Statistical Features of Vein Systems in the Hishikari Epithermal Gold Deposit, Japan

Abstract. The Hishikari epithermal gold deposit consists of parallel vertical veins hosted by the Quaternary volcanic rocks (QVR) and Cretaceous sedimentary rocks (CSR) at the shallow and deep levels, respectively. In order to reveal the litholog‐ical influence on the evolution of vein systems in the Hishikari field, vein density, width, spacing and position were statistically examined using cores sampled from three boreholes. The statistical features of the veins identified were summarized as follows, (i) The QVR have lower mean vein densities than the CSR. (ii) The former has smaller deformation degrees (ratios of total vein width per length) than the latter, (iii) Cumulative frequencies of vein density obey negative‐exponential distributions in both the types of rocks, (iv) Cumulative frequencies of vein width obey power‐law distributions with exponents of about ‐1 in both the types of rocks, but consist of two segments in the CSR. (v) Cumulative frequencies of vein spacing obey lognormal distributions with coefficients of variation between 1.8 and 3.5 in both the types of rocks. And (vi) fractal dimensions of vein position are between 0.45 and 0.52 at measure lengths between 0.1 and 10 m without distinctive difference between the two types of rocks. The feature (i) indicates higher ductility of the QVR against fracturing than the CSR. The feature (ii) implies that large deformation was accumulated in rocks themselves (e.g., alteration zones) in addition to the veins examined in the QVR compared to only the veins in the CSR. The feature (iv) suggests that the vein systems in the CSR reached a stage at which the several selected large veins grew as main conduit, that potentially provided pathways for ore‐forming fluids to ascend from deep levels. The coefficients of variation of vein spacing and fractal dimensions of vein position (features v and vi) indicate clustered distribution of the veins in the field. This study might be helpful for a better understanding of lithological influence on the evolution of vein systems not only in the Hishikari field but also in other fields.     

南极松散沉积物粒度分形研究

利用分形理论, 研究了南极纳尔逊冰盖前缘发育的沉积物、风成沉积物及湖泊沉积物的粒度分布分形结构特征. 结果表明: 不同沉积环境下的沉积物粒度分形结构具有明显的差异, 冰盖前缘沉积物具有显著的分形结构特征, 而湖泊沉积物和风成沉积物不具有分形结构特征, 这为识别南极地区松散沉积物沉积环境提供了一种新的判别依据. 对纳尔逊冰盖前缘沉积物粒度分维特征的研究结果表明, 其粒度分布主要与冰川搬运的动力学过程有关, 分维值的大小与当时形成沉积物的动力学过程、沉积环境、冰盖进退及古气候环境的演化密切相关.     

Lithological and spatial controls on the distribution of quartz veins in andesite- and rhyolite-hosted epithermal Au–Ag deposits of the Hauraki Goldfield, New Zealand

Vein distributions in line samples from four epithermal Au–Ag deposits of the Hauraki Goldfield were logged and quantified by vein spacing, vein density, vein thickness and percentage of vein extension. One deposit is hosted in andesite lavas (Martha Hill), one in andesite lavas and dacite porphyry, dacitic tuffs and pyroclastic breccias (Golden Cross), and two in rhyolite lavas and rhyolitic tuffs with minor andesite lavas or andesite dikes (Ohui and Wharekirauponga). The vein systems in these deposits form fault-controlled arrays of extensional veins. Vein spacing distributions are non-fractal over two to three orders of magnitude (1 mm to 5 m), and therefore fractal dimension statistics are not applicable. The coefficient of variation (C_v) of vein spacing was used as a measure of the degree of vein clustering. Rock type has a marked influence on vein spacing distributions, with veining in rhyolite lava having lower average thickness and percentage extension, but a generally higher degree of vein clustering compared with veining in andesite lava in the same deposit. Vein spacing distributions in well-jointed lithologies, mainly andesite lava, have C_v values (0.8–1.2) that are indicative of anticlustered to weakly clustered patterns, particularly in the vein stockwork of the upper part of the Golden Cross deposit. These C_v values are consistent with field observations that joints are a major control on vein spacing. In the poorly jointed dacitic and rhyolitic rocks, the veins are weakly to strongly clustered as shown by higher C_v values (1.2–2.4), and are commonly associated with normal faults. Overall, andesite lava and dacite porphyry and pyroclastics host thicker and more persistent veins than rhyolite lava and tuff. These larger veins contain significant volumes of high-grade gold mineralisation. The higher chemical reactivity to hydrothermal fluids of andesite and dacite compared with rhyolite may have aided propagation and thickening of the veins in andesite-hosted deposits. Within an individual epithermal deposit, location close to thick veins, representing major fluid conduits, commonly overrides the effect of different lithologies. Sites that are deeper and located within or adjacent to major vein structures have higher average vein thickness, percentage extension and degree of vein clustering. Systematic collection and analysis of vein spacing, thickness and density data can be used to define trends that are useful in the exploration of gold-bearing epithermal vein deposits. Received: 25 August 1998 / Accepted: 23 December 1999     

