氮肥施用量对冬小麦氮肥利用率及土壤剖面NO^—3—N动态分布？…

通过６个氮水平小区试验,研究了不同氮肥用量对冬小麦氮肥利用率和土壤剖面ＮＯ＾－３－Ｎ动态分布的影响,结果表明,氮肥利用率有随施氮量的增加而递减的趋势;土壤剖面ＮＯ＾－３－Ｎ含量则有随氮肥施用量增加而增加的趋势,而在同一水平下,从土壤表层深层（１００ｃｍ）,则有递减的趋势,在冬小麦生育期中,以开花期８０－１００ｃｍ土壤剖累积的ＮＯ＾－３－Ｎ量最多,因此最有可能淋洗出根层,对地下水造成污染。     

利用牡蛎壳粉制备缓释氮肥的初步研究

<正>目前我国化肥当季利用率中,氮约为30%～35%,磷为10%～25%,钾为35%～50%远低于世界发达国家水平[1],造成肥料利用率低的主要原因是淋溶损失,尤以氮肥、钾肥为最。人们正在努力寻求提高肥料利用率的方法,其中之一是对肥料本身进行改性,开发适合于作物生长需求的新型肥料[2]。研制缓/控释肥料是世界各国普遍采用的有效措施之一。缓释肥料的优点是利用率高,养分损失少,环境友好[3,4]。但是,目前所用的作为缓释材料的高分子聚合物一般是难降解或不能降解,长期施用也会引起土壤污染。牡蛎壳为一种新型的天然材料,具有无毒、无污染、无公害的优点。而且,能为土壤微生物提供钙源和氮源,改良土壤微生物的群落结构,并间接的提高土壤肥力,是一种极有前途的土壤改良和调理剂,特别适合作为大棚酸化土壤的     

干旱区剖面土壤盐分空间变异特征及随机模拟

利用便携式土壤盐分计测定干旱区膜下滴灌棉田及裸地剖面土壤电导率,利用GS+软件确定其半方差函数,并进行序
贯高斯模拟来研究土壤剖面盐分的空间变异特征。结果显示:干旱区剖面上土壤盐分空间变异性强,膜下滴灌棉田符合球形模
型,裸地区符合高斯模型,且棉田变程远小于裸地;棉田埋深50cm以浅土壤盐分变化剧烈,埋深50cm 以深变化平缓,在垂向上
呈现3个高值区(30,50和75cm深度附近)及3个低值区(埋深40,60和100cm附近);克里格法具有明显的平滑作用,降低了土
壤盐分的空间变异性,而序贯高斯模拟数据更离散,更能反映土壤盐分的空间变异性,但多次模拟均值随次数增加趋于稳定。      

利用牡蛎壳粉制备缓释氮肥的初步研究

目前我国化肥当季利用率中，氮约为30％～35％．磷为10％～25％，钾为35％～50％远低于世界发达国家水平，造成肥料利用率低的主要原因是淋溶损失，尤以氮肥、钾肥为最。人们正在努力寻求提高肥料利用率的方法，其中之一是对肥料本身进行改性，开发适合于作物生长需求的新型肥料。研制缓／控释肥料是世界各国普遍采用的有效措施之一。缓释肥料的优点是利用率高，养分损失少，环境友好。但是，目前所用的作为缓释材料的高分子聚合物一般是难降解或不能降解，长期施用也会引起土壤污染。牡蛎壳为一种新型的天然材料，     

氮钾配施对生姜产量和砂姜黑土肥力的效应

研究了淮北平原砂姜黑土地区生姜氮钾配施的增产效应和对土壤养分的影响。结果表 明:氮钾配施可以大幅度提高生姜的产量,施钾的增产幅度,柴姜为15.3%～58.4%,平均增产率 为35.8%;狮子头姜产量提高18.2%～46.9%,平均增产28.7%。增施氮钾肥可有效提高土壤有 机质、全N、有效P、速效K、缓效K、有效Ca和有效Mg含量,降低NO3-盐含量,促使土壤pH趋于 中性,对全P和碱解N含量影响较小。土壤N素和P素大量盈余,不施钾时土壤K亏损严重,施钾 处理土壤钾基本上处于盈余状态,有利于维持和提高土壤肥力。     

