干旱—半干旱地区地表特征探测的成像雷达干涉测量方法与模型

从估测干涉测量雷达数据相关性出发，通过利用欧洲资源卫星1号和2号获取的重轨干涉测量雷达数据，开展新疆喀什试验区地表土地类型的识别与分类，区分和识别出裸土，盐碱地，灌丛，裸岩/戈壁，沼泽和水体6类土地类型。并对不同土地类型的后向散射特性和相关性进行定量分析。探讨干涉测量数据相关性干旱-半干旱地区地表特征的关系，从而建立了干旱-半干旱地区地表变化的干涉测量时相关模型。为干旱-半干旱地区利用干涉测量数据进行地表变化监测提供理论依据。     

一种基于无人机位姿信息的航拍图像拼接方法

针对现有航拍图像拼接方法处理速度较慢的问题,提出一种基于无人机位姿信息的快速拼接方法。首先从机载GPS和惯性导航单元获得无人机航拍时的坐标和姿态角,根据每一幅航拍图像对应的无人机坐标和姿态角计算它们之间的单应变换矩阵,实现航拍图像之间的快速配准。然后通过单应变换矩阵的运算得到拼接图像之间的配准,最后完成多幅图像的拼接得到整个区域的全景图。试验结果证明该方法快速有效。     

基于多视影像匹配模型的倾斜航空影像自动连接点提取及区域网平差方法

自动可靠地获取精确且均匀分布的连接点并进行区域网平差解算,是使用倾斜航空影像进行高精度测绘、三维信息提取和三维城市模型构建等应用的前提。本文提出了一种实用化的大重叠率倾斜航空影像的全自动连接点匹配和联合区域网平差方法。一方面,针对倾斜航空影像因遮挡严重、尺度变化大和几何变形严重而引起的同名点匹配困难问题,充分利用POS数据和平均飞行高度等初始数据,同时顾及这些数据的误差,通过有效组合一种改进的ASIFT算法和基于窗口的多角度多视影像匹配模型(WMVM),使用由粗到细的多分辨率分层匹配策略完成连接点的全自动提取;另一方面,在传统的最小二乘光束法平差的基础上,根据倾斜航空影像数据的特点,提出了基于稳健估值原理的粗差自动探测与剔除关键算法。最后,利用多组典型试验区域的倾斜航空影像数据试验结果验证了所提算法的可靠性、精度和实际性能。     

“针孔”模拟成像下的单航空影像与LiDAR点云配准

以摄影测量共线方程为严格配准模型,提出了一种引入针孔成像模拟过程的单张航空影像LiDAR点云配准迭代方法,共分为3个阶段:第一,利用航空影像内参数及初始外方位元素对LiDAR点云针孔模拟成像,生成与航空影像空间分辨率、几何形变相接近且具有相同幅面大小的透视影像-LiDAR深度影像;第二,以梯度互信息作为影像相似性测度依据,实施影像金字塔、分块处理策略实现LiDAR深度影像与航空影像几何变换参数快速估计,进而依据估计参数及LiDAR深度影像、激光脚点投影关系建立LiDAR点云航空影像概略相关;第三,以LiDAR点云影像概略相关下的近似同名像点为观测值,以像点梯度互信息为权重,实施摄影测量空间后方交会计算获得优化的影像外方位元素,生成新的LiDAR深度影像并重复上述过程,直至满足给定的迭代计算条件,实现单张航空影像与LiDAR点云数据的自动空间配准。实验表明,本文方法配准精度达亚像素级且自动化程度高。     

Satellite/Aerial Image Compression Using Adaptive Block Truncation Coding Technique

Satellite/aerial images taken from high altitude contain large amount of pixels to store accurate information. These high resolution images require large storage capacity and more transmission time. Applying an efficient compression technique on these images can reduce high storage capacity requirement and transmission time. In this paper block truncation coding (BTC) based color image compression technique for aerial/satellite images is proposed. High degree of correlation among the RGB planes of a color image can be reduced by converting these planes into HSV planes. Each of the H and S planes are encoded using BTC with quad clustering and V plane is encoded with BTC based bi-clustering or tri-clustering depending on the edge information present in the plane. The effectivity of the proposed method is validated by comparing it with the conventional BTC and its variant methods. Experimental analysis indicate that the proposed method is superior to other state of the art methods both in terms of visual quality and quantitative metrics.     

