基于多重网格求解的土壤属性高精度曲面建模

高精度曲面建模(HASM)是近几年发展起来的可用于地理信息系统和生态建模的一种较高精度的曲面建模方法.本研究选择南方红壤丘陵区江西省吉安市辖区、吉安县和泰和县为研究区,采集150个表层土壤(0～20cm)样品,分别随机选取60、90和120个点作为模拟数据集,90、60和30个点作为验证数据集,基于多重网格(MG)作为...     

高精度曲面建模方法研究进展与分类

高精度曲面建模方法(HASM)作为新一代的曲面模拟方法,经过20多年的发展,其理论体系不断完善,算法体系不断丰富,应用领域不断拓广。然而,目前HASM方法尚未建立科学的分类体系,仅依据求解算法为标准进行简单区分,忽视了HASM所研究问题本质上的差异,阻碍了HASM方法在相关领域的进一步应用。为此,本文在总结HASM方法发展过程的基础上,按照研究问题的本质特点,以输入数据的类型为依据,将HASM分为空间插值方法和空间数据融合方法。其中,HASM空间插值方法是根据离散采样点得到目标曲面,而HASM空间数据融合方法则是融合多源数据,并综合各个数据源优势而得到新曲面的过程。该分类科学、合理,为今后HASM方法的进一步应用提供了理论指导。最后本文叙述了应用两种HASM方法求解问题时的一般步骤,同时还对两种方法的发展前景进行了展望。     

1951-2010年中国季平均降水高精度曲面建模分析

利用1951-2010年中国711个气象观测站的月降水资料,对多年季平均降水根据中国农业气候类型进行分区模拟。针对中国降水特点,首先分析了影响各分区降水的地理、地形因素及局部地形因素,利用多项式回归和逐步回归的方法对各分区降水进行了趋势拟合;在此基础上,采用改进的高精度曲面建模(HASM)方法,对各模拟区域去掉趋势后的残差进行迭代修正,并比较验证了模拟效果。同时,为保证HASM在边界附近的模拟精度,根据区域内站点间的距离,对每一分区设置一个缓冲区,将HASM实际插值区域扩展为缓冲区内的部分。模拟结果表明:HASM方法的模拟精度在不同区域不同季节内均比经典的插值方法模拟精度高。利用上述方法分析了同一季节各分区降水的分布特点,并模拟了不同季节内多年平均降水的空间分布状况,模拟结果符合我国降水的实际分布特点。     

中国降水未来情景的降尺度模拟

基于长时间序列(1964～2007年)的全国降水观测数据, 结合经纬度数据以及DEM、 坡向、坡度等系列地形特征数据, 利用空间统计方法, 在构建年平均降水降尺度模型的基础 上, 运用高精度曲面建模(HASM)方法对经过降尺度分析的HadCM3的A1Fi、A2a和B2a 三种情景T1～T4时段的全国未来平均降水进行高精度曲面模拟。模拟结果显示, 在T1～T4 时段内, A1Fi、A2a和B2a三种情景的全国平均降水均呈持续增加趋势。其中, 平均降水在 A1Fi情景中增加速度最快, B2a情景中增加速度最慢;A1Fi和A2a两种情景的平均降水均呈 加速增加趋势, 而B2a情景的平均降水则呈减速增加趋势。模拟结果表明, 本文构建的降尺 度模拟方法可以有效地实现IPCC GCM 的低分辨率的降水情景数据降尺度转换成高分辨率的 降水数据。     

中国气温未来情景的降尺度模拟

由于GCM模拟的气温数据分辨率不高,很难用于区域尺度上各种生态系统的模拟。本文基于长时间序列（1964～2007年）的全国气温观测数据,结合经纬度数据、以及DEM、坡向、坡度等系列地形特征数据,利用空间统计方法,在构建年平均气温降尺度模型的基础上,运用高精度曲面建模（HASM）方法对HadCM3的A1Fi、A2a和B2...     

中国太阳总辐射的气候学计算法研究(英文)

Angstrom-Prescott公式的气候学计算法是应用较广的太阳辐射模拟方法,其系数一般通过线性回归确定。近年来,许多研究显示该系数存在明显的空间变异性,常见的解决方法是将研究区划分子区域逐个拟合。本研究采用1961-2010时段日照时数与太阳辐射站点资料,以天文辐射为起始值,基于地理加权回归得到全国尺度连续变化的Angstrom-Prescott系数。通过高精度曲面建模方法(HASM)构建的日照时数资料和天文辐射曲面,得到国家尺度太阳辐射曲面。空间非平稳和误差比较检验等结果表明,系数存在显著的空间非平稳性;与已有研究相比,本研究的模拟方法效果较好。     

