Principles of Probabilistic Regional Mineral Resource Estimation

Five principal sources of uncertainty in quantitative mineral resource estimation are listed and illustrated by means of a simple example (mosaic model) and a case history study for large copper deposits in the Abitibi area of the Canadian Shield. Abitibi copper potential originally was estimated on the basis of 1968 estimates of production and reserves totalling 3.12 Mt Cu. This prognostication now could be evaluated on the basis of 2008 copper production and reserves totalling 9.50 Mt Cu. An earlier hindsight study performed on the basis of 1977 data (totalling 5.23 Mt Cu) showed seven new discoveries occurring either in the immediate vicinities of known deposits or on broad regional copper anomalies predicted from the 1968 inputs. By 1977, the global geographic distribution pattern of large copper deposits in the Abitibi area had stabilized. During the next 30 years, new copper was essentially found close to existing deposits, much of it deeper down in the Earth's crust. In this paper, uncertainties associated with copper ore tonnage are analyzed by comparison of 2008 data with 1968 data using (a) log-log plots of size versus rank, and (b) lognormal QQ-plots. Straight lines fitted by least squares on these plots show that 1968 slopes provide good estimates of 2008 slopes but 1968 intercepts are much less than 2008 intercepts. In each linear log-weight versus log-rank plot, the slope is related to fractal dimension of a Pareto frequency distribution, and in a lognormal QQ-plot it is determined by logarithmic variance. The difference between 2008 and 1968 intercepts represents the increase in copper ore production and reserves from 1968 to 2008. The Pareto model fits actual copper and massive sulphides increase over the past 40 years better than the lognormal frequency distribution model for 10 km×10 km cells on favorable environments in the Abitibi area.      

Geology and mineralization of the Tiegelongnan supergiant porphyry-epithermal Cu (Au,Ag) deposit (10 Mt) in western Tibet,China: A review

The Tiegelongnan Cu(Au,Ag)deposit in central Tibet contains more than 10 Mt of copper ranking 29 th in the world.It is characterized by typical porphyry-epithermal alteration and mineralization.In order to improve the understanding of porphyry-epithermal copper deposit in Tibet,new zircon U-Pb age and sulfur isotope data along with published data in the Tiegelongnan are presented to investigate the formation and preservation mechanism.Ore-related intrusive rocks in the Tiegelongnan including Early Cretaceous(about 120 Ma)granodiorite porphyry and diorite porphyry are closely related to the northward subduction of Bangongco-Nujiang ocean.Sulfur mainly comes from deep magma,and ore-forming fluid is affected by both magmatic and meteoric water.The metallogenic setting of Tiegelongnan is consistent with those of Andean porphyry copper deposits in South America.The cover of the Meiriqiecuo Formation volcanic rocks,Lhasa-Qiangtang collision and India-Eurasian collision have significance in the preservation and uplift of the deposit.The formation,preservation and discovery of Tiegelongnan play an important role in exploration of ancient porphyry-epithermal deposits in Tibet.     

Carbon cycle variability in tropical Atlantic across two Early Eocene hyperthermals

Early Eocene hyperthermals are geologically short-lived global warming events and represent fundamental perturbations to the global carbon cycle and the Earth’s ecosystem due to massive additions of isotopically light carbon to the ocean-atmosphere system.They serve as ancient analogs for understanding how the oceanic carbonate system and surface-ocean ecosystem would respond to ongoing and future climate change.Here,we present a continuous carbonate record across the Eocene Thermal Maximum 2(ETM2 or H1,ca.54.1 Ma)and H2(ca.54 Ma)events from an expanded section at Ocean Drilling Program Site 1258 in tropical Atlantic.The abundant calcareous nannofossils and moderate carbonate content throughout the studied interval suggest this record was deposited above the calcite compensation depth(CCD),but below the lysocline and under the influence of terrestrial dilution.An Earth system model cGENIE is used to simulate the carbon cycle dynamics across the ETM2 and H2 to offer insights on the mechanism of the rapid warming and subsequent recovery in climate and ecosystem.The model suggests moderate changes in ocean pH(0.1–0.2 unit)for the two scenarios,biogenic methane from a rechargeable methane capacitor and organic matter oxidation from thawing of the permafrost.These pH changes are consistent with a recent independent pH estimate across the ETM2 using boron isotopes.The carbon emission flux during the ETM2 is at least an order of magnitude smaller than that during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum(PETM)(0.015–0.05 Pg C yr^-1vs.0.3–1.7 Pg C yr^-1).The comparable pre-and post-event carbonate contents suggest the lysocline did not over deepen following the ETM2 at this tropical Atlantic site,indicating spatial heterogeneity in the carbonate system due to strong dilution influence from terrestrial weathering and riverine discharge at Site 1258.     

