The geochemistry of prograde and retrograde charnockite-gneiss reactions in southern India

Exposures in many quarries in southern India exhibit field evidence for incipient charnockitization of tonalitic and granitic gneiss (prograde relationship), or retrogression of charnockite to produce tonalitic gneiss (retrograde relationship). Few systematic geochemical relationships exist between adjacent gneisscharnockite sample pairs during either prograde or retrograde reactions. Most elements and element ratios exhibit inconsistent variations; however, prograde chamockites appear enriched in Ta, Pb, volatiles (chiefly CO₂), and in transition metals relative to Mg, and depleted in REE and Y compared to adjacent gneiss protoliths. Retrograde gneisses have higher Rb, Pb, Th, Hf, Zn relative to Co, Nb relative to Ta, Hf relative to Zr, and volatiles (chiefly H₂O) compared to parental charnockites. Of those elements (U, Th, Rb, Cs, Pb) significantly depleted in high-pressure charnockites exposed south of the prograde transition zone, only Pb is significantly replenished during retrogression. Evidence suggests that prograde fluids are relatively rich in CO₂ and retrograde fluids in H₂O and that the typical non-systematic geochemical variations during prograde and retrograde reactions reflect local effects at the wave front.     

New geological and geochemical data on the granitoids of the Uspensky massif in Southern Primorye

New geological, petrochemical, mineralogical, and geochemical data are presented on the Uspensky granitoid massif in Southern Primorye. The massif consists of the rocks of two associations: (1) the early association (103.3 ± 2.4 Ma) consisting of garnet-bearing biotite and two-mica granite-leucogranites and (2) the late association (99 ± 2 Ma) represented by biotite (±amphibole) granodiorites, melanogranites, and granites. The granitoids of both associations have moderate potassic alkalinity and elevated alumina contents but differ in the proportions of alumina, calcium, and alkalis. The garnet-bearing granite-leucogranites are characterized by the highest Rb, Th, and U contents and the lowest Sr, Ba, Hf, and Zr contents. The REE distribution patterns have a quasi-symmetric shape and deep Eu minimums. The melanogranites show higher Sr and Ba contents and, as granites, are characterized by asymmetric REE spectrums with an insignificant negative Eu anomaly. The porphyraceous granodiorites and granites are peculiar in their lowered Sr and Ba contents, while the granodiorites have lowered contents of K, REE, Zr, Hf, Th, and U; elevated Nb contents; and a distinctive Eu minimum.     

大别—苏鲁超高压地体中面理化含榴花岗岩的成因研究

大别—苏鲁超高压地体中的面理化花岗岩因为常含石榴石而被简称为含榴花岗岩, 其岩石类型主要为二长花岗岩、花岗岩和微斜长石花岗岩, 岩石具有花岗结构和片麻状构造.详细的野外地质研究表明, 超高压片麻岩作为超高压榴辉岩的围岩与含榴花岗岩呈渐变过渡关系, 或在含榴花岗岩中呈与面理平行的残留条带, 体现超高压片麻岩通过构造置换和部分熔融向含榴花岗岩转化.含榴花岗岩在常量元素的总体组成上, w(SiO₂)为71.73%~79.15%;A/CNK为0.83~1.09, 平均0.98, 为准铝质; w(K₂O+Na₂O)为6.15%~9.00%, w(K₂O)/w(Na₂O)为0.16~1.54(绝大多数集中在0.9~1.1), 具有相对弱富钠-弱富钾特征.从标准矿物组成上看, 大别含榴花岗岩主要相当于奥长花岗岩; 山东含榴花岗岩主要相当于花岗岩; 东海含榴花岗岩主要相当于钾质花岗岩.在微量元素特征上, 含榴花岗岩的∑REE、∑LREE明显富集, δEu具有明显的负异常, 在原始地幔标准化蛛网图上, 相对亏损Nb、Ta、P、Zr、Ti等高场强元素及大离子亲石元素Sr, 富集Ba、La、Nd、Y、K等大离子亲石元素, 结合其贫w(Al)(平均11.6%)富w(Ga)(> 17×10-6)、(Fe/Mg)_M(1.087~20.330)等特征, 表明其地球化学特征相当于非造山的A型花岗岩.结合前人超高压变质作用和构造演化等研究成果, 可以推断含榴花岗岩是超高压地体折返到中下地壳, 在底侵、构造体制转换等因素作用下, 由高压片麻岩的部分熔融形成的.含榴花岗岩在大别—苏鲁不同区域上的规律变化, 表明东海含榴花岗岩的出露相对于大别更低位.      