汉江中游典型小流域土壤有效锌空间变异特征及评价

为了评价汉江中游典型小流域土壤有效锌的分布特征,利用网格法分3层在余姐河小流域采集土样,共采集207个样点。基于地统计学方法和Kriging插值法,结合坡向对土壤有效锌含量空间变异特征进行研究,并进行了丰缺评价。结果表明:随着土层深度的增加,土壤有效锌含量逐渐降低;经方差检验,仅0~10cm土层土壤有效锌含量存在显著性差异;林地0~10、20~40cm土层土壤有效锌含量与坡向呈显著正相关关系;草地0~10cm土层土壤有效锌含量与坡向呈显著负相关关系,10~20、20~40cm土层呈极显著负相关关系;该流域0~10cm土壤有效锌储量为45.42kg,土壤有效锌储量从大到小依次为林地、农地、草地;根据土壤有效态微量元素平均密度综合评价指数,该流域土壤有效锌处于丰富水平。     

桂林市周边采石场闭坑后土壤生化响应研究

文章采用时空替代法对桂林市周边5个不同闭坑时间采石场的土壤进行了研究,分析了不同闭坑年限土壤呼吸、土壤微生物量碳和土壤理化性质的变化及三者之间的关系。研究结果表明:随着闭坑年限的增加,土壤呼吸呈上升趋势,土壤微生物量碳呈先上升再下降后平稳上升趋势,土壤p H值趋于稳定,土壤容重呈下降趋势,土壤有机质、土壤全氮呈上升趋势,土壤速效钾呈先下降后上升趋势;在土壤呼吸、土壤微生物量碳和土壤理化性质的关系中,土壤呼吸与土壤理化性质均无显著相关性,土壤微生物量碳与土壤容重、有机质和全氮含量具有显著正相关。     

半叶马尾藻对N、P吸收速率的初步研究

在实验室条件下研究半叶马尾藻对不同浓度N、P以及不同化合态N的吸收速率。结果显示:不同浓度N、P下,半叶马尾藻对N、P的吸收速率差异有统计学意义(P0.05);半叶马尾藻对N、P的吸收速率随N、P浓度的升高而增加,最大吸收速率出现在N为200μmol/L、P为20μmol/L时,分别为2.397和0.229μmol·g-1·h-1;不同氮磷比条件下,半叶马尾藻对N、P的最大吸收速率出现在氮磷比为10时,在氮磷比为1~30范围内,氮磷比对半叶马尾藻吸收N、P速率的影响有统计学意义(P0.05);不同化合态N对半叶马尾藻吸收N、P速率的影响有统计学意义(P0.05),当NH4+-N和NO3--N共存时,半叶马尾藻对这2种化合态氮可同时吸收利用,各处理组间,对总无机N的吸收速率差异有统计学意义(P0.05),在c(NO3--N)/c(NH4+-N)为2∶1和1∶2处有两个峰值,分别为2.036、1.862μmol·g-1·h-1,对P的最大吸收速率均出现在c(NO3--N)/c(NH4+-N)值为2∶1时,为0.206μmol·g-1·h-1。因此,在粤西沿海半叶马尾藻在消除养殖水域营养盐、防治海水富营养化方面有很大优势。     

北海互花米草湿地土壤酶活性特征及与理化因子相关性

【目的】探究互花米草（Spartina alterniflora）湿地土壤的蔗糖酶与酸性磷酸酶活性的时空变化及其与土壤理化性质的关系,为广西北部湾互花米草入侵机制和物质循环研究提供理论依据。【方法】通过空间代替时间的方法研究广西北海不同入侵阶段互花米草湿地土壤的酶活性特征及其与理化因子的相关性。【结果】2种土壤酶活性总体上随土壤深度增加而呈现降低的趋势;0～60 cm土层土壤蔗糖酶、40～60 cm土层酸性磷酸酶活性均随互花米草入侵年限增加呈现升高趋势,具有明显的时间累积效应。蔗糖酶、酸性磷酸酶活性均与有机碳含量（SOC）、总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）、碳氮比（mC/mN）、细砂粒、粉粒和黏粒占比存在显著的正相关性（P <0.05）,而与土壤容重和粗砂粒存在显著的负相关性（P <0.05）。【结论】互花米草湿地土壤的蔗糖酶和酸性磷酸酶活性总体上随土层深度增加呈现降低趋势,蔗糖酶和深层土壤酸性磷酸酶活性呈现时间累积效应,其酶活性受到土壤理化性质影响。     

