Mineral Paragenesis of the Lepanto Copper and Gold and the Victoria Gold Deposits, Mankayan Mineral District, Philippines

Abstract: Mineral paragenesis of the alteration, ore and gangue minerals of the Lepanto epithermal copper‐gold deposit and the Victoria gold deposit, Mankayan Mineral District, Northern Luzon, Philippines, is discussed. The principal ore minerals of the Lepanto copper‐gold deposit are enargite and luzonite, with significant presence of tennantite‐tetrahedrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, native gold/electrum and gold‐silver tellurides. Pervasive alteration zonations are commonly observed from silicification outward to advanced argillic then to propylitic zone. The ore mineralogy of the Lepanto copper‐gold deposit suggests high f_S2 in the early stages of mineralization corresponding to the deposition of the enargite‐luzonite‐pyrite assemblage. Subsequent decrease in the f_S2 formed the chalcopyrite‐tennantite‐pyrite assemblage. An increase in the f_S2 of the fluids with the formation of the covellite‐digenite‐telluride assemblage caused the deposition of native gold/electrum and gold‐silver tellurides. The principal ore minerals of the Victoria gold deposit are sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite, tetrahedrite and native gold/electrum. The alteration halos are relatively narrow and in an outward sequence from the ore, silica alteration grades to illitic‐argillic alteration, which in turn grades to propylitic alteration. The Victoria gold mineralization has undergone early stages of silica supersaturation leading to quartz deposition. Vigorous boiling increased the pH of the fluids that led to the deposition of sulfides and carbonates. The consequent decrease in H₂S precipitated the gold. Gypsum and anhydrite mainly occur as overprints that cut the carbonate‐silica stages. The crosscutting and overprinting relationships of the Victoria quartz‐gold‐base metal veins on the Lepanto copper‐gold veins manifest the late introduction of near neutral pH hydrothermal fluids.     

滇东南八布杨万铜矿床硫化物Re-Os同位素年龄及其地质意义

滇东南八布地区发育一套晚古生代超镁铁质-镁铁质杂岩,是认识古特提斯分支洋构造演化的重要窗口,而其中以火山岩为赋矿围岩的杨万铜矿床,被视作区域找矿的突破点。目前,对这套超镁铁质-镁铁质杂岩的构造属性及赋存铜矿床的成矿时代及成因联系还存在争议。通过对杨万铜矿床中黄铜矿和黄铁矿进行Re-Os同位素定年,获得Re-Os等时线年龄为269±3 Ma,表明该矿床形成于早中二叠世,与火山岩(～270 Ma)大致同时;而初始187Os/188Os值为0.31±0.17,暗示成矿时存在热液流体与古海水的相互作用。区内玄武岩围岩和其它超镁铁质-镁铁质岩石的地球化学特征对比分析显示,八布超镁铁质-镁铁质杂岩为一套N-MORB型蛇绿岩组合,代表了古特提斯分支洋盆的洋壳残片。杨万铜矿床应划归为与古特提斯分支洋裂解有关的火山成因块状硫化物(VMS)矿床,其周边地区具有较好的找矿潜力。     

复杂多金属矿床空间变异性套合技术研究与应用

半变异函数是分析区域化变量空间结构的核心内容和有效工具。文章以云南大红山铜铁多金属矿床作为研究对象,基于DIMINE软件平台,通过Cu、TFe、SFe主要成矿元素的统计特征的分析,并构建了沿走向、倾向及厚度方向上的变异函数球状模型,从而确立矿体主要变化方向上的变异函数参数。分析显示各元素具有明显的空间结构性,Cu元素品位呈几何异向性,而TFe、SFe元素品位呈带状异向性,运用模型叠加的方法建立了各向异性的套合结构模型,结合矿体的实际赋存条件及产出特征,总结出各成矿元素总体沿水平方向具有较强的连续性,而在厚度上表现出逐层均匀变化的特征。根据成矿元素品位空间变异性分析结果,为矿床矿化规律的研究提供重要依据,为后续生产工作提供理论指导。     