藏南错那洞淡色花岗岩成因：来自全岩地球化学和锆石U-Pb年龄的约束

藏南错那洞穹隆位于喜马拉雅造山带东部,淡色花岗岩是其核部组成部分之一。对其中的弱定向二云母花岗岩和含石榴子石二云母花岗岩进行LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年,显示其结晶年龄分别为(20.6±0.3) Ma和(16.7±0.2) Ma,属于喜马拉雅中新世淡色花岗岩。错那洞含石榴子石二云母花岗岩和弱定向二云母花岗岩均具有富硅(w(SiO2)为71.6%~74.6%)、富铝(w(Al2O3)为14.5%~16.1%)、富钾(w(K2O)为4%~4.7%)及高铝饱和指数(A/CNK=1.16~1.22)的特征,属高钾钙碱性系列的强过铝质花岗岩,并且两类花岗岩都富集Rb、U、K、Pb,相对亏损Nb、Ta、Zr、Ti。但含石榴子石淡色花岗岩具有明显的Eu负异常(Eu/Eu*=0.29~0.46),而弱定向二云母花岗岩Eu的负异常相对较弱(Eu/Eu*=0.58~0.80)。弱定向二云母花岗岩的Rb/Sr值为2.4~3.5,Ba含量为(200~253)×10-6,TiO2含量相对较低,表明错那洞弱定向二云母花岗岩是在无水条件下由变泥质岩中的白云母脱水熔融而形成,并且弱定向二云母花岗岩的产生可能与藏南拆离系(STDS)启动造成的构造减压有关。含石榴子石二云母花岗岩的K/Rb、Zr/Hf、Nb/Ta、Y/Ho值呈现出非球粒陨石异常,稀土四分组效应和异常高的Rb/Sr值(18.6~22.2)表明错那洞含石榴子石二云母花岗岩是经过岩浆高度演化而形成的。高度演化的岩浆有利于W、Sn、Be等稀有金属成矿。错那洞含石榴子石二云母花岗岩与错那洞穹隆的W-Sn-Be矿具有相邻的空间位置,两者之间可能存在一定的成因联系;而错那洞弱定向二云母花岗岩与扎西康Pb-Zn矿床在时间上和空间上都具有一致性,两者之间很可能也存在一定的成因联系。     

Geochemical and Sm–Nd isotopic study of titanite from granitoid rocks of the eastern Dharwar craton,southern India

Titanite occurs as an accessory phase in a variety of igneous rocks, and is known to concentrate geologically important elements such as U, Th, rare earth element (REE), Y and Nb. The differences in the abundances of the REEs contained in titanite from granitoid rocks could reflect its response to changes in petrogenetic variables such as temperature of crystallization, pressure, composition, etc. Widespread migmatization in the granodiorite gneisses occurring to the east of Kolar and Ramagiri schist belts of the eastern Dharwar craton resulted in the enrichment of the REEs in titanite relative to their respective host rocks. A compositional influence on the partitioning of REEs between titanite and the host rock/magma is also noticed. The relative enrichment of REEs in titanite from quartz monzodiorite is lower than that found in the granodioritic gneiss. Depletion of REE and HFSE (high field-strength elements) abundances in granitic magmas that have equilibrated with titanite during fractional crystallization or partial melting has been modelled. As little as 1% of titanite present in residual phases during partial melting or in residual melts during fractional crystallization can significantly lower the abundances of trace elements such as Nb, Y, Zr and REE which implies the significance of this accessory mineral as a controlling factor in trace element distribution in granitoid rocks. Sm–Nd isotope studies on titanite, hornblende and whole rock yield isochron ages comparable to the precise U–Pb titanite ages, invoking the usefulness of Sm–Nd isochron ages involving minerals like titanite.     