基于岩体结构面分布分形维的岩体质量评价

尽管岩体结构面具有空间上的不规则性和结构网络上的复杂性,但由于它又具有自相似的特征,可以运用分形理论来对其进行研究。运用盒计维数法对某矿山巷道围岩体结构面分布的分维数进行计算,验证了岩体结构面分布的分形特征。通过对岩体结构面分布分形维值分布规律的分析发现,分形维数越大、结构面分布越密集,结构面迹线越长,岩体质量越差,表明可将岩体结构面分布的分形维作为岩体质量评价的指标。将计算所得的岩体结构面分布的分维数与按工程岩体分级标准对相应岩体分级所得的岩体质量等级进行对比,提出了一个以岩体结构面分布的分形维作为分级指标的岩体质量评价方案。     

The Relationship between the Structural Orientation and the Gold Mineralisation of Quartz-Sulphide Veins in the Navachab Gold Deposit,Namibia

This study uses a representative dataset of more than 500 vein samples from the Navachab gold deposit containing information on the gold concentration, structural orientation, vein thickness, alteration and host rock type to investigate small scale controls on the grade distribution in the veins in order to obtain a better understanding of the architecture of the Navachab ore bodies. We calculated mean gold concentrations for each vein set in different parts of the mine. We then examine the preferential mineralisation of certain vein sets by setting this grade information into context to other geological parameters such as the structural geology of that particular part of the mine as well as the above mentioned factors structural orientation of the vein, vein thickness, alteration- and host rock type. Our main findings are that vein sets oriented favourably to the stress field and at high angles to the bedding are better mineralised than veins sets oriented at low angles to the bedding. Other factors do not exert a great influence on the gold concentration in the veins. We propose that the gold grade in the veins is influenced by the effectiveness of fluid flow into the veins and by time rates during vein propagation and fluid flow.     

湘西金矿含矿石英脉厚度变化的分形和混沌分析

本文对湘西金矿主要矿脉的厚度变化进行了分形分析。各矿脉的厚度变化均具有分形结构特征,其中V1脉的分维值最小,V4脉的分维值最大;并且同一条矿脉在不同中段的分维值也有较大变化。通过对矿脉厚度变化的相空间重构,表明各矿脉厚度空间变化序列均为混沌演化序列,在相空间维数达到6～7时出现混沌吸引子,混沌吸引子的分维值为1.2～6.0。矿脉厚度变化的分维值越小,矿脉的平均厚度越大,其构造和流体活动也越强烈。构造变形、流体活动、矿物沉淀与岩石渗透率之间的非线性耦合作用以及矿脉通过连通而生长是导致矿脉厚度分形分布与混沌演化的主要动力学机理。     

应力路径试验前后不同黄土的孔隙分形特征

为了解不同黄土孔隙形状复杂程度的差异和应力路径对孔隙形状复杂程度的影响,对两种黄土应力路径前后孔隙分形特征进行了研究。首先比较了3种分维模型所得孔隙分形维数的可靠性,然后选用热力学关系模型,由进汞、退汞试验得到地裂缝区黄土、充填黄土初始样和三轴应力路径试验后的孔隙分布,据此分析了两种土体进汞孔隙和退汞孔隙分形维数的差异和受载后的分形维数变化,根据退汞过程仅管形孔内的汞流出及孔隙由管形孔和球形孔组成的假定,得到了应力路径试验前后孔隙形状的改变。结果表明,热力学关系模型得到的孔隙分形维数合理、可靠。初始状态,原状和重塑充填黄土的孔隙形状比原状和重塑黄土复杂;常规三轴试验后试样孔隙比减少,孔隙分形维数增加,球形孔向管形孔转变;相对于常规三轴压缩试验,减围压三轴压缩试验后试样的孔隙分形维数较小,管形孔占总孔隙的体积比例较少;总体上管形孔的分形维数比球形孔大,且基本不受应力路径的影响,其占总孔隙的体积比例随着试样宏观孔隙比的减少而增加。     