Geochronological and geochemical constraints on the petrogenesis of late Mesoproterozoic mafic and granitic rocks in the southwestern Yangtze Block

Late Mesoproterozoic igneous rocks in the SW Yangtze Block are important for understanding the role of it in reconstruction of the Rodinia supercontinent.In the present study,we report new geochronological,geochemical,and Nd-Hf isotopic data for the Cuoke plagioclase amphibolites and granites in the SW Yangtze Block.Geochronological results show that the plagioclase amphibolites and granites have similar late Mesoproterozoic zircon U-Pb ages of 1168-1162 Ma,constituting a bimodal igneous assemblage.The plagioclase amphibolites have high and variable TiO2 contents(1.15-4.30 wt.%)and Mg#(34-66)values,similar to the tholeiitic series.They are characterized by enrichment in LREEs and LILEs,and have OIB-like affinities with positive Nb and Ta anomalies.The plagioclase amphibolites have positive whole-rockεNd(t)(+3.2 to+4.3)and zirconεHf(t)(+4.3 to+10.7)values,indicating that they were derived from an OIB-like asthenospheric mantle source.The granites belong to the reduced peralkaline A-type series and have negativeεNd(t)value of-6.0 andεHf(t)values of-5.8 to-13.8,indicating a derivation from the partial melting of ancient mafic lower crust.In combination with the~1.05-1.02 Ga bimodal igneous assemblage in the SW Yangtze Block,we propose that the Cuoke 1168-1162 Ma igneous rocks were likely formed in a continental rift basin and argue against the existance of Grenvillian Orogen in the SW Yangtze Block during the late Mesoproterozoic.     

Analysis of prospecting polymetallic metallogenic belts by comprehensive geophysical method

This paper is based on the analysis and research on the silver-lead-zinc polymetallic ore in New Ballyhoo Banner in southern Manzhouli of Inner Mongolia.Because metal mineralization brings rock formations,the geophysical features such as low resistivity,high polarization rate and uneven distribution of magnetization,the comprehensive geophysical methods are adopted including high-precision magnetic measurement,high-power induced polarization,IP field middle gradient and controlled source audio-frequency magnetotellurics.In the survey work of multi-metal ore deposits,from surface sweeping to single point measurement,and from single point to section going deeper layer by layer,the resolution of measurement is continuously improved,and various geophysical methods support and complement each other,so explorers can successfully predict the direction,scale and volume of the metallogenic belts in conjunction with geochemical exploration,geological survey and drilling.It has provided a strong basis for completing the exploration task of predicting the reserve volume of ore bodies.The research conclusions of this exploration case have thus a high reference value in the same type of exploration work.     

利用Grapher绘制彩色渐变剖面平面图

在物探扫面工作中,有大量的剖面数据需要绘制成剖面平面图,要求寻找一个高效快速的制图方法.通过对Grapher 自动化功能的分析和实践,编制程序实现了快速绘制彩色渐变剖面平面图的需求,说明利用自动化脚本能够在获得精美图件的同时,可以极大地提高作图效率.     

