中原经济区经济联系网络空间格局

以中原经济区县级行政单元为网络节点,利用重力模型测算1996 年、2010 年231 个节点间的经济联系强度,分别取各个节点对外联系强度第1 位、前5 位、前10 位的连接建立经济联系网络,运用GIS 工具和社会网络分析方法分析网络的空间格局与演化特征。研究发现：① 中原经济区经济联系网络发育不平衡,节点度分布呈明显的右倾“斜长尾分布”特征,少数节点掌握着绝对的“网络权力”,郑州市为整个网络的首位核心,洛阳市、邯郸市为副中心;网络中部、北部节点间连通情况相对较好,而东、南两个方向上节点连通能力亟需提升。② 核心、边缘节点网络权力差距进一步扩大,2010 年节点度值基尼系数和集中度指数比1996 年均有明显提高,边缘区节点连通能力不足且进一步弱化,不利于中原经济区同毗邻地区的互动发展。③ 网络呈现多重轴—辐结构,郑州市为一级枢纽,洛阳市、邯郸市、漯河市等为二级枢纽;中原经济区正在建设的“十”字形发展轴和“米”字形发展带,有助于巩固一、二级枢纽间的经济联系,并使整个经济区实现优势互补、联动发展。④ 网络中的“掮客”节点主要位于中原城市群板块中,因此中原城市群发展对提高网络整体连通能力有很大作用。     

中国城市空间关联网络结构的时空演变

使用复杂网络的分析方法,研究了1983-2006 年中国城际航空网络的空间结构特征和格局变迁。主要结论有：① 城际航空网络作为典型的小世界网络,网络的稠密化趋势显著;②“轴-辐”空间组织模式已成为我国城际航空网络发展的基本模式。已形成以北京、上海、广州和深圳为轴心,以其他城市与轴心的空间联系为“辐网”的多轴心网络。同时,以乌鲁木齐和昆明为单轴心的两个相对独立的局部“轴-辐”网络日益完善;③ 城际航空网络演进效果具有明显的区域差异性,呈现出“鞍型”模式。东部比中西部地区航空的网络结构更加完善;④ 城际航空网络城市之间的空间关联表现出社群结构特征。枢纽性城市、地域邻近的城市以及城市职能相近的城市之间具有相似的空间关联特征;⑤ 随着城际航空网络的演进,35个大中城市在网络中的枢纽性地位表现出差异化趋势。此外,黄山、丽江等旅游城市、大连、青岛等沿海城市以及拉萨等西部城市航空联系的空间指向性特征明显。     

湖北省区域发展的空间结构与空间意象

湖北省是中国中部崛起的重要支点,但其支点作用的发挥有赖于其空间结构的战略性选择。经济地理学理论分析表明：联结武汉、宜昌、襄阳、荆门、十堰、恩施5 个极核城市所构成的“A型点轴结构”是湖北省区域发展的最佳空间结构。空间数据分析证明：“A型点轴结构”的轴线沿线是湖北经济社会发展的精华地带,“A型点轴结构”中极核城市之间的梯度差异反映了整个湖北东、中、西部的地区差异。应用“A型点轴结构”来统筹湖北未来的区域发展,其空间意象具有鲜明的“星座”、“脊梁”、“巨梯”和“飞箭”特征。     

武汉城市圈内部空间联系及其轴-辐网络结构演化

轴-辐伺服网络是一种高效的网络类型,有利于降低要素流动成本,提高效率,并发挥规模效应。选取武汉城市圈内37个城镇作为网络节点,利用修正后的引力模型计算其1995—2015年空间联系并进行分析,之后根据联系强度分布构建空间联系网络,并运用Python第三方开源软件包Networkx对其轴-辐网络结构及演化进行评价,得到如下结论：① 城市间联系强度逐渐增强,由单极放射状向网状一体化渐次演化,总体联系呈现以武汉主城区为中心的核心—边缘格局。空间联系网络与联系强度同步发育,结构更加致密,同时关键节点的枢纽地位愈发凸显。② 关键轴心城镇与联系通道围绕武汉主城区逐步发育,最终形成覆盖武汉主城区东、北、南三向的多重连接环,构成辐点城镇与轴心城镇进行联系的主要路径。③ 整体网络形成以武汉主城区为一级轴心,部分地级城市主城区为二级轴心,其他城镇为辐点的轴—辐网络结构,形态则呈现点对式网络—初级轴-辐网络—层级轴-辐网络的演化过程,且仍处于继续发育中。     

水资源约束下西北干旱区河西走廊城市化发展模式

西北干旱区城市化进程受到水资源短缺及其用水结构不合理的双重约束。本文以甘肃河西走廊为例 ,针对河西走廊未来 30年总需水量阈值、经济总量阈值、总人口阈值和城市化水平阈值 ,认为最经济、最节水的城市化发展方针为禁止发展特大城市 ,有选择地培育一个大城市 ,积极发展中小城市 ,科学发展小城镇。据此提出了与水资源约束相适应的西北干旱区河西走廊城市化发展的 6种模式。即 :推行“产业移人”和“环境移民”为主、“人移产业”为辅的城市扩展模式 ;推行“分步到位”为主 ,“一步到位”为辅的城市生态移民模式 ;推行“退一进二”、“退乡进城”的城市用水转换模式 ;推行“节水量城”为主 ,“借水养市”为辅的节水型城市化模式 ;推行“稳粮兴草” ,“稳农强工” ,“活商旺城”的城市产业转换模式 ;推行“一核四极” ,“一轴三带”、“乡镇同兴”的“卅”字型城市空间推进模式     