基于地学信息的土壤属性高精度曲面建模

目前土壤属性的曲面建模面临两大问题,一是缺乏足够多的采样点进行模拟,二是采样点的土壤属性与环境变量间存在非线性关系。高精度曲面建模(HASM)方法在如何融合地学信息对土壤属性进行空间插值,尚需深入研究。本文提出高精度曲面建模与地学信息相结合的土壤属性空间插值方法(High accuracy surface modeling for soil properties, HASM-SP),分别基于研究区的土壤类型、土地利用类型和母岩类型,模拟了江西省典型红壤丘陵区土壤的速效磷(AP)、锂(Li)、pH、碱解氮(AN)、全钾(K) 和铬(Cr) 6 种土壤属性的空间分布。将HASM-SP与普通克立格(OK)、OK与地学信息相结合的方法(OK-Geo) 和分层克立格(SK) 相对比,结果表明：结合地学信息可以使插值方法(HASM-SP和OK-Geo) 模拟结果的平均误差更趋近于0;相对于其他3 种方法,HASM-SP具有较小的平均绝对误差和均方根误差。从模拟的空间分布图上来看,HASM-SP获得了由于地学要素类型突变导致的土壤属性空间变异的细节信息。因此,基于地学信息的土壤属性高精度曲面建模方法(HASM-SP) 与传统插值方法相比,不仅提高了土壤属性空间分布的模拟精度,还能更好地刻画突变边界处土壤属性的空间变异,使土壤属性分布图更好地符合地学规律和实际情况。HASM-SP的提出对于丰富土壤属性的高精度曲面建模理论具有重要意义,并为土壤管理、精准农业的实施以及区域环境规划等提供科学依据。     

基于HASM的黄土侵蚀地形重建方法研究

黄土高原是世界上侵蚀最强烈的区域之一,基于当前的地形信息对其地形进行重建可有效估算侵蚀量。该文基于高精度曲面建模(HASM)方法首先建立了黄土高原流域地形重建模型,并以多期人工模拟小流域为实例数据,从微观(坡度)和宏观(等高线)的角度分析了不同侵蚀阶段模拟小流域的地形重建结果,该地形重建结果具有较高精度,且处于侵蚀发育中期的小流域重建结果要优于处于侵蚀发育晚期的小流域重建结果。最后,以高程相对误差为指标定量分析了小流域地形重建的精度,结果显示,两个时期小流域重建结果的相对误差平均值分别为0.55%和0.57%,均方根误差分别为1.99%和2.73%,表明基于HASM方法的黄土流域地形重建方法是可行的。     

基于HASM的中国森林植被碳储量空间分布模拟

当前区域尺度上森林碳储量估算主要依据森林资源清查数据,整个过程不仅消耗大量人力、物力,而且十分耗时,严重影响了森林碳储量估算的时效性。针对这一问题,本文提出了基于HASM的森林植被碳储量模拟方法,该方法以全球植被动态模型LPJ-Guess 输出的植被碳储量为驱动场,以森林清查样地数据为精度控制点,模拟生成中国陆地森林碳储量分布情况。研究以第7 次中国森林资源清查数据作为精度控制点数据源,同时作为本文模拟方法的精度验证。结果表明,中国森林碳储量为9.2405 Pg,考虑到森林资源清查是基于一定的郁闭度进行的,因此HASM模拟的结果与根据森林资源清查结果计算得出的7.8115 Pg 相比更符合实际情况,西南山区和东北林区是中国森林最主要的碳库,其碳储量分别占中国森林植被碳储量的39.82%和20.46%。同时与之前(1975-1995 年) 相比具有较大幅度的增长,表明近几十年来中国坚持大规模植树造林的碳汇效果显著。同时也表明基于HASM的森林植被碳储量空间分布模拟方法是有效的,模拟结果合理且精度较高,表明该方法在全球尺度上森林植被碳储量模拟及其它生态系统中碳储量模拟中具有应用潜力。     

中国表层土壤全氮的空间模拟分析

基于第二次全国土壤普查5336个典型土壤剖面数据,分析表土全氮(A层)与环境因素的相关关系,利用多元回归模型和HASM模型结合的方法模拟中国国家尺度上表层土壤全氮的空间分布格局。结果表明:对350个检验点模拟结果的平均绝对误差和平均相对误差为0.67g·kg^-1和61.06%,与普通克里格法相比分别降低了0.05g·kg^-1和17.53%;对样点分布较少的西北地区的模拟结果也更符合实际情况。多元回归模型和HASM模型结合的方法考虑了环境因素的影响,可作为目前模拟大尺度土壤性质空间分布相对有效的方法。     

Surface modeling of DEMs based on a sequential adjustment method

A sequential adjustment (SA) method is employed to decrease the computational cost of high-accuracy surface modeling (HASM), and the SA of HASM (HASM-SA) is being developed. A mathematical surface was used to comparatively analyze the computing speed of SA and the classical iterative solvers provided by MATLAB 7.7 for solving the system of linear equations of HASM. Results indicate that SA is much faster than the classical iterative solvers. The computing time of HASM-SA is determined by not only the total number of grid cells but also the number of sampling points in the computational domain. A real-world example of surface modeling of digital elevation models (DEMs) with various resolutions shows that HASM-SA is averagely more accurate and much faster than the commonly used interpolation methods, such as inverse distance weighting (IDW), kriging, and three versions of spline, namely regularized spline (RSpline), thin-plate spline (TPS), and ANUDEM in terms of root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and mean error (ME). In particular, the ME of HASM-SA at different spatial resolutions is averagely smaller than those of IDW, kriging, RSpline, TPS, and ANUDEM by 85%, 83%, 83%, 53%, and 19%, respectively. The high speed and high accuracy of HASM-SA can be due to the absence of matrix inversion computation, combined with the perfect fundamental theorem of HASM.     

