溶解无机氮在胶州湾沉积物一海水界面上的交换速率和通量研究

应用实验室培养法测定了溶解无机氮(DIN)在胶州湾16个站位沉积物-海水界面上的交换速率。结果表明, NH4 -N,NO2 -N和NO3 -N的交换速率一般分别在-0.5~1.6,0.005~0.67, + - --2.0~2.8 mmol/(m2·d)范围内。由于间隙水中DIN主要以NH4 -N形态存在,DIN在胶州湾沉 +积物-海水界面上的交换以NH4 -N的扩散为主,在大部分站位表现为由沉积物向水体的释放, +NO3 -N主要来自NH4 -N的硝化反应,而NO2 -N是NH4 -N和NO3 -N之间化学转化过程的中 - + - + -间产物。考虑胶州湾沉积物类型, 在胶州湾沉积物-海水界面上的交换通量为9.68×108 DINmmol/d,是河流输入DIN的50%左右,可提供维持胶州湾初级生产力所需DIN的52%。     

胶州湾沉积物-海水界面硅的交换速率及其影响因素探讨

采用实验室培养法在原位温度和溶氧条件下测定了胶州湾沉积物-海水界面硅的交换速率,并探讨了相关环境因子对界面交换速率的影响机制。结果表明,胶州湾沉积物-海水界面硅的交换表现为从沉积物向水体释放,其交换速率在947~4 889 μmol/（m2·d）范围内,平均速率为1 819 μmol/（m2·d）。表层沉积物中叶绿素a（Chl a）和总有机碳（TOC）是影响胶州湾沉积物-海水界面硅交换速率的主要环境因子,同时表层沉积物的含水率（φ）、生源硅（BSi）和粘土含量以及间隙水中溶解硅酸盐（DSi）对沉积物-海水界面硅的交换也有重要影响。由此可推知,胶州湾沉积物-海水界面硅的交换速率主要受生物活动和溶解-扩散双重过程调控,而表层沉积物粒度与底层水体中DSi对胶州湾硅的释放影响较小。     

Si在胶州湾沉积物-海水界面上的交换速率和通量研究

本文应用实验室培养法研究了 Si O3 - Si在胶州湾 1 6个站位沉积物 -海水界面上的交换速率。考虑培养时间、取样时间和间隔等因素 ,采用连续函数的方法计算了 Si O3 - Si交换速率。结果表明 ,Si O3 - Si在胶州湾沉积物 -海水界面上的交换表现为由沉积物向水体的释放 ,交换速率一般在因为 1～5mmol·m-2· d-1范围内 ,平均为 3.3mmol·m-2· d-1。高含量有机质沉积物 ,特别是生物扰动作用可以增大 Si O3 - Si交换速率。考虑胶州湾各种沉积物类型占胶州湾总面积的权重 ,Si O3 - Si在胶州湾沉积物 -海水界面上的交换通量为 1 .0 6× 1 0 9mmol·d-1 ,是河流输入量的 5.3倍 ,可提供浮游植物生长所需硅的 58%。     

溶解无机态营养盐在渤海沉积物-海水界面交换通量研究

了解无机态营养严在渤海沉积物-海水界面交换速率、通量基控制因素,于2002-08-06~08-24,应用船基沉积物培养方法,现场测定了硅酸盐(SiO3-Si)、磷酸盐(PO4-P)和溶解无机氮(DIN)在沉积物-海水界面上的交换速率(νN)和交换通量(FN)。结果显示,νSiO3-Si变化范围为2 220~4 317μmol.m-2.d-1,平均为3 466μmol.m-2.d-1,νPO4-P为0.4~77μmol.m-2.d-1,平均为39μmol.m-2.d-1,νDIN为667~2 167μmol.m-2.d-1,平均为1 308μmol.m-2.d-1,其中NH4-N和NO3-N的贡献分别为48%和47%左右。进一步分析表明,νSiO3-Si主要由溶解和扩散2个过程控制,前者决定于沉积物黏土矿物含量和含水率,后者决定于营养盐浓度和温度。νPO4-P主要由在以黏土为主的细颗粒和氢氧化铁上的吸附-解吸和扩散过程控制,前者分别决定于沉积物粒度和上覆水中DO浓度,而后者决定于间隙水与上覆水之间的浓度差。结果表明,FSiO3为2.59×1013mmol,FPO4为2.95×1011mmol,FDIN/SE为8.62×1012mmol。这样,为维持夏季渤海初级生产力,沉积物交换过程可提供大约65%的SiO3-Si、12%的PO4-P和22%的DIN,远远高于以河流径流为主的陆源排放。     

胶州湾底质溶液中的氮和磷

海洋沉积物底质溶液中生原要素的研究,对于了解这些要素在海水与沉积物之间的交换过程等,具有重要意义。但是在文献中,这方面的报道还是比较少的。 值得注意的是:Rittenberg研究了沉积物管样中NO_3-、NO_2-N、NH_4-N、PO_4-P及SiO_3-Si等的垂直分布,并且探讨了生原要素的再生过程;研究了鄂霍茨克海、白令海及太平洋底质溶液中NH_4-N、PO_4-P、SiO_3-Si及部分NO_3-N与NO_2-N     

