An Automated GIS Procedure for Delineating River and Lake Boundaries

Digitization of river and lake boundaries is an essential task in several hydrologic studies, which, in most cases, is performed manually by using aerial photographs. This paper presents an automatic geographic information system (GIS) procedure for delineating river and lake boundaries using aerial photographs. The GIS procedure is based on supervised classification of aerial photographs by using the National Hydrography Dataset (NHD) for creating training areas. Four study areas – Lake Palestine in Texas, Brazos River in Texas, Neuse River in North Carolina, and Snake River in Idaho – are used to demonstrate the approach. The results from the automatic boundary delineation process are evaluated by comparing them to manually digitized boundaries. The boundaries delineated by the automatic procedure matched the manually digitized boundaries with an overall difference of less than five percent in terms of area measurement. Besides saving about 85 percent of manual labor, the GIS procedure provides a consistent way of delineating water bodies, and provides estimation of river channel widths, which, in conjunction with existing NHD data, can be used to estimate average flow depths. Supplementing the regional scale NHD data with local scale attributes such as channel width and depth may lead to increased use of NHD in local scale studies.     

Use of geomorphological units to improve drainage network extraction from a DEM : Comparison between automated extraction and photointerpretation methods in the Carraixet catchment (Valencia, Spain)

Drainage networks are one of the main elements characterizing basins, and network topology and geometry form the basis of many hydrological and geomorphological models (eg Geomorphological Unitary Hydrograph). The identification and manual delineation of channel networks from maps or aerial photographs requires much time and effort. In the last two decades, algorithms and procedures for automated extraction of drainage networks from digital elevation data have been developed and implemented in many specialized software applications. Nevertheless, automatically delineated channel networks do not always show close agreement with manually delineated networks. This paper describes a comparative analysis between a drainage network automatically extracted from a gridded digital elevation model, and the drainage network delineated manually from stereographic pairs of aerial photographs. The analysis showed that the automatic extraction technique may be adequate for catchment headwaters, but is inappropriate in the middle and lower basins, especially for alluvial fans and calcareous platforms. The paper suggests improving the automatic extraction technique by adapting it to operate with different parameters for each of the geomorphological units within the catchment.     

DETERMINING RELATIVE ORIENTATION ANGLES OF OBLIQUE AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS

The author feels that the present methods for the determination of relative orientation elements on aerial photographs are not generally effective. She has conducted an experimental investigation and obtained a high degree of accuracy in the determination of these elements using a new algorithm and successive approximation. The author presents a general solution to the problem of relative orientation where approximate values of unknowns are no longer needed. Translated from: Geodeziya i kartografiya, 1983, No. 11, pp. 29-32.     

Monitoring of salt affected soils — A case study using aerial photographs,salyut‐7 space photographs,and landsat TM data

Soils of part of Ukai‐kakarapar Command area, Gujarat (India) have been mapped at 1:25, 000 scale using aerial photographs of December 1977. It was observed that about 36.3% of the area was affected by soil salinity/alkalinity. The test area has been remapped using Salyut‐7 space photographs taken during Indo‐Soviet joint flight in April, 1984. The area affected by soil salinity/alkalinity was found to be substantially higher (80.3%). The earlier mapping using aerial photographs was done when the soil surface was compartively moist (December 1977) as compared to date of Salyut‐7 photography (April 1984), when the soil surface was likely to be devoid of moisture and the salts moved to the surface. To have easy comparision with the map prepared by using aerial photographs, Landsat TM data of December, 1985 was used in which 45.7% of the total area was mapped as salt affected. The extent of area delineated using Landsat TM was higher than that of 1977 but much lesser than the area delineated using Salyut‐7 (MKF‐6M) photographs. This indicated that the increase in the extent of salt affected area in the map prepared using the MKF‐6M photographs might be partly due to actual increase in the salinity/alkalinity and partly due to the seasonal affects. Among the various bands of MKF‐6M, band ‐4 was found to be the best for delineating the salt affected soils. The boundaries were sharper in the FCC and band No.4 of MKF‐6M than in the aerial photographs.     