Automatic Registration Between Low-Altitude LiDAR Point Clouds and Aerial Images Using Road Features

Among the many means of acquiring surface information, low-altitude light detection and ranging (LiDAR) systems (e.g., unmanned aerial vehicle LiDAR, UAV-LiDAR) have become an important approach to accessing geospatial information. Considering the lower level of hardware technology in low-altitude LiDAR systems compared to that in airborne LiDAR, and the greater flexibility in-flight, registration procedures must be first performed to facilitate the fusion of laser point data and aerial images. The corner points and edges of buildings are frequently used for the automatic registration of aerial imagery with LiDAR data. Although aerial images and LiDAR data provide powerful support for building detection, adaptive edge detection for all types of building shapes is difficult. To deal with the weakness of building edge detection and reduce matching-related computation, the study presents a novel automatic registration method for aerial images, with LiDAR data, on the basis of main-road information in urban areas. Firstly, vector road centerlines are extracted from raw LiDAR data and then projected onto related aerial images with the use of coarse exterior orientation parameters (EOPs). Secondly, the corresponding image road features of each LiDAR vector road are determined using an improved total rectangle-matching approach. Finally, the endpoints of the conjugate road features obtained from the LiDAR data and aerial images are used as ground control points in space resection adjustment to refine the EOPs; an iterative strategy is used to obtain optimal matching results. Experimental results using road features verify the feasibility, robustness and accuracy of the proposed approach.     

LIMITATIONS OF RESOLVING POWER AS A MEASURE OF IMAGE QUALITY IN AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY

Photography of models and modulation transfer function analysis have been used to investigate the common belief that in aerial photography large-scale images are preferable to small-scale images, even when the resolving power in terms of ground dimensions is the same. The belief was found to be justified for two extreme cases representing, respectively, a small scale, mainly grain-limited system, and a large scale, wholly lens-limited system, for which the ground resolutions were equal on three-bar targets of 3 to 1 contrast (modulation 0–5). Resolving power tests would have been misleading for these two systems even at a target contrast of less than 2 to 1 (modulation less than 0–3).     

一种基于曲线SAR的三维目标特征提取与自聚焦新算法

曲线合成孔径雷达（Curvilinear Synthetic Aperture Radar,简称曲线SAR）是一种新的三维成像模式，通过让载机作曲线飞行，曲线SAR系统能同时在方位维和高度维形成大的合成孔径。本文提出一种曲线SAR的三维目标特征提取和自聚焦新方法。新方法是建立在一种灵活的接收数据模型之上的参数化的新方法。仿真实验证明了所提方法的有效性。     

一种无人机影像实时增量平差镶嵌算法

当前无人机已成为空间信息获取的重要手段,可作为航空摄影测量系统的有益补充。但无人机数据量大、姿态稳定性差、排列不规则等缺点给快速处理带来较大难题。本文利用运动恢复结构SFM方法中的增量平差技术,借助初始POS实现无人机影像的快速实时处理,并利用GPU技术对平差后影像进行实时纠正和虚拟镶嵌展示。试验表明,增量平差和实时纠正镶嵌技术能大大缩短影像处理时间,可满足灾害应急响应时对影像进行实时处理、快速获取现场灾情信息的需求。     