藏南拿日雍措片麻岩穹窿淡色花岗岩稀有金属的富集

拿日雍措穹窿(错那洞穹窿)位于北喜马拉雅穹窿的东部,穹隆内花岗岩种类较多,有淡色花岗岩、含石榴子石淡色花岗岩、片理化淡色花岗岩、含石榴子石和含绿柱石伟晶岩.这些花岗岩为经历了斜长石、锆石、独居石、磷灰石、富Ti矿物等分离结晶作用而形成的高度演化花岗岩,相对于维氏世界花岗岩平均值,富集Bi、Cs、Li、Sn、Be、Pb、B、W、Ta等稀有金属成矿元素,略贫Nb元素.同时,围岩也相对富集稀有金属元素.全岩地球化学分析表明,引起拿日雍措穹隆淡色花岗岩富集稀有金属成矿元素的因素是分离结晶作用和热液交代作用.高度演化淡色花岗岩在喜马拉雅造山带广泛分布,铌铁矿、钽铁矿、锡石和绿柱石等稀有金属矿物已在多处露头被识别,暗示了喜马拉雅淡色花岗岩是未来稀有金属矿产勘探的重要靶区.     

藏南亚东地区花岗质片麻岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年及其地球化学特征

亚东地区出露高喜马拉雅结晶岩系,是研究喜马拉雅造山带地质演化的理想地区.为探讨该区花岗质片麻岩的成因类型、岩浆源区、形成时代以及大地构造意义,对其进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石定年和地球化学特征研究.结果显示,该区的花岗质片麻岩具有高SiO₂、Al₂O₃、Na₂O、K₂O含量和低Fe₂O₃、MgO、MnO含量,轻、重稀土明显分馏,相对富集LREE和LILE元素（Rb、Th、U、K）,亏损HFSE元素（Ba、Nb、Ta、Sr、P、Ti）,锆石表面年龄介于498.5±14.7 Ma~480.0±11.7 Ma.总体显示未分异的钙碱性强铝质S型花岗岩类的特征,可能是后碰撞造山阶段陆源杂砂岩经历高温深熔作用的产物.      

Occurrence of lamproitic dykes at the northern Margin of the Indravati Basin,Bastar Craton,Central India

Occurrence of two lamproitic dykes intruding the basement granite near Khadka village at the northern margin of the Indravati Basin, Bastar craton is reported. Combined field, microscopy, XRD, EPMA and whole-rock geochemical investigations reveal that these lamproites were subjected to high degree of hydrothermal alteration as well as possible metamorphism. However, relicts of their original textures are well-preserved thereby providing important clues as to the nature of the protolith. Quartz, carbonate, chlorite and phlogopite constitute the bulk mineralogy whereas spinel, apatite and iron oxides are the accessory phases. Chemical composition of the groundmass spinels are strikingly similar to those from the lamproites. The Khadka lamproite dykes display high abundances of compatible elements such as Ni (238–396 ppm), Cr (484–892 ppm), and V (160–200 ppm) as well as high-field strength elements such as Zr (719–2057 ppm) and Nb (92–126 ppm) that resemble those in lamproites. Khadka lamproites also have high whole-rock REE abundances (ΣREE up to 1260 ppm) and display fractionated chondrite-normalized REE patterns (La/Yb= 113–237) which together with their average compatible and incompatible trace elemental ratios (e.g. Nb/Zr, Nb/La, Ba/Rb) are strikingly similar to those of the Mesoproterozoic Krishna lamproites of the Eastern Dharwar craton. Available field evidences suggest the Khadka lamproites to be of at least Palaeoproterzoic age (1.88 Ga) which makes them some of the oldest such rocks as yet documented from the Indian shield.     

塔里木北缘新元古代早期构造演化的锆石U-Pb年代学和地球化学约束

塔里木盆地被沙漠区覆盖,基底岩心样品对前寒武纪构造演化的研究具有重要意义。在前人研究基础上,结合盆地内钻井、地震资料,通过基底岩心样品的锆石U-Pb年代学和地球化学分析,为塔里木盆地北缘新元古代构造演化格架提供约束。LA-ICP-MS法给出片麻岩基底样品的加权平均年龄为822?7 Ma(置信度95%,MSWD=2.4),SHRIMP法在上覆震旦系砂岩中获得~2.5 Ga和2.1~1.8 Ga的两组锆石年龄。岩相学和元素地球化学特征显示二云斜长片麻岩样品的原岩为花岗闪长岩类,与相邻钻井揭示的青白口系基性岩墙都属于钙碱性–高钾钙碱性岩浆系列,具有相似的REE配分型式,以强烈亏损Nb、Ta、P等HFSE为特征。构造环境判别图解和Sr-Nd同位素比值显示塔里木盆地北缘新元古代早期的岩浆活动可能形成于陆缘弧的构造环境。     