GNSS辅助摄影测量中几个问题的探讨

GNSS辅助摄影测量是在数字摄影测量基础上发展起来的一种技术手段。它使航空摄影、像片控制点布设、外方位元素的获取和空中三角测量进入了一个新时代。本文对航摄分区和补摄、区域划分以及像控点布设应注意的问题进行了探讨,同时,对应用前景进行了概述。     

Mapping of wastelands through remote sensing techniques and their reclamation—A case study

Wasteland map (1∶100,000) of Rewasa catchment (Sikar district) has been prepared using aerial photographs and Landsat TM imagery. Thematic Mapper data were helpful in identifying the types of wastelands and details could be derived from the aerial photographs. The types of wastelands identified are sands, gullied land, salt affected areas, and barren rocky area. Depending upon the nature of wasteland, suitable rehabilitation measures like plantations, afforestation have been proposed.     

Remote sensing and GIS application for land quality assessment for coffee growing areas of Karnataka

An assessment of land quality was carried out for coffee-growing areas of Karnataka using satellite image, toposheets and soil studies. The investigation focused on monitoring soil processes that control the land quality using satellite data in order to identify the land qualities that are ideal for coffee-growing; to identify the status of land qualities of coffee-growing areas using satellite imageries, toposheets and soil resource maps and to characterise land quality using soil studies in selected areas. The land quality was characterised using climatic data, terrain analysis and soil attributes. From the study it was observed that coffee growing lands of Gabbugal and Kelagur have best land qualities and coffee-growing areas of Balur and Nellikkad have moderate land qualities. Satellite image and aerial photographs were successfully used for monitoring the land quality and its changes in these areas. For optimum utilization of available natural resources on a sustainable basis, timely and reliable information on soils regarding their nature, extent and spatial distribution along with their potential and limitations is very important. The efficiency and accuracy of data are improved when remote sensing data products such as aerial photographs and satellite image are used.     

Interpretation of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery for geological appraisal: A comparative study in Anantapur district of Andhra Pradesh

The paper describes the details of a comparative study of geological interpretations carried out from Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery, Landsat MSS (B & W) imagery and Aerial Photographs, covering 2100 sq km of area in Anantapur district of Andhra Pradesh. The area comprises Peninsular—Gneissic Complex and rocks of Dharwar and Cuddapah Super Groups beside the Quaternary alluvial deposits along the Penneru river and its tributaries. Geomorphologically the areas is represented by denudational, fluvial and structural landforms. The study indicates that the details of the geological and geomorphological maps prepared from SAR imagery and aerial photographs are comparable despite the smaller scale of SAR imagery while the same are not exhibited in Landsat imagery mainly due to its low resolution. Although broad lithological units are possible to be discriminated on SAR as well as aerial photographs, some of the finer rock types viz. gabbroic dykes could be discriminated from the delerite dykes in the SAR imagery due to their different surface roughness. Stereoscopic coverage and enhanced micro-relief of SAR imagery gives better geomorphological details in comparison to aerial photographs. A detailed study of lineaments has also been carried out which shows that in SAR imagery there is over-representation of short lineaments due to enhanced micro-relief and radarshadow effects across the look direction and under-representation of lineaments along the look direction. Landsat imagery is perhaps the best for demarcating lineaments of regional magnitude while aerial photographs are good for depicting shorter lineaments. However, certain lineaments seen in SAR imagery are often not continuously seen on aerial photographs.     

Study of geology and structure of perungulathur area in thiruvannamalai sambuvarayar district,tamil nadu,using remote sensing techniques

Remote sensing technique can play a vital role in geological, geomorphological and structural studies. Geology and structure of Perungulathur area in Thiruvannamalai Sambuvarayar district was studied by using Landsat imagery and aerial photographs with limited field checks. Charnockite, which forms the country rock of the area, and the interbedded pink granite and amphibolite exhibit typical tonal and textural characters on aerial photographs. The study has brought out a partly exposed structural basin which is represented by the folded structure of amphibolite and pink granite within the charnockitic country rock.     