贵州省威宁县炉山铜矿床地质特征研究

炉山铜矿床产于宣威组(P₃x)底部的深灰、灰黑色粉砂质泥岩及峨眉山玄武岩第三段(βp³)顶部的火山角砾赤铁矿层内,是近年来贵州省发现的含铜矿层的新层位,矿石类型也是一种新的矿石类型。含矿岩系自上而下,存在钛(Ti)-铜(Cu)-铁(Fe)等元素分带,以上特征符合玄武岩型风化淋滤型铜矿的特征。通过对炉山铜矿床地质特征的研究,系统总结出该类矿床的地质特征,为该区相同类型的铜矿勘查工作提供一定的思路。     

S and Pb Isotopic Constraints on the Relationship between the Linong Granodiorite and the Yangla Copper Deposit,Yunnan, China

The Yangla copper deposit, located in western Yunnan Province, China, is a typical giant, newly started mining copper deposit with an estimated Cu reserves of about 1,200,000 tons. The deposit is spatially and temporally associated with the Linong granodiorite, which is rich in SiO2 (SiO2=58.25 wt%–69.84 wt%) and alkalis (Na2O+K2O=5.98 wt%–8.34 wt%), indicating an association with shoshonitic series to high-K calc-alkaline series granites, and shows low contents of TiO2 (0.35 wt%–0.48 wt%), MgO (1.51 wt%–1.72 wt%), and Al2O3 (13.38 wt%–19.75 wt%). The δ34S values of sulfides of the main ore stage from copper ores vary range from ?4.2‰ to ?0.9‰, indicating a much greater contribution from the mantle to the ore-forming fluids. The δ34S values of the late ore stage is ?9.8‰, indicating enrichment of biogenic sulfur which may derive from the crustal hydrothermal fluid. The 208Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb and 206Pb/204Pb of sulfides of the main ore stage from copper ores range within 38.66–38.73, 15.71–15.74 and 18.35–19.04, respectively, implying that the Pb was derived from the mantle, with the crustal component, probably representing mixtures of mantle lead and crustal lead. Sulfide of the late ore stage in their Pb isotopic composition, 208Pb/204Pb= 38.69, 207Pb/204Pb=15.70, 206Pb/204Pb=18.35, implying that the Pb was derived from the crust. The Linong granodiorite is syn-collisional, produced by partial melting of thickened lower crust, which was triggered by the westward subduction of the Jinshajiang Oceanic plate. During a transition in geodynamic setting from collision-related compression to extension, gently dipping ductile shear zones (related to subduction) were transformed to brittle shear zones, consisting of a series of thrust faults in the Jinshajiang tectonic belt. The tensional thrust faults would have been a favorable environment for ore-forming fluids. The ascending magma provided a channel for the ore-forming fluid from the mantle wedge. After the magma arrived at the base of the early-stage Linong granodiorite, the platy granodiorite at the base of the body would have shielded the late-stage magma from the fluid. The magma would have cooled slowly, and some of the ore-forming fluid in the magma would have entered the gently dipping thrust faults near the Linong granodiorite, resulting in mineralization.     

Study on the origin of the Hongshan brecciated copper deposit in Huichang County,Jiangxi Province,China

The Hongshan copper deposit is a typical cryptoexplosive breccia-type deposit, which occurs in a metamorphic rock series of the Mesoproterozoic Taoxiyuan Formation. Orebodies are distributed inside and outside porphyry-cryptoexplosive breccia pipes. The isotope geochemistry of the deposit is consistent with the origin of porphyry breccia: the δ18OH2O values ranging from 1.2‰ to 6.1‰ and the δ34S values varying from 0 to 2.5‰. 206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb and 208Pb/204Pb ratios of pyrite, which coexists with ore minerals, indicate it was derived from the orogenic belt. Thermodynamic analysis indicates that the main metals were deposited largely as a result of the decreasing of proton concentrations associated with H2S and CO2 exsolution during explosion and temperature dropping. Based on K-Ar dating of quartz coexisting with ore minerals, the age of mineralization was estimated to be 97.1–98.8 Ma, which suggests that mineralization occurred between the Early and Late Cretaceous. According to the relevant information obtained, a diagenetic and metallogenic pattern in the area has been presented in this paper.     