冷生风化作用对边坡稳定性影响

The experiment shows that considerable influence on density rock properties are subjected by nival weathering conditions. The main parameter defining the rock suitability for solution various engineering and geological problems is its firmness limit on single axis pressing. The firmness properties of sandstone being in absolutely dry condition for Kabakta suite at the beginning of investigation was 64.7 MPa, for Nerungri suite sandstones it was 48. 7 MPa. The investigations showed how much the nival conditions of cryohypergenesis of rock sandstones in Kabakta and Nerungri suites have destructive influence in comparison with aquale and more over aerale conditions. In the aerale conditions sedimentary rock firmness of Kabakta suite decreased to 23.2 MPa, in aquale conditions to 16.5, and in the nivale conditions to 8.9 MPa. In Nerungri suite sandstones are according to 17.7 MPa, 11.1 MPa, and 6 MPa after 300 freezing and thawing cycles. The common sandstone firmness decrease of Kabakta suite was 25 %,of Nerungri suite it was 23.8%. Marlstone samples after 400 FTC decrease to 62% in the nivale conditions and to 33 % in the aerale conditions. After 3～5 years of exploitation marlstone will destruct due to structural and textural inhomogenesis up to gruss, i.e. it will not meet the requirements of durability.Judging by the results of carried out experiment it should be concluded that by cryogenic weathering the sedimentary rocks (sandstones) and rocks with schistose lithogenic texture (marlstone) are subjected to disintegration. The primary rock samples firmness considerably influences on the disintegration rate.     

Cenozoic Sea‐land Transition and its Petroleum Geological Significance in the Northern South China Sea

The process of Cenozoic sea-land changes in the northern South China Sea(SCS)controlled the sedimentary filling pattern and played an important role in the petroleum geological characteristics of the northern marginal sedimentary basins.Under the control of the opening process of the SCS,the northern SCS Cenozoic transgression generally showed the characteristics of early in the east and late in the west,and early in the south and late in the north.The initial transgression occurred in the Eocene in the Taixinan Basin(TXNB)of the eastern SCS,while the transgression occurred until the Pliocene in the Yinggehai Basin(YGHB)of the western SCS.International Ocean Discovery Program(IODP)expeditions(Expeditions 367/368)revealed that the initial transgression of the SCS basin occurred at approximately 34 Ma,which was the initial opening time of the SCS.The period of drastic changes in the sedimentary environment caused by large-scale transgression corresponded to the opening time of the southwestern subbasin(approximately 23 Ma),which also represented the peak of the spreading of the SCS.The sea-land transition process controls the distribution of alternating continent-marine facies,marine facies source rocks and reservoirs in the basins.The marine facies source rocks of the basins in the northern SCS have a trend of gradually becoming younger from east to west,which is consistent with the regional process of gradual transgression from east to west.Regional sea-level changes were comprehensively influenced by SCS opening and global sea-level changes.These processes led to the early development in the east and south and late development in the west and north for the carbonate platform in the SCS.Carbonate platforms form another type of"selfgenerating and self-accumulating"oil-gas reservoir in the northern SCS.The sea-land transition controlled the depositional filling patterns of different basins and laid the foundation of marine deposits for oil and gas resources.The source-reservoircap assemblage in the northern SCS was controlled horizontally by provenance supply and sedimentary environmental changes caused by sea-land transition and vertically by the tectonic evolution of the SCS and regional sea-level changes.     

Geochemical Characterizations of Source and Depositional Environment of Hydrocarbons in the Lake Albert Rift Basin

Despite the upsurge in hydrocarbon exploration in the Lake Albert Rift Basin(LARB)over the past three decades,systematic characterization of hydrocarbon compositions remains lacking,leading to uncertainties in source rock and oil generation determination.We characterized crude oil compositions and oil sand samples in the northern and southern subbasins of LARB.The relative abundance of normal and branched linear alkanes,hopanes,steranes,and aromatic hydrocarbon suggest that northern and southern hydrocarbons were deposited in anoxic to suboxic lacustrine environments and share similar biological source compositions(i.e.,a mixture of plants and aquatic algae and bacteria).Relative to southern samples,northern samples show more negative δ¹³C values for oils,saturates and aromatics,indicating longer migration paths,and exhibit higher MPI-1,DNR-1 and 4-/1-MDBT ratios,indicating higher maturity.Between the two possible sets of source rocks(upper Miocene and Jurassic strata),the positive δ¹³C values of saturated hydrocarbons(average=-20.5‰)suggest that the upper Miocene lacustrine shale is the most likely candidate.Oleanane index(<5% in our samples)does not exclude either source rock possibility,and C₂₈/C₂₉ regular sterane(average=0.63)may be biased by high terrestrial inputs in a lacustrine setting.Together,our data show that northern and southern oils originate from the same source rocks but different oil kitchens.Given the similar geochemical characteristics of southern and northern oils,previous exploration successes in the northern subbasin likely suggest similar potential in the southern sector,while other elements influencing exploration success must be also evaluated.     