四川地区断层空间分布的多重分形特征

断层系统多重分形避免了容量维Ｄ０的不足，考虑了每一条断层对整体分维的贡献，反映了断层的空间分布特征。根据四川地区断层分布图，运用多重分形理论检验了断层空间分布的自相似性，分区计算了四川地区各带的多重分维值。结果表明，断层破裂系统为分形结构，具有很好的自相似性，相关系数均达０．９９。不同带分维值的较大差异，反映不同构造区域的断层分布特点。最后，对分维的含义进行了深入探讨，对油气勘探的有利区域进行了分析。     

Rheological Properties of Fractal Deformation in Multilayer Folds

Abstract: The fractal dimensions of folds are related to layer thickness and viscosity of the multilayer. This paper discusses how the thickness, viscosity, and anisotropic degree affect the rheological deformation of fractal folds in multilayers. The number of layers, their thicknesses, viscosities, and anisotropic degree of multilayers cooperate to affect the rheological deformation of folds, which is not controlled by a single rheological factor. A greater anisotropic degree of multilayers is favorable to develop the more complex and disharmonious fractal folds.     

分形褶皱复杂性的流变因素研究

根据Ramberg的纵弯褶皱粘性力学实验,在褶皱形态的分形分析基础上,利用分形理论和褶皱的流变学理论导出了褶皱的分数维(D)与岩层厚度(h)和粘度(μ)间的关系式,并探讨了褶皱复杂性对褶皱分数维的影响,从中获得有关复杂褶皱的流变学信息。影响分形褶皱复杂程度的因素很多,主要因素包括岩层的厚度和粘度。因此,对褶皱的分形测量和岩层厚度及粘度的分析,可以定量分析分形褶皱形成的流变机理。这一研究是褶皱的非线性流变学理论研究的一个尝试。     

岩体结构分形及应用研究

岩体结构包括两个基本要素:结构面和结构体。通过分形理论研究岩体结构,得出结构面和结构体分布具有分形特征。根据结构网络图,可分别求出结构面和结构体的分形维数D_(PF)和D_(VF)。结构面分布分形维数D_(PF)越大,反映结构面分布越复杂,优势面(南京大学罗国煜教授提出)发育的方向范围就越大,相应地岩休质量就更差;结构体分布分形维数D_(VF)越大,反映结构体大小分布的状况是大的结构体所占分量趋于增加,结构面的密度、迹长、总面积趋于变小,则岩体质量趋于变好。最后指出结构面和结构体分布分形维数是决定岩体质量的两个指标,是对岩体质量进行评价的合适指标。     

活动断裂的分形结构特征

依据分形理论分析了活动断裂带几断裂系，水系及断层泥粒度分布的分形结构特征，指出断裂系及水系分维值的大小体现了活动断裂的结构复杂程度和构造活动性特征，探讨论了断层泥分维值同断层运动特征与基物理力学性质的关系，分维是定量研究活动断裂的一种度量指标。     

广西贺州水岩坝矿田断裂构造分形特征分析

文章基于盒计维数法对水岩坝矿田断裂构造进行了系统的定量分析,结果显示矿田内不同尺度的断裂构造具有良好的自相似性。其中,断层的分维值为1.3475;矿田中部的烂头山矿床节理和手标本微裂隙的平均分维值分别为1.7841和1.3310;在子区分维高次趋势图上,分维高值区总体延伸趋势为北西向,与矿田断层构造总体展布趋势相吻合。平面上,烂头山矿床正常围岩微裂隙、蚀变围岩微裂隙和矿(化)体微裂隙的平均分维值分别为1.2097、1.3310和1.8622,表明矿化程度的高低与其微裂隙分维值的大小成正比;垂向上,烂头山矿床露头节理平均分维值随高程的升高而增大,显示烂头山矿床具有含钨石英脉型的"五层楼"模式特点。此外,水岩坝矿田内已知矿床(点)均位于分维高值区,说明分维值的高低与已知矿床(点)的分布具有耦合性。     

