the errors involved in the numerical solution is made and the stability and convergence of the solution of the approximate difference equation to that of the differential equation is investigated. The method applied is that of making a Fourier series expansion of a whole line of errors and then following the progress of the general term of the series expansion and also the behavior of each constituent harmonic. The errors (forming a continuous function of points in an abstract Banach space) are represented by vectors with the Fourier coefficients constituting a second Banach space. The amplification factor of the difference equation is shown to be always less than unity which guarantees the stability of the employed implicit recurrence scheme.

Experiments conducted on a vertical column packed uniformly with very fine sand, show a satisfactory agreement between the theoretically and experimentally obtained values. Many experimental results are shown in an attempt to explain the infiltration phenomenon with emphasis on the shape and movement of the wet front, and the effects of the degree of compaction, initial water content and deaired water on the infiltration rate.     

Late Permian post‐ophiolitic trondhjemites from Central Iran: a mark of subduction role in growth of Paleozoic continental crust

Late Permian trondhjemites in the Anarak area occur as stocks and dykes, which cross cut the Anarak ophiolite and its overlying metasedimentary rocks, and are exposed along the northern Anarak east–west main faults. These leucocratic intrusive bodies have enclaves of all ophiolitic units and metamorphic rocks. They are composed of amphibole, plagioclase (oligoclase), quartz, zircon and muscovite. Secondary minerals are chlorite (pycnochlorite), epidote, albite, magnetite and calcite. Whole‐rock major‐ and trace‐element analyses reveal that they are characterized by high SiO ₂ (67.8–71.0 wt%), Al ₂ O ₃ (14.9–17.1 wt%) and Na ₂ O (5.3–8.6 wt%), low K ₂ O (0.1–1.5 wt%; average: 0.8 wt%), low Rb/Sr ratio (0.01–0.40; average: 0.09), low Y (3–6 ppm), negative Ti, Nb and Ta anomalies, slightly negative or positive Eu anomaly, LREE enrichment and fractionated HREE. These rocks present 2 to 40 times enrichment in inclined chondrite‐normalized REE patterns. Geochemical characteristics of the Anarak trondhjemites all reflect melting of a mafic protolith at more than 10 kbar. The field evidence and whole‐rock chemistry reveal that these rocks have been crystallized from magmas derived from melting of subducted Anarak oceanic crust. This study reveals that melting of garnet amphibolite was an important element of continent formation in the study area.