阿尔金造山带青白口纪亚干布阳片麻岩年龄、地球化学特征及其地质意义

出露于阿中地块库木塔什萨依一带的亚干布阳片麻岩主要岩性为黑云斜长片麻岩、黑云二长片麻岩。利用LA-ICPMS方法进行锆石微区U-Pb同位素定年,得到206Pb/238U年龄加权平均值为900.2±2.9Ma,表明亚干布阳片麻岩原岩形成于新元古代早期青白口纪;地球化学结果显示,主量元素具有高SiO_2、Al_2O_3、K_2O+Na_2O含量,低Na_2O、MgO、CaO和TiO_2含量的特征,A/CNK值介于0.95～1.22之间,属于高钾钙碱性系列的过铝质花岗岩。岩石富集Rb、Th、K等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Sr、P、Hf、Ti等高场强元素;岩石轻稀土元素分馏较强而重稀土元素分馏较弱,具有明显的负Eu异常,总体呈右倾的"V"字形稀土元素配分模式,显示典型的地壳重熔型花岗岩特征。亚干布阳片麻岩的源岩主要为地壳中沉积岩类的部分熔融,形成于俯冲-同碰撞构造环境。综上说明亚干布阳片麻岩是新元古代早期俯冲碰撞热事件的产物,反映阿中地块和柴达木地块青白口纪处于汇聚碰撞阶段,构造岩浆活动强烈,与Rodinia超大陆汇聚事件具有一致性。     

Interaction of crustal and mantle materials,sources of trace elements during the formation and evolution of Early Paleozoic Li-rich granite-pegmatite systems in southeastern Tuva

We present new data on the age, composition, and environments of formation of granites of the Kystarys complex and the associated Li-rich rare-element pegmatites of the South Sangilen pegmatite belt including the large Tastyg lithium deposit. It has been established that they formed during the Early Paleozoic collisional orogeny in the Tuva-Mongolian massif at the Cambrian-Ordovician boundary. The granites of the Kystarys complex are moderately alkaline high-K rocks and are enriched in Zr, Nb, Y, and REE; therefore, they are classified as postcollisional, transitional to within-plate (A-type). The spodumene pegmatites of the South Sangilen pegmatite belt are similar to the above granites in age and isotopic and geochemical parameters, which suggests a paragenetic relationship between these rocks. Pegmatites form several pegmatite fields within the belt, which differ in trace-element signatures. In addition to predominant Li, Cs, and Ta, specific to all spodumene pegmatites (LCT family), pegmatites of two fields have high contents of Nb, Y, REE, and Zr, which are indicator elements of NYF family pegmatites. It has been established that the formation of spodumene pegmatites with combined LCT-NYF geochemical signatures was preceded by the intrusion of dikes of monzogabbro with the geochemical characteristics of OIB and of alkali aegirine granites and by the formation of associated metasomatites enriched in Zr, Nb, Y, and REE. Based on the geological, mineralogical, and geochemical data, we substantiate the hypothesis of the formation of Li-bearing granite-pegmatite melts from a mixed source resulted from the influence of fluids of an alkaline igneous complex of mantle genesis on the crustal protolith.     

内蒙古锡林浩特岩群岩相学、地球化学特征及构造环境分析

锡林浩特岩群是内蒙古中东部锡林郭勒微地块内原锡林郭勒杂岩的重要组成部分,由一套片麻岩夹层状斜长角闪岩、磁铁石英岩和变粒岩等变质岩组成,形成于中元古代［1］。岩群中片麻岩样品显示轻稀土元素富集的中等分异特征((La/Yb)N=4.71~7.97),斜长角闪岩具有平坦型((La/Yb)N=0.74~0.95)和轻稀土元素微弱富集型((La/Yb)N=1.06~3.63)两种稀土元素配分模式。在微量元素N MORB标准化图解中,斜长角闪岩显示出洋中脊玄武岩和岛弧玄武岩的过渡类型特征。同时结合岩相学和岩石地球化学图解分析,推断片麻岩原岩为富含泥质的亚杂砂岩,而斜长角闪岩原岩为一套具有拉斑质到钙碱性过渡型特征的玄武岩;变质沉积岩形成于活动大陆边缘大陆岛弧环境;变质基性火山岩形成于岛弧弧后盆地。二者指示锡林浩特岩群形成于活动大陆边缘体系。     