Fractal analysis of the Oyo River, cave systems, and topography of the Gunungsewu karst area, central Java, Indonesia

Gunungsewu, the southernmost subzone of the Southern Mountains, central Java, is a classic karst terrain, bounded by the Oyo River on the north and the Indian Ocean on the south. In this study, the Oyo River, the main drainage in the area, is divided into 14 segments, and the fractal dimension of each segment is determined by the box-counting method. The 14 segments show various values of fractal dimensions, which are controlled by lithology and geologic structures of the area that is being dissected by the river. Easily eroded lithologies have larger fractal dimensions, and the value changes abruptly when the river crosses faults. Fractal dimensions of six underground rivers in the Bribin, Sodong, Semuluh, Jomblang, Soga, and Sumurup caves, and the surface topography above the caves were also determined. The caves have fractal dimensions that range from 1.043 ±0.01 to 1.08±0.01; the surface topography has fractal dimensions that range from 1.49±0.01 to 1.732±0.01. The fractal dimension of an underground river is proportional to the fractal dimension of the surface topography over the passage. Larger fractal dimensions of underground rivers are associated with smaller flow rates of the rivers. Received, June 1998Revised, March 1999, August 1999, February 2000Accepted, February 2000     

河流形态的分维及与洪水关系的探讨——以长江中下游为例

河流水系形态特征可以通过河流的分形特征来反映,分形维数则是河流分形特征的量化表示,其与河流洪水之间存在着一定的关系。以长江中下游为例,利用网格覆盖法计算出长江中下游河流分维,分析了长江中下游河流的分形特性,并在此基础上结合长江中下游洪水分析不同水系特征下洪水的特点。研究结果表明,一般来说河道分维越大、河网分维越小,洪水发生可能性则越高。     

成矿系统嵌套分形结构和自有序效应

成矿系统具有嵌套分形结构 ,岩石孔隙结构的传输性质制约着聚矿功能的实现。矿床(脉 )群聚分形分布特征明显 ,数量随时代先后呈幂律增长 ,成矿裂隙系统分维值大 ,高含量矿脉分维值低 ,这为隐伏矿床 (体 )预测提供了依据。裂隙生长是一种自组织临界现象 ,矿脉起源于微裂隙发展而成的张性裂隙 ,并最终形成脉系。超大型矿床的裂隙系统表现为临界分维状态 (5～ 12 5km ,D≈ 1 5;0 5～ 2 0km ,D≈ 1 3;1～ 10 0cm ,D≈ 1 5;0 0 0 36～ 0 18cm ,D =1 2 8～1 39)。成矿元素运移通过扩散和渗流实现 ,扩散速率的差异性导致运移路径的有序性 ,流体流动导致金及金属硫化物在界面处发生反应而沉淀成矿 ,矿床密度分布随矿化中心距离增大而减小的自有序效应保证了成矿系统的组织层次性。输运反应耦合成矿动力学计算机模拟验证了分形脉体演化模式和自有序效应。     

中国旱灾分维及其灾情演变趋势研究

根据分形理论,首先分析了中国旱灾中的分形结构,然后运用常规统计方法分析了中国旱灾灾情的趋势,在此基础上探讨了对我国实施可持续发展战略的有益启示。     

滑坡分维特征及其预测意义

本文依据分形理论，采用盒维数法计算了西藏樟木地区滑坡及其水系的空间分维。分析了分维的变化特征。发现滑坡高潮期前存在不同幅度的降维现象，滑坡区滑坡活动程度不同，其水系分维在不同观察尺度下变化幅度有显着的差别。探讨了分维的预测意义。     

一种新的粒度指标:沉积物粒度分维值及其环境意义

根据分形理论，对1000个不同类型沉积物样品的粒度分形结构及其分维值作了定量计算。结果表明：各类型沉积物都具有良好的统计自相似性，并且各自有着不同的分维值。粒度分维值的大小与分选好坏密切相关。没有经过外力搬运与分选的风化破碎物质(碎屑物)——断层泥、冻土的粒度分维值接近于碎形体的分维值2．60左右；经过外力搬运但分选作用较弱的冰碛物、水石流、泥石流堆积物的粒度分维值也接近2．60；而经过强烈外力分选作用的河床、湖泊沉积物、潮滩及海底沉积物的分维值明显偏小。鉴于此，本认为分维值可以作为沉积物类型判别的重要参数之一。