贵州省凯里市大田铝土矿矿床地质特征及成矿规律分析

凯里市大田铝土矿是贵州省重要铝土矿成矿带凯里─黄平矿集区(带)内的重要矿床。通过工作发现:①二叠系梁山组是其含矿层位,矿体呈似层状、透镜状/漏斗状产出,总体走向NE,平均厚2.59 m,w(Al₂O₃)平均值为64.25%,铝硅比平均为5.25,铝土矿(332+333)矿石资源量978.38×10⁴ t;②矿石矿物以一水硬铝石为主,矿石结构一般为自形、半自形或它形粒状结构,构造主要为块状构造、孔隙状构造、层纹状构造,矿石类型以低硫低铁铝土矿为主;③矿床受断裂构造影响较大,在该区西北部的泥质岩相带中铝土矿成矿较好,矿体厚度与含矿岩系厚度成正比,矿石的w(Al₂O₃)值与w(SiO₂)值成反比;④高坡场组古岩溶洼地、槽沟是该区铝土矿找矿的有利部位。     

Sulphur and Lead Isotope Compositions of the Dajiangp—ing Deposit in Western Guangdong Province1

Abstract The Dajiangping pyrite deposit located in the middle sector of the Yunkai uplift in western Guangdong is a stratiform sulphide deposit occurring in Sinian marine clastic and fine clastic rocks. The formation of the deposit was related to submarine exhalation and hot brine deposition. A part of it was reformed by late-stage hydro thermal solution. The δ³⁴S values of pyrite vary from — 25.55‰ to + 21.07‰, which are inversely proportional to the content of organic carbon in ore and pyrite. Passing from striped fine-grained pyrite ore to massive coarse-grained pyrite ore, i.e. from south to north, the sulphur isotopic composition changes from the light sulphur-enriched one to the heavy sulphur-enriched one. The lead isotopic composition of striped ore is consistent with that of the country locks of orebodies and the lead is radiogenic lead derived from the upper crust. The lead isotopic composition of massive ore is relatively homogeneous and its ²⁰⁶/Pb²⁰⁴Pb, ²⁰⁷/Pb²⁰⁴Pb and ²⁰⁸/Pb²⁰⁴Pb ratios are a bit lower than those of striped ore; the lead result from mixing of synsedimentary ore lead with that derived from basement migmatite brought by late-stage hydrothermal solutions.     

中条山铜矿峪斑岩铜矿金属硫化物的铼-锇同位素年龄及地质意义

Re- Os同位素测年法是测定金属矿床成矿年龄较直接、有效的方法。作者对中条山铜矿峪斑岩铜矿中的含辉钼矿硫化物采用 ICP- MS同位素稀释法进行 Re- Os同位素年龄测定。首次获得 2个 Re- Os同位素等时线年龄 ,其值分别为 (2 94 7± 2 8)× 10 6a与 (2 10 8± 32 )× 10 6a。这些年龄数据有力地说明铜矿峪斑岩铜矿的形成不是一个单一的成矿过程 ,而是一个多期的复合成矿过程。它为确定铜矿峪斑岩铜矿的成矿年龄及建立该矿床的成矿演化模式奠定了重要基础     

云南澜沧县芒洪铁矿地质特征及找矿远景

云南澜沧县芒洪铁矿是近期开展1∶5万区域地质矿产调查新发现的铁矿床。芒洪铁矿为海相火山-沉积变质型矿床，矿体呈层状、似层状赋存于惠民增生杂岩中，铁矿体的分布受地层层位、岩性建造、火山-沉积旋回等因素联合控制；矿区的物化遥异常与已发现铁矿吻合较好，成矿条件有利，找矿标志明显，具有较好的找矿前景。     

四川九龙中咀铜矿床地质特征及找矿前景

四川九龙中咀铜矿床为近年来新发现的一个产于江浪变质核杂岩中的富铜矿床。矿体呈似层状,受韧性剪切带控制,矿体在走向和倾向上延伸稳定。主要矿石类型为浸染状、网脉状、角砾状、块状铜锌矿石。矿石建造为FeCu-Zn建造。金属矿物由黄铜矿、磁黄铁矿、闪锌矿、方铅矿等组成。主要蚀变类型为石榴子石化、绢云母化、绿泥石化、黑云母化。矿体铜品位较高,平均品位为1.65%。目前该矿床仍在进行详查地质工作,矿区向东和向北西方向仍具有较好的找矿前景。该矿床的发现与评价,对于重新认识里伍铜矿床外围找矿潜力和进一步指导该区找矿工作具有重要意义。     