南沙群岛海域沉积物间隙水营养盐（氮、磷、硅）的研究

通过1997年11月和1999年7月2个航次对南沙群岛海域的现场调查,实测了南沙群岛深海盆沉积物的孔隙度?间隙水的营养盐含量,估算了沉积物海水界面营养盐的扩散通量?2个航次的沉积物间隙水的NO2-N,NO3-N ,NH4-N,PO4-P ,SiO3-Si含量,1997年冬季航次平均为4.68,43.84,115.68 ,6.85,425.71μmol·L-1,1999年夏季航次(H4SiO4除外)平均为2.72,36.86,31.40,10.10μmol·L-1;平均扩散通量,1997年冬季航次为0.03,-14.07,121.70,0.25,72.54μmol·m-2·d -1,1999年夏季航次(H4SiO4除外)为0.10,-11.74,40.47,-0.56μmol·m-2·d -1?NH 4和H4SiO4 是扩散量最大的2种组分,而HPO2-4 和NO-2的扩散量极小?     

胶州湾沉积物-海水界面溶解无机氮的迁移特征及其影响因素解析

采用实验室培养法,在原位温度和溶氧条件下,研究了夏、冬季胶州湾沉积物-海水界面溶解无机氮(DIN)的迁移特征。结果表明,夏、冬季胶州湾沉积物-海水界面DIN主要以NO_3-N和NH_4-N的形态进行交换,夏季胶州湾沉积物表现为水体DIN的源,其交换通量为1.64×10~9 mmol/d,可以提供维持初级生产力所需氮的39.3%;而冬季沉积物表现为DIN的汇,其交换通量为–2.12×10~8 mmol/d。利用相关分析和主成分回归分析,研究界面不同形态DIN交换速率和底层环境因子的关系,结果表明,夏季胶州湾沉积物-海水界面DIN的交换主要受沉积物中有机质的矿化、底栖藻类的同化作用和扩散过程共同调控,而冬季则主要受内源有机质的矿化、底栖藻类的同化作用、吸附-解吸和扩散过程共同调控。     

胶州湾大沽河口潮滩间隙水中PO4-P和NH4-N分布及扩散通量研究

2009年2,5,8和11月在胶州湾大沽河口潮滩3个站位采集沉积物柱状样,分析了间隙水PO4-P,NH4-N的垂直分布,并用原柱样静态实验测定了沉积物-水界面PO4-p,NH4-N的交换通量.结果表明,间隙水中PO4-P和NH4-N浓度变化范围相当,分别为0～0.049 mmol/L和0～0.050 mmol/L.间隙...     

胶州湾海水甲烷氧化速率的水平与垂直变化初步研究

系统考察2014年4月胶州湾海水中甲烷的氧化速率。通过一系列的海水培养实验,采用气相—稳定同位素比值质谱仪(GC-IRMS)追踪了培养样品中δ13 CH4的变化,计算了胶州湾海水的甲烷氧化速率(MOX)。结果表明:胶州湾表层水中甲烷的氧化速率的变化范围为3.7~255.5nmol·L~(-1)·d~(-1),平均值为(104.7±89.7)nmol·L~(-1)·d~(-1)。底层水中甲烷的氧化速率的变化范围为38.2~227.1nmol·L~(-1)·d~(-1),平均值为(148.9±76.2)nmol·L~(-1)·d~(-1)。总体而言,在胶州湾东部和西部,特别是海泊河口、洋河河口附近的水域,表层海水中甲烷氧化速率的分布都明显呈现出近岸高,远岸低的趋势。胶州湾甲烷的氧化速率与溶解无机碳浓度的变化以及甲酸的含量呈较明显的线性正相关。根据甲烷氧化速率估算出胶州湾氧化甲烷的量为1.15×108 mol/a,该值相当于胶州湾甲烷海-气通量的6.4~14.3倍。     

南海北部沉积物间隙水中营养盐研究

通过2004年9月对南海北部6个站位的采样分析,探讨了间隙水的营养盐含量及其空间分布特征,估算了沉积物-海水界面营养盐的扩散通量。结果表明,NH4-N含量为8.9—142.3μmol.L-1,是南海北部间隙水中营养盐的主要组分,占溶解态无机氮的比例范围为49.1%—75.2%。在平面分布上,NH4-N含量表现为近海高于远海,PO4-P则差别不大。NH4-N、NO3-N、NO2-N和PO4-P在沉积物-海水界面的平均通量分别为7.08、-0.61、-0.51、0.14μmol.(m2.d)-1。NH4-N、PO4-P主要是从沉积物向上覆水扩散,是底层水体营养盐的来源之一。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.