氮钾配施对生姜产量和砂姜黑土肥力的效应

研究了淮北平原砂姜黑土地区生姜氮钾配施的增产效应和对土壤养分的影响。结果表明：氮钾配施可以大幅度提高生姜的产量，施钾的增产幅度，柴姜为15．3％～58．4％，平均增产率为35．8％；狮子头姜产量提高18．2％～46．9％，平均增产28．7％。增施氮钾肥可有效提高土壤有机质、全N、有效P、速效K、缓效K、有效Ca和有效Mg含量，降低NO3-盐含量，促使土壤pH趋于中性，对全P和碱解N含量影响较小。土壤N素和P素大量盈余，不施钾时土壤K亏损严重，施钾处理土壤钾基本上处于盈余状态．有利于维持和提高土壤肥力。     

The impact of nitrogen amendment and crop growth on dissolved organic carbon in soil solution

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is an important component of the terrestrial carbon cycle. However, the sources and controlling factors of DOC in soils remain uncertain. In this study, the effects of nitrogen (N) amendment and crop growth on DOC in soil solution were examined at a maize-wheat rotated field located in the central Sichuan Basin in southwestern China. Nitrogen treatments in this study included 150 kg N ha^-1 season^-1, 200 kg N ha^-1 season^-1 and the control without any fertilizer application. During the whole experimental period, we observed significant decreases (p<0.05) in DOC concentrations in the sampled soil solutions associated with increase in N inputs at the bare soil plots, but no change in DOC at the plots with crop growth. The estimated average contributions of plantderived DOC were 16%, 24% and 32% of total DOC in the summer maize season and 21%, 32% and 38% in the winter wheat season along with the gradient of N fertilizer application rates. The results implied that the crop growth could play a key role in the soil DOC production, and the N input enhanced DOC production by increasing crop growth. The relationship between the DOC concentrations and the crop root biomass was statistically significant for both the maize and winter wheat seasons. Our observations indicated that crop growth exerted greater influence on the seasonal variability of DOC concentration in soil solutions at the experimental site, which overwhelmed the effect of soil native organic matter decomposition on DOC concentrations in soil solutions.     

Soil physicochemical properties and vegetation structure along an elevation gradient and implications for the response of alpine plant development to climate change on the northern slopes of the Qilian Mountains

Elevation is one of key factors to affect changes in the environment, particularly changes in conditions of light, water and heat. Studying the soil physicochemical properties and vegetation structure along an elevation gradient is important for understanding the responses of alpine plants andtheir growing environment to climate change. In this study, we studied plant coverage, plant height, species richness, soil water-holding capacity, soil organic carbon(SOC) and total nitrogen(N) on the northern slopes of the Qilian Mountains at elevations from2124 to 3665 m. The following conclusions were drawn:(1) With the increase of elevation, plant coverage and species richness first increased and then decreased, with the maximum values being at 3177 m.Plant height was significantly and negatively correlated with elevation(r=–0.97, P0.01), and the ratio of decrease with elevation was 0.82 cm·100 m-1.(2) Both soil water-holding capacity and soil porosity increased on the northern slopes of the Qilian Mountains with the increase of elevation. The soil saturated water content at the 0-40 cm depth first increased and then stabilized with a further increase of elevation, and the average ratio of increase was2.44 mm·100 m-1. With the increase of elevation, the average bulk density at the 0-40 cm depth first decreased and then stabilized at 0.89 g/cm3.(3) With the increase of elevation, the average SOC content at the 0-40 cm depths first increased and then decreased,and the average total N content at the 0-40 cm depth first increased and then stabilized. The correlation between average SOC content and average total N content reached significant level. According to the results of this study, the distribution of plants showed a mono-peak curve with increasing elevation on the northern slopes of the Qilian Mountains. The limiting factor for plant growth at the high elevation areas was not soil physicochemical properties, and therefore,global warming will likely facilitate the development of plant at high elevation areas in the Qilian Mountains.     