德兴铜厂斑岩铜矿脉体类型、分布规律及其对成矿的指示意义

德兴铜矿是中国东部重要的大型斑岩铜矿,由朱砂红、铜厂和富家坞等3个矿床组成。在详细的野外脉体填图基础上,文章把德兴铜厂斑岩铜矿的成矿脉体划分为A脉、B脉、D脉和H脉等4种类型。研究发现,A脉的形成与钾化蚀变有关,脉体不规则且不连续,以粒状石英±钾长石±黑云母±磁铁矿±少量黄铁矿±少量黄铜矿的矿物组合为特征;B脉的形成与钾质硅酸盐水解有关,脉体较规则且连续,以石英±辉钼矿±黄铜矿±黄铁矿的矿物组合为特征,石英颗粒呈典型的梳状或长柱状对称于脉壁生长;D脉的形成与石英-绢云母化蚀变有关,以黄铁矿±石英±黄铜矿的矿物组合为特征,脉壁发育绢云母晕;H脉的形成与碳酸盐化有关,以方解石±赤铁矿±黄铁矿±黄铜矿的矿物组合为特征。这4种脉体分别记录了成矿流体演化至不同阶段,热液蚀变作用的特点及其与Cu-Mo硫化物沉淀的关系。脉体的宽度-间距定量统计分析表明,脉体宽度(T)服从于幂次分布定律;脉体间距(S)服从于负指数分布或介于对数正态分布与负指数分布之间。脉体宽度分维值D值(0.91~1.35)普遍>1,反映脉体系统的连通性较差,矿化程度较弱。脉体间距变差系数Cν值(0.49~0.92)均<1,说明脉体簇生聚集程度较低,矿化程度较弱;处于脉体聚集中心的脉体,代表着热液流体运移的通道,制约着其他脉体的展布。     

Chronology and Crust-Mantle Mixing of Ore-forming Porphyry of the Bangongco: Evidence from Zircon U-Pb Age and Hf Isotopes of the Naruo Porphyry Copper-Gold Deposit

The Naruo porphyry copper-gold deposit(hereinafter referred to as the Naruo deposit) in Tibet is a potentially ultra-large, typical gold-rich porphyry copper deposit, which was recently discovered in the Bangongco-Nujiang metallogenic belt. This study analyzed U-Pb chronology and Hf isotopes of the ore-bearing granodiorite porphyry in the Naruo deposit using the LA-ICPMS dating technique. The results show that the weighted average age is 124.03±0.94Ma(MSWD=1.7, n=20), and 206Pb/238 U isochron age is 126.2±2.7 Ma(MSWD=1.02, n=20), both of which are within the error. The weighted average age represents the crystallization age of the granodiorite porphyry, which indicates that the ore-bearing porphyry in the Naruo deposit area was formed in the Early Cretaceous and further implies that the Neo-tethys Ocean had not been closed before 124 Ma under a typical island-arc subduction environment. The εHf(t) of zircons from the granodiorite porphyry varies from 2.14 to 9.07, with an average of 5.18, and all zircons have εHf(t) values greater than 0; 176Hf/177 Hf ratio is relatively high(0.282725–0.282986). Combined with the zircon age―Hf isotope correlation diagram, the aforementioned data indicate that the source reservoir might be a region that is mixed with depleted mantle and ancient crust, which possibly contains more materials sourced from depleted mantle. Rock-forming ages and ore-forming ages of the Duolong ore concentrate area are 120–124 Ma and 118–119 Ma, respectively, which indicate 124–118 Ma represents the main rockforming and ore-forming stage within the area. The Naruo deposit is located in the north of the Bangongco-Nujiang suture, and it yielded a zircon LA-ICPMS age of 124.03 Ma. This indicates the Bangongco-Nujiang oceanic basin subducted towards the north at about 124 Ma, and the Neo-tethys Ocean had not been closed before the middle Early Cretaceous. It is possible that the crust-mantle mixing formed the series of large and giant porphyry copper-gold deposits in the Bangongco.     