基于本质矩阵的无人机影像精确匹配

无人机影像以其低成本、获取容易、信息量大等优点得到了广泛的应用。影像匹配是影像数据处理的重要环节,常用影像匹配的方法存在误匹配多或剔除大量正确匹配的问题。LMed S算法比其他稳健方法更严格,"5点算法"得到的本质矩阵可用于匹配点对共面的场景。本文使用LMedS算法结合"5点算法"求解本质矩阵作为剔除误差的模型,同时利用ORB算法提取速度快的特点,构建了一种精准同时兼顾了效率的匹配方法。本文对该算法开展了试验研究,并与其他常规算法进行比较。试验结果表明,本文算法保留的匹配点数数量多,分布较均匀,适用于多种场景,是一种有效、快速精准的影像匹配算法。     

一种改进的SAR图像斑点噪声滤波方法

在过去的 2 0多年中 ,提出了许多去除SAR图像斑点噪声的方法。这些方法的主要目的是去除斑点噪声而不破坏图像的空间分辨率和边缘信息。理论和实践表明去除图像的斑点噪声和保持图像边缘信息是无法同时完成的。现有大部分滤波器是在去除噪声和保持边缘之间进行折衷。在Han等人方法的基础上提出了一种在去除噪声和保持边缘方面最优的滤波器。它在去除噪声同时能够有效保持边缘信息     

A Model-Based Approach to Semi-Automated Reconstruction of Buildings from Aerial Images

Automated reconstruction of building objects from aerial images is a complex problem due to the diversity of buildings as well as noise and low contrast of images, which are the results of distant photography, atmospheric effects and poor illumination. In this paper, a semi-automated approach to the reconstruction of parametric building models from aerial images is presented, which works with line segments extracted from the image. The model is selected interactively from a library of parametric models. A perceptual grouping technique is used to select the most significant image lines in terms of relations such as proximity and parallelism. Model lines are searched for the same relations as in the grouped image lines, and the corresponding lines undergo a matching procedure, which determines whether or not a match can be found between the given model and image lines. An experiment with aerial images of flat-roof and gable-roof buildings is shown and its results indicate the robustness and efficiency of the proposed approach.     

联合InSAR与无人机航测的白鹤滩库区蓄水前地灾隐患广域识别

白鹤滩水电站位于我国西南高陡山区,是我国实施“西电东送”的国家重大工程之一。水库两岸是地质灾害高易发区,传统的地质灾害调查手段存在工作效率低、危险性高、无法覆盖高位隐患点等弊端。联合星载合成孔径雷达干涉测量技术(InSAR)与无人机航测技术应用于广域地灾隐患探测对于库区地灾隐患广域识别、掌握其分布规律及辅助后续重点防治具有重要意义。本文基于142景Sentinel-1卫星升降轨影像,采用时间序列InSAR技术对白鹤滩库区重点库岸段蓄水前两岸活动性坡体进行探测,同时利用无人机航测技术对其进行了野外验证与辅助分析,根据航片生成的数字高程模型(DEM)、数字正射影像图(DOM)、三维模型等航摄数字产品,结合形变与地形地貌特征,确定了32处地灾隐患点。并结合隐患点的形变量级、形变面积、是否涉水、是否具有明确威胁对象等因素给出了防治建议,建立了全面而准确的蓄水前地灾隐患灾害库。最后基于此案例对两种技术优势特长、适用范围以及如何高效联合应用进行了总结。本文揭示了两种技术在广域地灾隐患识别时的结合应用,无人机航测不仅能对InSAR技术探测到的形变区进行验证,同时InSAR也可以指导重点航测区域,提高航测飞行效率。通过结合两项技术提供的实时与历史信息、形变与地质信息可实现综合研判,形成基于空天遥感技术的高效库岸地质灾害综合遥感识别方法。     

Can regional aerial images from orthophoto surveys produce high quality photogrammetric Canopy Height Model? A single tree approach in Western Europe