黄土高原沟壑区原状土壤氮素迁移

以中国生态系统研究网络CERN长武王东沟实验站的坡耕地和塬耕地为供试土壤,研究了黄土高原沟壑塬区旱耕地原状土壤氮素迁移和时空变异。结果表明:耕作土壤NO3--N为23.1~33.8 mg/kg,NH4+-N为0.23~0.50mg/kg,DOC为9.17~13.38 mg/kg,P为0.18~0.23 mg/kg;坡耕地和塬耕地的NO3--N和NH4+-N主要集中在0~20 cm的上层土壤,中下层土壤NO3--N和NH4+-N起源于上层淋溶迁移和累积;高含量时养分淋溶溶出呈指数衰减型;NO3--N、NH4+-N、DOC向下层的迁移塬耕地慢于坡耕地。     

Crop residue incorporation and nitrogen fertilizer effects on greenhouse gas emissions from a subtropical rice system in Southwest China

Crop residue incorporation has been widely accepted as a way to increase soil carbon (C) sequestration and sustain soil fertility in agroecosystems. However, effect of crop residue incorporation on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in rice paddy soils remains uncertain. A field experiment was conducted to quantify emissions of CH₄ and N₂O and soil heterotrophic respiration (R_H) from a paddy rice field under five different crop residue treatments (i.e., 150 kg N ha^-1 of synthetic N fertilizer application only [NF], 150 kg N ha^-1 of synthetic N fertilizer plus 5.3 Mg ha^-1 wheat residue [NF-WR1], 150 kg N ha^-1 of synthetic N fertilizer plus 10.6 Mg ha^-1 wheat residue [NF-WR2], 75 kg N ha^-1 of synthetic N fertilizer plus 10.6 Mg ha^-1 wheat residue [50%NF-WR2] and 150 kg N ha^-1 of synthetic N fertilizer plus 21.2 Mg ha^-1 wheat residue [NF-WR3]) in southwest China. Our results showed that crop residue incorporation treatments (NF-WR1, NF-WR2, 50%NF-WR2, NF-WR3) significantly increased CH₄ emissions by at least 60%, but N₂O emissions were not enhanced and even suppressed by 25% in the NF-WR3 treatment as compared to the NF treatment. Soil R_H emissions were comparable among experimental treatments, while crop residue incorporation treatments significantly increased soil carbon sequestrations relative to the NF treatment. Overall, CH₄ emissions dominated total global warming potentials (GWP) across all experimental treatments. The average yieldscaled GWPs for the NF and NF-WR1 treatments were significantly lower than for the NF-WR2, 50%NFWR2 and NF-WR3 treatments. Given the comparable yield-scaled GWPs between the NF and NF-WR1 treatments, the NF-WR1 treatment could gain net carbon sequestration as compared with the NF treatment with net soil carbon loss. Our findings suggest that the NF-WR1 treatment should be an effective option to sustain rice production while mitigating GHG emissions from the rice field in China.     

Uptake and recovery of soil nitrogen by bryophytes and vascular plants in an alpine meadow

Due to their particular physiology and life history traits, bryophytes are critical in regulating biogeochemical cycles and functions in alpine ecosystem. Hence, it is crucial to investigate their nutrient utilization strategies in comparison with vascular plants and understand their responses to the variation of growing season caused by climate change. Firstly, this study testified whether or not bryophytes can absorb nitrogen(N) directly from soil through spiking three chemical forms of 15N stable isotope tracer. Secondly, with stronger ability of carbohydrates assimilation and photosynthesis, it is supposed that N utilization efficiency of vascular plants is significantly higher than that of bryophytes. However, the recovery of soil N by bryophytes can still compete with vascular plants due to their greater phytomass. Thirdly, resource acquisition may be varied from the change of growing season, during which N pulse can be manipulated with 15N tracer addition at different time. Both of bryophytes and vascular plants contain more N in a longer growing season, and prefer inorganic over organic N. Bryophytes assimilate more NH4+ than NO3– and amino acid, which can be indicated from the greater shoot excess 15N of bryophytes. However, vascular plants prefer to absorb NO3– for their developed root systems and vascular tissue. Concerning the uptake of three forms N by bryophytes, there is significant difference between two manipulated lengths of growing season. Furthermore, the capacity of bryophytes to tolerate N-pollution may be lower than currently appreciated, which indicates the effect of climate change on asynchronous variation of soil N pools with plant requirements.     