Photo-interpetation for erosion assessment in the beas catchment

Panchromatic vertical aerial photographs in the scale of 1: 15,000 were interpreted for assessment of erosion in the Bcas River Valley Project catchment, Himachal Pradesh in terms of the erosion intensity units. The erosion intensity units imply the relative quantum of sediment yield as deduced from the probable interaction of the significant parameters of erosion comprising physiography, slope, soil characteristics, Vegetation, land use and the visible erosion conditions. The procedure of photo-interpretation as also computation of sediment yield index for each of the different watersheds in the Beas RVP catchment is discussed. The survey revealed that out ofa total of 494 watersheds involving an area of 5.5 lakh ha, 132 watersheds comprising an area of 1.55 lakh ha, have silt yield index of over 1150 and need soil conservation measures on priority basis. Application of photo-interpretation has proved 2 times more efficient than the conventionai method that was followed in a piain area of Matatilla RVP catchment. In a more simpler terrain than Beas catchment and with ideal photographic scale of 1:60,000, the efficiency is expected to increase by 2-3 times than was achieved in Beas RVP catchment     

Estimation of surface runoff potential of a watershed in semi-arid environment — A case study

An accurate assessment of run-off through aerial rainfall is a basic concept in most of the rainfall-runoff models, particularly conceptual models which emphasis a complete water balance. The run-off measurements by gauging can only be regarded as an index of rainfall and restrict our ability to successfully model the rainfall-runoff process. To overcome some of these problems, remote sensing satellite data are of immense use, particularly in mountainous and desert areas. Therefore in the present study, a typical watershed from a drought hit Banswara district of Rajasthan has been analysed using IRS-1B-LISS II satellite imagery for estimating the run-off potential under different geomorphic set-up. The run-off potential was estimated using SCS method based on the satellite data in conjunction with ground truth information collected during field visit. The results indicated that the soil and water conservation measures in the watershed would improve the existing water potential and storage capacity of the study area. Based on the study eight check dams and five lift irrigation schemes are proposed.     

Spatio-temporal analysis of land use in urban mumbai -using multi-sensor satellite data and gis techniques

The process of urbanization has induced rapid changes in the land use leading to many infrastructural and environmental problems, one of them being the frequent flooding during rains in major cities across the world. Present paper analyses the spatio-temporal variations in the urban land use of the Mithi river catchment in Mumbai and its effect on the river, its drainage and flooding events in catchment area, specifically in conjunction with the July 26, 2005 flood event in Mumbai City. Multi sensor satellite data and GIS techniques have been used to generate land use/land cover at three different points of time and study variations in the Mithi river course, thus correlating the land use/cover changes vis-a-vis the hydrographic and meteorologic information for the Mithi river catchment. Results point to the adverse human-induced influences on the Mithi river and its catchment. Almost 50% reduction in river width and 70% decrease in mudlfats and open spaces have been observed. There is also a clear rise in builtup from 29% to 70% between 1966 and 2005, thus increasing the impervious surface which in turn increases run-off during major rainfall, eventually flooding the city.     

A comparison of alternative criteria for defining fuzzy boundaries on fuzzy categorical maps

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A novel method for automating the checking and correction of digital elevation models using orthophotographs

This article presents a complete mathematical model, which translates discrepancies between two orthophotographs created from different photographs, into precise corrections of the Digital Elevation Model (DEM). These corrections are the differences from the real surface and, if applied over the existing DEM, can produce a more accurate one. The mathematical model is straightforward, and is not approximate, and therefore there is no need for iterations.
Possible applications include checking of automatically created DEMs, refinement of existing DEMs using aerial photographs and update of orthophotographs based on the previous DEM and new imagery.     