Mineralogy and geochemistry of gold-bearing arsenian pyrite from the Shuiyindong Carlin-type gold deposit, Guizhou, China: implications for gold depositional processes

Arsenian pyrite in the Shuiyindong Carlin-type gold deposit in Guizhou, China, is the major host for gold with 300 to 4,000 ppm Au and 0.65 to 14.1 wt.% As. Electron miroprobe data show a negative correlation of As and S in arsenian pyrite, which is consistent with the substitution of As for S in the pyrite structure. The relatively homogeneous distribution of gold in arsenian pyrite and a positive correlation of As and Au, with Au/As ratios below the solubility limit of gold in arsenian pyrite, suggest that invisible gold is likely present as Au¹⁺ in a structurally bound Au complex in arsenian pyrite. Geochemical modeling using the laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) analysis of fluid inclusions for the major ore forming stage shows that the dominant Au species were Au(HS)₂⁻ (77%) and AuHS_(aq)⁰ (23%). Gold-hydroxyl and Gold-chloride complexes were negligible. The ore fluid was undersaturated with respect to native Au, with a saturation index of −3.8. The predominant As species was H₃AsO₃⁰ _(aq). Pyrite in the Shuiyindong deposit shows chemical zonation with rims richer in As and Au than cores, reflecting the chemical evolution of the ore-bearing fluids. The early ore fluids had relatively high activities of As and Au, to deposit unzoned and zoned arsenian pyrite that host most gold in the deposit. The ore fluids then became depleted in Au and As and formed As-poor pyrite overgrowth rims on gold-bearing arsenian pyrite. Arsenopyrite overgrowth aggregates on arsenian pyrite indicate a late fluid with relatively high activity of As. The lack of evidence of boiling and the low iron content of fluid inclusions in quartz, suggest that iron in arsenian pyrite was most likely derived from dissolution of ferroan minerals in the host rocks, with sulfidation of the dissolved iron by H₂S-rich ore fluids being the most important mechanism of gold deposition in the Shuiyindong Carlin-type deposit.     

紫金山金铜矿床深部成矿作用研究和找矿前景评价的关键

紫金山铜金矿床是典型的高硫化浅成低温热液矿床, 发育巨厚的热液蚀变帽, 多孔状石英和高级泥化蚀变带等标志性特征; 特别是在金矿体之下出现垂直厚度超过1000米的巨大铜矿体, 属于蓝辉铜矿－铜蓝－硫砷铜矿－明矾石矿物组合的高硫化型浅成低温热液铜矿床类型, 铜硫化物的矿物学研究预示着深部可能变为斑岩型铜矿床。     

河北邯郸洪山铜矿Ar-Ar和U-Pb年龄及其对成矿时代的限定

[研究目的]近年来在邯郸洪山岩体及其周边发现多处铜金矿(化)体.成矿时代确定是厘定矿床成因和分析成矿作用过程的关键.[研究方法]在详细野外地质工作的基础上,对赋矿岩石中锆石及铜矿化热液蚀变矿物黑云母分别采用了U-Pb和40Ar-39Ar阶段加热法进行了同位素测年.[研究结果]测得洪山铜矿床矿化蚀变产物黑云母40Ar-3...     

西藏邦铺钼(铜)矿床含矿二长花岗斑岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年及地质意义

邦铺斑岩型钼(铜)矿床位于甲玛铜多金属矿床北东约30 km处,与钼(铜)成矿有关的岩体主要为二长花岗斑岩,次为花岗闪长斑岩及闪长(玢)岩.通过对二长花岗斑岩体进行LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄测试,获得了含矿母岩的年龄,二长花岗斑岩的26颗锆石206Pb/238U加权平均年龄为(16.23±0.19)Ma(MSWD...     