基于无人机遥感的滨海盐碱地土壤空间异质性分析与作物光谱指数响应胁迫诊断

在已集中连片改造为农田的盐碱地上,开展无人机遥感作物土壤空间异质性分析与光谱指数响应胁迫诊断对于提升盐碱地利用效率、创造更多经济效益与生态价值具有重要意义.本研究以山东省东营市黄河三角洲典型滨海盐碱地集中连片旱作农田的主要作物——高粱和玉米为研究对象,利用固定翼无人机获取400 hm2滨海盐碱地多光谱遥感数据,并结合地...     

Studies on the effects of polyaspartate protease fertilizer enhancer in the absorptions of soil nutrition and the enzymatic activities of crops

1　Introduction　Chinaisboththelargestproducerandthelargestconsumerofchemicalfertilizersintheworld .Since1984 ,Chineseconsumptionofchemicalfertilizerhasincreasedmorethanonetimes ,fromabout 17millionmetrictonsto 35millionmetrictons .However ,dur ingthesameperiod ,theyieldoffoodproductionhasincreasedonlyabout 10 % .Thediscrepancybetweenfertilizerconsumptionandyieldincreasehasindicatedthedrasticdecreaseofthebenefitsofchemicalfertiliz ers .Infact ,theutilizationefficiencyofnitrogenfer tilizerinC…     

Simultaneous quantification of greenhouse gas and nitric oxide emissions from subtropical conventional vegetable systems: a 2-site field case study in Sichuan Basin

Quantification of greenhouse gases[nitrous oxide(N₂O)and methane(CH₄)]and nitric oxide(NO)emissions from subtropical conventional vegetable systems through multi-site field measurements are needed to obtain accurate regional and global estimates.N2 O,NO and CH4 emissions from subtropical conventional vegetable systems were simultaneously measured at two different sites with hilly topography in the Sichuan basin,southwest China by using the static chamber gas chromatography technique.Results showed that annual soil N₂O and NO fluxes for the treatment receiving N fertilizer ranged from 6.34-7.71 kg N ha^-1 yr^-1 and 0.69-0.85 kg N ha^-1 yr^-1,respectively,while decreased soil CH4 uptakes by 26.4%as compared with no N fertilizer addition across our two sites of experiment.Overall,the average direct N2 O and NO emission factor(EFd)were 0.71%and 0.12%,respectively,which were both lower than the available EFd for subtropical conventional vegetable systems.This finding indicates that current regional and global estimates of N₂O and NO emissions from vegetable fields are likely overestimated.Background N₂O emissions(3.42-3.62 kg N ha^-1 yr^-1)from the subtropical conventional vegetable systems were relatively high as compared with available field measurements worldwide,suggesting that background N₂O emissions cannot be ignored for regional estimate of N₂O emissions in subtropical region.Nevertheless,the significantly intra-and inter-annual variations in N₂O,CH₄ and NO emissions were also observed in the present study,which could be explained by temporal variations of environmental variables(i.e.soil temperature and moisture).The differences in N₂O and NO EFd and CH₄emissions between various vegetable systems in particular under subtropical conditions should be taken into account when compiling regional or global inventories and proposing mitigation practices.     

Spatial and temporal variations in nitrogen retention effects in a subtropical mountainous basin in Southeast China

Nitrogen retention within a watershed reduces the amount of N exported to the ocean; however, it worsens environmental problems, including surface water eutrophication, aquifer pollution, acid rain, and soil acidification. Here, we adopted the Soil and Water Assessment Tool(SWAT) model to describe the riverine N output and retention effects in the Shanmei Reservoir Basin, a subtropical mountainous basin located in Quanzhou City, Southeast China. The results revealed that farmlands and orchards in the upstream and central parts of the basin were the dominant land use types, which contributed large N yields. Fertilizer application was the key source of riverine N output and N retention within the basin. On average, approximately 64% of anthropogenic N inputs were retained within the basin, whereas 36% of total N was exported to the downstream and coastal areas. The average N retention efficiency was 80% in a dry year, and within the year, N retention occurred in spring and summer and N release occurred in autumn and winter. The annual variation in N retention within the basin was largely dominated by changes in rainfall and runoff, whereas the seasonal characteristics of N retention were mainly affected by fertilization. Even with a large decrease in fertilizer application, owing to the contributions of the residual N pool and river background, the riverine N output still maintained a certain base value. The effects of precipitation, land use types, and agricultural fertilizer on N retention should be comprehensively considered to implement reasonable N management measures.