Adjustment computation of HASM: a high-accuracy and high-speed method

We developed a method for high-accuracy surface modeling (HASM) in terms of the fundamental theorem of surfaces, which has theoretically found a solution for error problems. However, the computing speed of HASM was too slow to be widely applied in practice. Thus, adjustment computation of HASM (HASM-AC) is developed in this article. For comparatively testing HASM-AC accuracy, a mathematical surface is first selected so that the true value is able to be predetermined to avoid uncontrollable data errors. The numerical test indicates that HASM-AC has the highest accuracy and its accuracy is 20.67, 15.67, and 14.67 times higher than the inverse distance weighting (IDW), kriging, and spline, respectively. Then, a 0.4 km × 0.5 km rectangular area is used to test the effects of different spatial resolutions and sampling intervals on accuracy. This real-world test demonstrates that HASM-AC accuracy increases at a much better and stable pace as the spatial resolution becomes finer and sampling intervals get shorter, compared to the classic methods. Finally, the computing speed is tested in an area with 6000 × 6000 grid cells where Qinghai, Gansu, and Sichuan provinces meet. The computing speed of HASM-AC is 11, 8, and 563 times faster than IDW, spline, and kriging, respectively, which makes HASM-AC able to process data in a huge size and make real-time visualization realizable. In short, HASM-AC performs best in both the numerical and real-world tests.     

一种土壤属性制图的曲面建模方法(英文)

High accuracy surface modeling(HASM) is a method which can be applied to soil property interpolation.In this paper,we present a method of HASM combined geographic information for soil property interpolation(HASM-SP) to improve the accuracy.Based on soil types,land use types and parent rocks,HASM-SP was applied to interpolate soil available P,Li,pH,alkali-hydrolyzable N,total K and Cr in a typical red soil hilly region.To evaluate the performance of HASM-SP,we compared its performance with that of ordinary kriging(OK),ordinary kriging combined geographic information(OK-Geo) and stratified kriging(SK).The results showed that the methods combined with geographic information including HASM-SP and OK-Geo obtained a lower estimation bias.HASM-SP also showed less MAEs and RMSEs when it was compared with the other three methods(OK-Geo,OK and SK).Much more details were presented in the HASM-SP maps for soil properties due to the combination of different types of geographic information which gave abrupt boundary for the spatial varia-tion of soil properties.Therefore,HASM-SP can not only reduce prediction errors but also can be accordant with the distribution of geographic information,which make the spatial simula-tion of soil property more reasonable.HASM-SP has not only enriched the theory of high accuracy surface modeling of soil property,but also provided a scientific method for the ap-plication in resource management and environment planning.     

小区域癌症数据典型空间插值方法比较研究

癌症已成为危害全球居民健康的重大民生问题,选取合适的空间插值方法分析小区域癌症数据的空间特征可对区域性癌症防控工作的有效开展提供依据.本研究以湖南省苏仙区2012和2016年以村为单位的肺癌死亡率数据为研究对象,以平均误差和均方根误差为评价指标,对反距离加权(IDW)、普通克里金(OK)、趋势面分析(TSA)、多元线性...     

The smoothness of HASM

To smooth noises inherent in uniformly sampled dataset, the smoothness of high accuracy surface modeling (HASM) was explored, and a smoothing method of HASM (HASM-SM) was developed based on a penalized least squares method. The optimal smoothing parameter of HASM-SM was automatically obtained by means of the generalized cross-validation (GCV) method. For an efficient smoothing computation, discrete cosine transform was employed to solve the system of HASM-SM and to estimate the minimum GCV score, simultaneously. Two examples including a numerical test and a real-world example were employed to compare the smoothing ability of HASM-SM with that of GCV thin plate smoothing spline (TPS) and kriging. The numerical test indicated that the minimum GCV HASM-SM is averagely more accurate than TPS and kriging for noisy surface smoothing. The real-world example of smoothing a lidar-derived Digital Elevation Model (DEM) showed that HASM-SM has an obvious smoothing effect, which is on a par with TPS. In conclusion, HASM-SM provides an efficient tool for filtering noises in grid-based surfaces like remote sensing–derived images and DEMs.     

基于GIS的新疆气温数据栅格化方法研究

以新疆99个气象台站1971-2010年年平均气温为数据源,采用多元回归结合空间插值的方法对新疆区域气温数据进行栅格化研究。建立了年平均气温与台站经纬度和海拔高度的多元回归模型,对于残差数据的插值采用了反距离权重法(IDW) 、普通克立格法 (Kriging)和样条函数法(Spline)3种目前应用广泛的空间插值方法,针对于这3种方法进行了基于MAE和RMSIE的交叉验证和对比分析,结果表明在新疆的年平均气温的GIS插值方案中,IDW方法精度总体要高于其他两种插值方法。