安徽庐枞盆地龙桥铁矿床中钴的赋存状态和空间分布规律

中国东部的长江中下游、莱芜、邯邢和临汾等矿集区中发育大量的矽卡岩型铁矿床,其中普遍伴生钴,部分矿床估算伴生钴资源量大于1万t,达到中型钴矿床的规模。已有研究表明,中国东部富钴矽卡岩型铁矿床的成矿时代相同,成矿特征相似,均为中国东部130Ma大规模成矿作用的产物,反映较大规模的铁钴成矿作用受统一的动力学背景控制。钴与其他伴生组分一样,其工业价值主要不取决于矿石中钴的含量,而取决于钴的赋存状态,因此开展矽卡岩型铁矿床中钴的赋存状态和分布规律研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。龙桥矽卡岩型铁矿床位于长江中下游成矿带,是目前发现的成矿带内伴生钴含量最高的矿床。矿床主矿体长1000m,成矿岩体位于矿体中部,黄铁矿分布范围广,距离岩体中心不同距离均有分布,是研究矽卡岩型铁矿床中钴赋存状态和空间分布规律的理想对象。本次研究在龙桥铁矿床勘探巷道-370m平面自西向东采集了9件含黄铁矿样品,黄铁矿主要呈浸染状-细脉状交代磁铁矿。研究表明,龙桥铁矿床中钴主要赋存在黄铁矿和磁铁矿中,其次为独立钴矿物(主要为辉砷钴矿)。黄铁矿的LA-ICP-MS微区微量元素分析结果表明,龙桥黄铁矿中Co(0.019×10~(-6)～5639×10~(-6))、Ni(0.025×10~(-6)～5798×10~(-6))和As(0.46×10~(-6)～14526×10~(-6))的含量均具有较大的变化范围,黄铁矿总体上具有边缘富钴、核部贫钴的特征,黄铁矿边部的钴含量是核部的100～1000倍。通过对LA-ICP-MS测试数据以及时间分辨率剖面的逐一对比,推测Co主要以类质同象形式替代Fe进入黄铁矿晶格。由于钴在黄铁矿中分布极不均匀,不同空间位置采集的黄铁矿样品中Co含量平均值和变化范围没有明显规律。本文通过类比,提出中国东部矽卡岩型铁矿床中钴矿物可能是普遍存在的,但以前受限于分析测试手段未能发现;如何在选矿过程中分离富集钴矿物和富钴黄铁矿,是矽卡岩型铁矿床硫精粉中钴回收利用的关键。     

西南天山中新生代盆地成矿流体运移规律

乌拉根铅锌矿床和萨热克铜矿床是西南天山中新生代盆地最有代表性的两个层控砂砾岩型矿床,乌拉根铅锌矿床产于下白垩统克孜勒苏群第五岩性段(K1 kz5)的粗砂质细砾岩中,后期经历了弱的构造改造作用;萨热克铜矿床产于上侏罗统库孜贡苏组上段(J3 k2)杂砾岩中,其北矿段后期经历了强烈的构造改造作用,南矿段可见岩浆热液蚀变作用后...     

中甸普朗还原性斑岩型铜矿床：矿物组合与流体组成约束

成矿流体高氧逸度是斑岩铜矿床模式的一个基本原则。虽然亚洲单个矿体储量最大的普朗铜矿床的成矿母岩——普朗复式岩体具氧化性岩浆特点,但其矿物组合及流体成分却与还原性斑岩型铜金矿床一致:矿石中以发育大量磁黄铁矿为特征,构成黄铜矿-磁黄铁矿-黄铁矿为主的矿物组合,不发育表征高氧逸度的原生磁铁矿和硫酸盐(硬石膏等)矿物;成矿流体中含较多CO₂、CO和CH₄等还原性组分,氧逸度低于铁橄榄石-磁铁矿-石英缓冲剂。成矿流体中还原性组分可能来源于普朗复式岩体周围的含碳质千枚岩或深部铁镁质岩浆。还原性流体中铜元素的溶解度比氧化性流体中的低,但金元素的溶解度不受氧化还原条件的影响;而CH₄可使SO₂还原形成S^2-,为辉钼矿的形成提供物质基础;可能是导致普朗铜矿床Cu品位偏低而伴生大量Au、Mo矿化的主要原因之一。普朗铜矿床还原性特征的厘定有益于深入研究其矿床成因、乃至区域斑岩型铜矿床成矿机制。