Forest monitoring tools are needed to promote effective and data driven forest management and forest policies. Remote sensing techniques can increase the speed and the cost-efficiency of the forest monitoring as well as large scale mapping of forest attribute (wall-to-wall approach). Digital Aerial Photogrammetry (DAP) is a common cost-effective alternative to airborne laser scanning (ALS) which can be based on aerial photos routinely acquired for general base maps. DAP based on such pre-existing dataset can be a cost effective source of large scale 3D data. In the context of forest characterization, when a quality Digital Terrain Model (DTM) is available, DAP can produce photogrammetric Canopy Height Model (pCHM) which describes the tree canopy height. While this potential seems pretty obvious, few studies have investigated the quality of regional pCHM based on aerial stereo images acquired by standard official aerial surveys. Our study proposes to evaluate the quality of pCHM individual tree height estimates based on raw images acquired following such protocol using a reference filed-measured tree height database. To further ensure the replicability of the approach, the pCHM tree height estimates benchmarking only relied on public forest inventory (FI) information and the photogrammetric protocol was based on low-cost and widely used photogrammetric software. Moreover, our study investigates the relationship between the pCHM tree height estimates based on the neighboring forest parameter provided by the FI program.Our results highlight the good agreement of tree height estimates provided by pCHM using DAP with both field measured and ALS tree height data. In terms of tree height modeling, our pCHM approach reached similar results than the same modeling strategy applied to ALS tree height estimates. Our study also identified some of the drivers of the pCHM tree height estimate error and found forest parameters like tree size (diameter at breast height) and tree type (evergreenness/deciduousness) as well as the terrain topography (slope) to be of higher importance than image survey parameters like the variation of the overlap or the sunlight condition in our dataset. In combination with the pCHM tree height estimate, the terrain slope, the Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) and the evergreenness factor were used to fit a multivariate model predicting the field measured tree height. This model presented better performance than the model linking the pCHM estimates to the field tree height estimates in terms of r² (0.90 VS 0.87) and root mean square error (RMSE, 1.78 VS 2.01 m). Such aspects are poorly addressed in literature and further research should focus on how pCHM approaches could integrate them to improve forest characterization using DAP and pCHM. Our promising results can be used to encourage the use of regional aerial orthophoto surveys archive to produce large scale quality tree height data at very low additional costs, notably in the context of updating national forest inventory programs.     

利用案例推理（CBR）方法对雷达图像进行土地利用分类

提出了基于案例推理 (CBR)的遥感分类的新方法。基于规则的专家系统被用来提高遥感分类的效率。但所涉及的规则可能多达上百或上千条 ,有的问题根本无法用规则来表达。CBR只是根据以往的案例进行推理 ,克服了基于规则的推理方法的不足 ,可以用来解决一些复杂的资源环境问题。利用CBR和模糊数学结合 ,并通过分层随机采样来控制案例在空间上的分布 ,以反映复杂环境所造成的光谱变化 ,由此解决遥感分类中的“同物异谱”现象。实验表明 ,所建立的案例库可以被重复多次使用 ,分类的效果比监督分类和非监督分类要好。     

An improved building detection approach using L-band POLSAR two-dimensional time-frequency decomposition over oriented built-up areas

The objective of this study is to efficiently extract detailed information about various man-made targets in oriented built-up areas using polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (POLSAR) images. This paper develops an improved approach for building detection by utilizing Two-Dimensional Time-Frequency (2-D TF) decomposition. This method performs outstandingly in distinguishing between man-made and natural targets based on the isotropic behaviors, frequency-sensitive responses, and scattering mechanisms of objects. The proposed method can preserve the spatial resolution and exploit the advantages of TF decomposition; specifically, the exact outlines of buildings can be effectively located, and more types of features (e.g., flat roofs, roads, and walls that are oblique to the radar illumination) can be distinguished from forests in complex built-up areas by 2-D TF decomposition. The coarser-resolution subaperture images that are produced in the azimuth direction, which correspond to different looking angles, are beneficial for detecting man-made structures with main scattering centers oriented at oblique angles with respect to the radar illumination. In the range direction, the obtained subaperture images, which correspond to various observation frequencies, can be helpful in distinguishing flat roofs and roads from forests. This method was successfully implemented to analyze both NASA/JPL L-band AIRSAR and L-band EMISAR data sets. The building detection results of the proposed method exhibit a significant improvement over those of other methods and reach an overall accuracy over 80%, with approximately 20% higher than the accuracies of K-means clustering and the entropy/alpha-Wishart classifier and approximately 10% higher than the accuracy of the support vector machine method. Moreover, building details can be precisely detected, obliquely oriented buildings can be identified, and the distinction between buildings and forests is significantly improved, as both visually and statistically indicated. This method is highly adaptable and has substantial application value.     