西准噶尔早泥盆世马拉苏组火山岩岩石成因研究

新疆西准噶尔北部地区的早泥盆世马拉苏组出露有少量富钠低钾的拉斑质中基性熔岩,这些分布于谢米斯台断裂北侧的玄武安山岩和玄武岩多呈夹层状断续产出于火山碎屑岩之中。马拉苏中基性熔岩的Mg#与主、微量元素协变关系及Th-Th/Nd图反映了其并非同源岩浆演化的结果。马拉苏火山岩中的玄武安山岩富集LILE、亏损HFSE,具有较高的Th含量及较低的Hf/Th和(Nb/Th)PM比值,显示出弧火山岩的地球化学特征。其中的玄武岩则具有略为平坦的稀土元素分配样式,较低的Th含量及较高的Hf/Th和(Nb/Th)PM比值,此同MORB地球化学特征极为相似;虽然其也显示有轻微的LILE富集、HFSE亏损,但是较高的La/Nb比值则暗示这同地壳或俯冲物质组分的卷入有关,且一系列构造环境判别图解也进一步印证了马拉苏组内的玄武岩应属似MORB基性熔岩。此外,两类岩石的高场强元素比值Zr/Nb、Hf/Ta同全球平均大洋中脊玄武岩的相应比值极为接近,反映了马拉苏组中基性火山岩的物质源区主体均为MORB地幔物质源区。La/Yb-Gd/Yb原始地幔标准化比值的模拟计算进一步显示了马拉苏组玄武安山岩与受改造(俯冲沉积物或地壳物质的混染)的石榴子石或尖晶石-石榴子石地幔橄榄岩物质源区的部分熔融作用有关,而似MORB型玄武岩则源自尖晶石地幔橄榄岩源区的部分熔融。结合区内同期的蛇绿岩、火山岩和碱性花岗岩的地球化学研究,我们可以进一步推断此类兼具有似MORB和弧火山岩地球化学特征的早泥盆世马拉苏火山岩应当是西准噶尔地块北部在早古生代受后期俯冲作用影响下经历弧后扩张形成的火山-岩浆地质记录。     

Ultrahigh pressure metamorphic rocks from the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling Project: I. Petrology and geochemistry of the main hole (0–2,050 m)

The main hole (MH) of the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling Project (CCSD) in southern Sulu has penetrated into an ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) metamorphic rock slice which consists of orthogneiss, paragneiss, eclogite, ultramafic rock and minor schist. Recovered eclogites have a UHP metamorphic mineral assemblage of garnet + omphacite + rutile ± phengite ± kyanite ± coesite ± epidote. Ultramafic rocks contain garnet + olivine + clinopyroxene + orthopyroxene ± Ti-clinohumite ± phlogopite. Gneisses and schists contain an amphibolite-facies paragenesis, but their zircons have coesite, garnet, omphacite (or jadeite) and phengite inclusions, indicating that eclogites and gneisses have been subjected to in situ UHP metamorphism. Using available geothermobarometers, P–T estimates of 3.1–4.4 GPa and 678–816°C for eclogites were obtained. If surface outcrops and neighboring shallow drill holes are considered together, we suggest that a huge supracrustal rock slab (> 50 km long × 100 km wide × 5 km deep) was subducted to a depth > 100 km and then exhumed to the surface. The depth interval (0–2,050 m) of the CCSD-MH can be divided into six lithological units. Unit 1 consists of alternating layers of quartz-rich and rutile-rich eclogites, with thin interlayers of gneiss and schist. Eclogites of unit 1 are characterized by Nb, Ta, Sr and Ti depletions, low Mg number and general LREE enrichment. Unit 2 comprises rutile- and ilmenite-rich eclogite and minor “normal” eclogite and is characterized by high TiO₂, total Fe, V, Co and Sr, and very low SiO₂, alkali, Zr, Ba, Nb, Ta and total REE contents, and LREE-depleted REE patterns with slightly positive Eu anomalies. Unit 3 contains ultramafic rock and minor MgO-rich eclogite. Protoliths of UHP rocks from units 1, 2 and 3 represent a layered mafic to ultramafic intrusion at crustal depth. Units 4 and 6 consist of interlayered eclogite and paragneiss; the eclogites are characterized by Th, U, Nb, Ta and Ti depletion and K enrichment and LREE-enriched REE patterns. Paragneisses show Nb, Ta, Sr and Ti depletions and LREE-enriched REE patterns occasionally with slightly negative Eu anomalies, indicating that their protoliths represent metamorphic supracrustal series. Unit 5 consists mainly of orthogneisses, showing distinct Nb, Ta, Sr and Ti depletions, and LREE-enriched REE patterns with pronounced negative Eu anomalies, suggesting granitic protoliths. In conclusion it is proposed that the southern Sulu UHP belt consists of a series of meta-supracrustal rocks, a layered mafic–ultramafic complex and granites.     