《同一个地质计划》的进展与对策

《同一个地质计划（OneGeology）》最初由英国地质调查局于2006年2月提出,已得到全球地学组织的支持。到2007年底,国际地球科学联合会等10个全球学术团体与国际地学组织、2个跨国公司、2位知名人士和67个国家的地质调查局参加了该计划。《同一个地质计划》是各个国家的地质调查局贡献给国际行星地球年的、约1：100万比例尺的、可在网络上很容易取得最好世界地质图数据的计划。该计划的目标是：使可用的地质图数据能被更多的人使用,使需要的人受益,促进互操作能力的增强。《同一个地质计划》的实施,可以提升全球、大陆、行星、海洋地球科学图的编制和出版的合作能力。深化对一些地区地质问题的研究,并可作为国际地球行星年一个切实可用的成果,提升国家地质调查局的形象;运用管理地学知识的领导能力和经验,通过教育、科学、文化和交流。能够处理全球污染对社会、经济和环境的影响问题。促进全球环境保护公约的执行,减缓自然灾害,使全球经济可持续发展,人们的居住环境更安全、更繁荣。精神生活更丰富、更快乐。因此,实施该计划不仅有现实意义,更有重要而深远的政治意义。     

长江宜昌段水系沉积物镉高值带成因

应用贡献因子和富集因子等方法对长江宜昌段水系沉积物Cd的来源进行研究,结果表明：研究区内地层对宜昌段水系沉积物Cd的贡献由大到小依次为：震旦系>二叠系>泥盆系>志留系;前震旦系、寒武系、奥陶系、三叠系、侏罗系和白垩系地层则对长江宜昌段Cd高值带的形成有一定的削弱作用。利用贡献因子、富集因子和MapGIS空间分析综合研究表明,震旦系和二叠系含矿富Cd地层的风化产物是长江宜昌段Cd高值带的主要自然来源。区内锌矿、煤矿和磷矿开采过程中的尾砂、废水的堆积和排放是长江宜昌段Cd高值带的重要人为污染源。     

论油气系统与油气系统动力学

“油气系统”实际上就是油气成藏动力学系统.这个概念是石油天然气地质学与系统科学相结合的产物, 是石油地质学家从系统科学角度所看到的、研究对象与抽象模型相复合的、具有层次结构的新型地质实体.因此, 它应当适合于整个油气地质单元序列, 而不应当被局限于某一个层次的单元中.“油气系统”的研究方法, 应当是定性与定量相结合的系统方法.考虑到油气成藏过程存在非线性特点, 以及当前盆地模拟和油气成藏模拟普遍存在的缺陷, 尝试引进系统动力学的思路与方法, 提出油气系统动力学的概念, 并阐述了它的基本原理, 初步建立了油气系统动力学的方法体系.系统动力学模拟的结果可提供对盆地和凹陷进行资源预测、评价的依据.      

企业内部控制制度探析

内部控制制度主要由环境控制、会计系统、控制程度三个方面组成。实现方式有组织规划控制、授权批准控制，预算控制和实物控制四种形式；主要内容有岗位责任制度、业务程序自理制度、会计制度等。建立适合我国国情的内部控制体系，是挖掘企业内部潜力，提高企业经营效率的关键。     

地质科技园水源热泵中央空调回灌系统气堵防治技术研究

近年来水源热泵空调系统的应用越来越广泛,回灌技术是水源热泵系统的发展的瓶颈,研究分析水源热泵回灌能力、回灌状况等,解决回灌过程中普遍出现的回灌难问题,能够为水源热泵系统开发利用提供有力的技术支撑。通过对地质科技园办公楼水源热泵中央空调实地调研,了解目前回灌系统的回灌量变化状况。结合空调系统以往运行中的经验,研究分析回灌系统回灌效果较差的原因是气堵原因。为方便实时掌握空调运行系统的运行情况,设计安装了水源热泵空调工程长期运行监测系统。围绕解决回灌系统出现的气堵问题,研发安装了新型回灌井头系统,提升系统回灌能力。     