草尾河灵官嘴“跌水”成因的遥感研究

在收集地理、地质及水文等资料并对其进行详细整理分析的基础上，利用多时相卫星数据和航片，在相应数字图像处理软件 的支持下，对草尾河进行系统的遥感地质解译，并从地学和水动力学两方面研究了草尾河航道灵官嘴“跌水”形成的原因，预测了发 展演化趋势，为草尾河的航道疏浚提供参考资料。     

Aerial Photographs and Forest Maps in India

A comparative case study of forest cover type mapping from 1:10,000 scale black and white panchromatic aerial photographs and by conventional ground methods of Gudem Reserve Forest of Kaghaznagar Forest Division of Andhra Pradesh Forest Department has been made. The study highlights the advantages of mapping from aerial photographs. The study indicates about the cost and time required for forest cover type mapping by aerial photo-interpretation techniques which is about half, and nearly one fourth respectively, of that required by ground methods.     

Agriculture field characterization using aerial photograph and satellite imagery

Successfully delineating management zones that differ in crop productivity is an important component of site-specific management. We compared the effectiveness of the digitally scanned color aerial infrared photographs and digital Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data for delineating within-field zones. The zones delineated using normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) from TM data explained 34% of field yield variance compared with 9% for that from digitally scanned color aerial infrared photograph data. The zones from NDVI using Landsat TM were better able to capture spatial differences in plant growth and relatively stable soil attribute of surface soil organic carbon.     

Principle, software and experiment of GPS-supported aerotriangulation

1 IntroductionAs is now well known, the high accurate point de-termination with airborne remOe sensing data hasalways ben one of the most fundaxnental prObletns..in aerial photOgrammtry. According to the princi-ple of the geOmtry reversal in photOgramrntry,the interior and exterior orientation elements ofaerial phOtOgraphs must first be known in order toreconstnJct the measuring stereo geometric medels.For the past 60 years, however, the interior orienta-tion parameters of carnera were main…     

A GIS for hydrological modelling in the semi-arid, HAPEX-Sahel experiment area of Niger, Africa

During the HAPEX-Sahel experiment (1991–94), water redistribution processes were studied at the meso-scale (10 000 km²) near Niamey, Niger. A project now under way at ORSTOM aims at modelling the regional water balance through a spatial approach combining GIS data organization and distributed hydrological modelling. The main objective is to extend the surface water balance, by now available only on a few, small (around 1 km²) unconnected endoreic catchments, to a more significant part of the HAPEX-Sahel square degree, a 1500 km² region called SSZ that includes most of the environmental and hydrology measurement sites. GIS architecture and model design consistently consider data and processes at the local, catchment scale, and at the regional scale. The GIS includes spatial and temporal hydrological data (rainfall, surface runoff, ground water), thematic maps (topography, soil, geomorphology, vegetation) and multi-temporal remote sensing data (SPOT, aerial pictures). The GIS supports the simulation of the composite effect at the regional scale of highly variable and discontinuous component hydrologic processes operating at the catchment scale, in order to simulate inter-annual aquifer recharge and response to climatic scenarios at the regional scale.     

航空摄影测量中立体模型的重建(英文)

This paper describes the operational issues and basic technical requirements of modern aerial photogrammetry. The accuracy of photogrammetric point determination and the y-parallax at corresponding model points is analyzed when stereo models are reconstituted by using the exterior orientation elements of aerial images. Real aerial photographs, at image scales from 1：2 500 to 1：6 0000, with DGPS/IMU data taken from various topographies in China were processed by our POS-supported bundle block adjustment program WuCAPS. The empirical results verified that the accuracy of the exterior orientation elements from bundle block adjustment meets the requirements of the specifications of topographic mapping. However, the accuracy of the exterior orientation elements determined by POS fails to meet the requirements of the specifications of topographic mapping.