Petrology,geochemistry and source characteristics of the Burpala alkaline massif,North Baikal

The Burpala alkaline massif contains rocks with more than 50 minerals rich in Zr,Nb,Ti,Th,Be and rare earth elements(REE).The rocks vary in composition from shonkinite,melanocratic syenite,nepheline and alkali syenites to alaskite and alkali granite and contain up to 10%LILE and HSFE,3.6%of REE and varying amounts of other trace elements(4%Zr,0.5%Y,0.5%Nb,0.5%Th and 0.1%U).Geological and geochemical data suggest that all the rocks in the Burpala massif were derived from alkaline magma enriched in rare earth elements.The extreme products of magma fractionation are REE rich pegmatites,apatite-fiuorite bearing rocks and carbonatites.The Sr and Nd isotope data suggest that the source of primary melt is enriched mantle(EM-Ⅱ).We correlate the massif to mantle plume impact on the active margin of the Siberian continent.     

Structure,age, and ore potential of the Burpala rare-metal alkaline massif,northern Baikal region

The Burpala alkaline massif is a unique geological object. More than 50 Zr, Nb, Ti, Th, Be, and REE minerals have been identified in rare-metal syenite of this massif. Their contents often reach tens of percent, and concentrations of rare elements in rocks are as high as 3.6% REE, 4% Zr, 0.5% Y, 0.5% Nb, 0.5% Th, and 0.1% U. Geological and geochemical data show that all rocks in the Burpala massif are derivatives of alkaline magma initially enriched in rare elements. These rocks vary in composition from shonkinite, melanocratic syenite, nepheline and alkali syenites to alaskite and alkali granite. The extreme products of magma fractionation are rare-metal pegmatites, apatite-fluorite rocks, and carbonatites. The primary melts were related to the enriched EM-2 mantle source. The U-Pb zircon ages of pulaskite (main intrusive phase) and rare-metal syenite (vein phase) are estimated at 294 ± 1 and 283 ± 8 Ma, respectively. The massif was formed as a result of impact of the mantle plume on the active continental margin of the Siberian paleocontinent.     

阿尔金南缘新元古代盖里克片麻岩年代学、地球化学特征及其构造意义

盖里克片麻岩分布于阿中地块亚干布阳-帕夏拉依档一带,岩体主要岩性由眼球状黑云斜长片麻岩、二云二长片麻岩组成。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年得到²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U加权平均年龄值为(886.5±5)Ma,说明盖里克片麻岩原岩形成于新元古代早期青白口纪;地球化学结果显示：主量元素具有高SiO₂、Al₂O₃、K₂O+Na₂O含量,低Na₂O、MgO、CaO和TiO₂含量的特征,A/CNK值介于1.03~1.17之间,属于高钾钙碱性系列的过铝质花岗岩。岩石富集Rb、Th、K等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta、Sr、P、Hf、Ti等高场强元素,具有典型的大陆碰撞型花岗岩相应的元素丰度特征;岩石轻稀土富集而重稀土亏损,具有明显的负Eu异常,总体呈右倾的“V”型稀土分配模式,显示了典型的地壳重熔型花岗岩特征。盖里克片麻岩的源岩为地壳中角闪岩相基性岩类(变玄武岩),形成于同碰撞构造环境。综上说明本区存在新元古代早期的构造岩浆事件,可能对应于新元古代的罗迪尼亚(Rodinia)超大陆汇聚事件,说明塔里木和柴达木板块之间在新元古代早期曾经存在板块的汇聚碰撞。     