水资源系统的点权核及层次结构

将点权核度与点权核的概念引入水资源系统。通过对节点根据功能的大小来赋权,以便从功能和结构两方面出发,对系统内各元素的重要性进行测度,从而找出系统的核心工程。并利用该定义,研究了系统的层次结构的确定方法,给出了建立系统层次结构的算法。     

桃曲坡水库灌区节水灌溉信息化管理系统的研究

阐述了节水灌溉信息化的重要性和必要性,探讨建设完善的灌区节水灌溉信息化管理系统。介绍信息管理系统、调度运行系统、水务公开系统、运行监控管理系统、遥测管理系统、灌溉用水预报系统、决策支持系统的基本结构和内容。实践证明,管理系统能够有效地提高灌区水资源的利用率和用水管理效率。     

贵州织纳煤田晚二叠世海进海退旋回及煤聚积

黔西南上二叠统为以碎屑沉积为主的含煤层序。该层序包括3个沉积体系域,下部体系域为海湾-泻湖体系沉积,中部体系域为三角洲体系和障壁坝-泻湖体系沉积,上部体系域为碎屑海岸体系沉积,总体反映海平面上升过程。煤层分布范围随海平面上升不断由东向西后退,主要煤层富集与最大进积期有关,即赋存于下部体系域上部和中部体系域。因此,利用海平面升降旋回可较好地预测煤层分布范围及主要煤层赋存规律。      

地球系统动力学纲要

与地球系统科学和全球变化密切相关的地球系统动力学研究地球系统多层块耦合作用的结构、过程、机理和效应,是地球动力学、岩石圈动力学、大陆动力学、海洋动力学、大气动力学的高度综合。本文采用分尺度、分层块、分阶段的思路研究复杂的地球系统,将地球系统动力学按空间、时间和物质分为地球内部系统动力学、地球表层系统动力学、地球外部系统动力学,历史地球系统动力学、现代地球系统动力学、未来地球系统动力学,气体地球系统动力学、液体地球系统动力学、固体地球系统动力学,分析了地球系统的耦合特征、耦合类型和耦合方式,初步探讨地球内部系统与地球外部系统耦合作用的耦合边界、物质运动、动力来源和耦合机制。最终将地球系统相互作用的各层块作为一个有机的整体进行综合,认为地球内部放射性衰变生热和地球外部太阳辐射生热是驱动地球复杂开放系统层块耦合的主要动力源。     

从系统理论看现代水文地质学的几个基本概念

以系统理论的基本原理为出发点,结合大量的研究实践,对现代水文地质学的一些基本理论作了剖析,提出了新的看法,概括出三个水文地质学的基本概念,即“水文地质系统”、“水文地质结构系统”、“地下水系统”。还重点强调了水文地质结构系统理论的意义。另外,建立一个统一的,适用于生产实践的理论体系亦是本篇探讨的主要目的。     

新疆阿克库勒地区三叠系中油组层序地层学研究

三叠纪中油组沉积期阿克库勒地区位于库车前陆盆地前隆及前隆南部斜坡带,呈北高南低的构造格局,物源位于东北和西北两个方向。这种构造格局决定了层序的格局和模式。中油组主要沉积中砂岩和含砾中砂岩,粒度整体较粗,分选性较好,磨圆度以次棱角状为主,岩石类型为长石岩屑砂岩。通过粒度分析和岩心观察,认为中油组主要沉积体系包括侵蚀沟谷充填沉积体系、湖泊沉积体系、湖底扇沉积体系、三角洲沉积体系,其中低位侵蚀沟谷主要分布在研究区北部,主要发育在低位体系域晚期,湖底扇主要分布在研究区南部阿克亚苏地区,主要为低位体系域早期沉积。湖侵体系域位于初始湖泛面与最大湖泛面之间,主要为湖泊沉积体系半深湖—深湖和滨浅湖沉积。最大湖泛面之上为高位体系域,其沉积体系包括三角洲和湖泊沉积体系的滨浅湖以及半深湖—深湖沉积。