利用雷达干涉数据进行城市不透水层百分比估算

人工不透水层是城市地区的重要特征.作为城市生态环境的关键指数,不透水层百分比(Impervious Surfaces Percentage, ISP)常用于城市水文过程模拟、水质面源污染及城市专题制图等研究中.本文利用ERS-1/2 重复轨道雷达干涉数据,采用分类与回归树(CART)算法探究了雷达遥感在城市ISP估算中的可行性和潜力,并与SPOT5 HRG光学遥感图像的估算结果进行了分析比较.香港九龙港岛实验区的初步研究结果表明,雷达干涉数据在城市不透水层研究中具有一定的应用潜力,特别是裸土和稀疏植被的ISP估算结果要好于光学遥感,这主要得益于雷达干涉数据(特别是长时间相干图像)在人工建筑物和裸土或稀疏植被之间具有很强的区分能力,另外,雷达干涉数据和光学遥感数据间的融合能够提高ISP估算精度.     

Reduced-Dimensional Processing for Ground Moving Target Detection in Distributed Space-Based Radar

With multisatellite radar systems, several additional features are achieved: multistatic observation, interferometry, ground moving target indication (GMTI). In this letter, a new reduced-dimensional method based on joint pixels sum-difference (Sigma-Delta) data for clutter rejection and GMTI is proposed. The reduced-dimensional joint pixels Sigma-Delta data are obtained by the orthogonal projection of the joint pixels data of different synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images generated by a multisatellite radar system. In the sense of statistic expectation, the joint pixels Sigma-Delta data contain the common and different information among SAR images. Then, the objective of clutter cancellation and GMTI can be achieved by adaptive processing. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method even with clutter fluctuation and image coregistration errors     

Dual-polarized SAR and Stokes parameters

For a given transmission polarization, the four-element Stokes vector captures all of the information inherent to the dual-polarized backscattered signals. Stokes parameters are linear combinations of the like-polarized power, the cross-polarized power, and the cross product between the complex image amplitudes in the two receive channels. Most so-called dual-polarized synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems provide only the like- and cross-product images, ignoring the cross product. In so doing, potentially valuable information is thrown away. For most dual-polarized SARs, data sufficient to generate the Stokes parameters can be generated with small marginal cost. A practical and sufficient output data format would be a mapping of the (complex) cross product between the two channels, as well as their respective images.     

A NEW APPROACH TO THE DESIGN OF A SYSTEM FOR FEATURE EXTRACTION BASED ON HUMAN-COMPUTER COLLABORATIVE TACTIC

We are involved in an embarrassing situation that the limited capa-bility of automated feature extraction in digital photogrammetric systems cannotsatisfy the increasing needs for rapid acquisition of semantic information for appli-cations.Facing this challenge,a new tactic,Human-Computer Collaborative（HCC）tactic,and a corresponding new method,Operator-Object Directed（OOD）method,are proposed for the design of a system for feature extractionfrom large scale aerial images.We hold that in almost all technical complex sys-tems,full automation will be neither technically feasible nor socially acceptable.The system should be designed to optimize through the cooperative operation withtwo agents in the system:the human and the computer.