Geochemistry of the Archean low- to high-grade transition zone,Southern India

The transition zone between Archean low- and high-grade rocks in southern India represents eroded crustal levels representative of 15–20 km. It is comprised chiefly of tonalitic gneisses with some varieties showing incipient charnockitization and of minor amounts of granitic gneiss and charnockite, both of which appear to have developed from the tonalitic gneisses.Tonalitic gneisses and charnockites are similar in major and trace elements composition while granitic gneisses are relatively enriched in Rb, K, Th, Ba and light rare earth element (REE) and depleted in Cr and Sc. All three rock types exhibit enriched light REE patterns with variable positive Eu anomalies. Total REE content decreases with increasing Eu/Eu and SiO₂ and with decreasing Fe₂O_3T and MgO in the tonalitic gneisses and charnockites.An internally consistent model for the production of the tonalitic gneisses involves partial melting of an enriched mafic source with variable ratios of hornblende to clinopyroxene. This source, in turn, is derived from an ultramafic mantle relatively enriched in incompatible elements. Granitic gneisses form from tonalitic gneisses by alkali metasomatism from chloride-bearing fluids with high H₂O/CO₂ ratios purged from the lower crust by CO₂, and charnockites are produced from tonalitic gneisses (and granitic gneisses) by ischochemical CO₂ metamorphism following the alkali metasomatism.     

祁连山西段新元古代晚期花岗质片麻岩成因及LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年

祁连山西段吊大坂新元古代花岗质片麻岩出露于北大河岩群二云母片麻岩中。地球化学特征显示,吊大坂新元古代花岗质片麻岩主要为碱性、弱过铝质花岗岩(A/CNK=1.04~1.12)。岩石主体Rb含量较低,Sr和Ba含量高,K/Rb值介于179~225之间,说明吊大坂新元古代花岗质片麻岩不是高分异花岗岩,但明显的负Eu异常(Eu/Eu*=0.25~0.35),说明该岩浆经历了弱的分离结晶作用。在(Al_2O_3+TFe O+Mg O+Ti O_2)-Al_2O_3/(TFe O+Mg O+Ti O_2)图解中,未经历强烈分异的花岗质岩石样品点落入地壳杂砂岩或中性岩浆岩源区。未经历强烈分异的样品富集强不相容元素,并且在Y-Nb和(Y+Nb)-Rb图解中,主体落入板内花岗岩区域。吊大坂花岗质片麻岩LA-ICP-MS锆石206Pb/238U年龄为736±5Ma,该年龄被解释为花岗质片麻岩的形成时代,说明祁连山存在750~730Ma的岩浆作用记录,可能为新元古代晚期伸展背景下的产物。祁连山新元古代岩浆活动记录了新元古代早期汇聚、新元古代晚期伸展到裂解的长期演化过程。     

REE distributions in a high-grade Archaean gneiss complex in Scotland: Implications for the genesis of ancient sialic crust

Seventeen rocks from the Lewisian Gneiss of the Inner Hebrides of Scotland, which represent three distinct lithological types at granulite to greenschist facies of metamorphism show rare-earth element patterns which seem not to have been disturbed by their complex metamorphic history. Some indication of their origin can be obtained by simple geochemical models.Three tonalitic pyroxene gneisses are characterized by: (1) light REE enrichment and heavy REE depletion; (2) low total REE contents; (3) moderate Eu enrichment. Their REE chemistry can be approximated by a model involving 10% partial melting of various garnet-bearing basaltic source materials. Alternatively, they may be some form of crystal cumulate, preserving their original anhydrous mineralogy, representing 30% crystallization of a parent tonalitic magma.Three tonalitic to granodioritic hornblende-biotite gneisses are characterized by: (1) light REE enrichment and heavy REE depletion; (2) significantly higher total REE contents than the pyroxene gneisses; (3) moderate Eu depletion. Their REE patterns can be approximated by a residual silicic melt in a model involving 30% fractional crystallization of solids with the modal mineralogy of the pyroxene gneisses or 40% removal of pure anorthosite from a parent dacitic magma.Two strongly metasomatised diopside-actinolite gneisses and one highly sheared epidote-chlorite gneiss have REE patterns which are not significantly different from the hornblende-biotite gneisses which were their precursors before metasomatism and late greenschist-facies shearing. This suggests that strong alteration has not enciphered the REE systematics of the gneisses.Basic gneisses of quartz tholeiite composition occurring as early dykes, which shared the same metamorphic history as the tonalitic to granodioritic gneisses, are characterised by: (1) slight enrichment in light REE relative to heavy REE; (2) variable total REE contents; (3) little difference between granulite and amphibolite facies types. Their REE patterns can be matched by models involving 5–15% partial melting of ultrabasic mantle with 3 times chondritic REE abundances, leaving a residue of olivine and orthopyroxene.