关于中原经济区建设的区域布局构想

建设中原经济区,形成中原经济区区域内分工协作、优势互补、良性互动、共同发展的局面,必须有科学的区域布局.为此,提出了中原经济区地域发展布局的战略构想:升级以郑汴洛地区为主体的带动中原经济区发展的最重要的增长轴;强化以郑州市为中心和以洛阳市为副中心的核心增长极;构建中原城市群的核心圈、紧密圈、辐射圈;协调推进产业集聚区建设、粮食核心区建设、生态保护区建设和文化开发区建设;培育沿京广交通线经济带、沿陇海交通线经济带、沿焦枝交通线经济带、沿京九交通线经济带、沿西宁交通线经济带.     

乡村居民旅游支持度影响模型及机理——基于不同生命周期阶段的苏州乡村旅游地比较

基于地方感、可持续发展、居民参与以及利益相关者等理论,选择“地方感”、“环境态度”、“参与度”、“居民感知”和“支持度”5个结构变量,构建影响旅游地居民支持度结构关系模型,以不同生命周期阶段的3 个乡村旅游地(渔港村、旺山村、蒋巷村)为实证研究对象,对居民旅游支持度结构模型进行验证分析,并依据结构方程模型分析和因子分析,深入探讨不同生命周期阶段旅游地的居民支持度的影响机制。研究表明：①基本维度因素在不同生命周期阶段旅游地的居民支持度影响模型中所起的作用存在差异,起步阶段旅游地的“地方感”和“环境态度”对支持度起正向作用,而“参与度”对支持度没有产生影响;“地方感”、“环境态度”和“参与度”对迅速发展阶段和稳定发展阶段旅游地的支持度均产生正向作用。②“居民感知”在不同生命周期阶段旅游地的居民支持度影响机制中所发挥的中介作用存在差异,起步阶段旅游地的“居民感知”没起到中介作用;迅速发展阶段旅游地的“居民感知”对支持度产生负向中介作用;稳定发展阶段旅游地的“居民感知”对支持度起到正向中介作用。③二维影响因素在不同生命周期阶段旅游地的居民支持度影响机制中所起的作用存在差异：起步阶段旅游地的“地方认同”和“基本环境态度”;迅速发展阶段旅游地的 “地方认同”、“可持续性环境态度”和“表层参与”以及稳定发展阶段旅游地的“地方依赖”、“经济代价性环境态度”、“深度参与”和“正面影响感知”对支持度均产生显著正向影响。     

中国机场体系的空间格局及其服务水平

利用定量模型和GIS方法,从空间布局、服务范围以及航空客流分布等方面来研究中国的机场体系及其服务水平。中国机场存在空间布局不均衡和等级结构不合理等问题,各机场的服务水平空间表现不一致,整体服务格局与全国社会经济发展的格局基本协调。航空客流趋向东部沿海地区集聚,空间联系和拓展具有明显的层级性,具有一定的轴-辐式网络特征。整个机场体系表现为以“京沪穗”为核心的“鼎形”空间系统,并将在未来一段时间内得以维持。研究表明,中国机场体系的结构与全国或区域城市体系结构有一定的相互联系,随着航空运输需求的快速发展,未来机场体系的建设既要注意平衡机场区域布局,又需重视优化网络与等级体系,从而合理引导航空网络结构的演变。     

中原经济区地缘经济关系研究

国家战略明确提出重点推进中原经济区等区域的发展,为中原经济区的发展提供了机遇和广阔的前景.郑州作为中原经济区的核心城市,凭借其作为增长极城市的经济辐射力和带动力,在中原经济区中的地位举足轻重.利用地缘经济关系的测度体系,运用欧氏距离对郑州和中原经济区内其他28个城市的地缘经济关系进行定量分析,将中原经济区内城市分为4类:强竞争型城市,一般竞争型城市,一般互补型城市,强互补型城市;并分析了郑州市地缘经济关系的优势和劣势所在.研究表明,中原经济区地缘经济关系严峻,从整体上看竞争性大于互补性.因此,各城市应根据不同地缘经济关系类型,采取不同发展策略.     

基于最多叶子生成树的中国航空网络轴辐结构构建

航空网络的轴辐 (Hub-Spoke) 结构是实现规模经济发展的重要交通运输网络结构,本文为此提出了一种全新的航空网络轴辐结构构建方法。该方法从图论和地理学的角度出发,引入地理距离约束,改进了传统的最多叶子生成树 (Maximum Leaf Spanning Tree) 算法,直接从现有的中国航空网络中抽取树形轴辐结构形成航空支线网络,然后选取支线网络中度前10的节点作为航空枢纽点,并将枢纽点之间在原图中的航线抽取为航空干线网络,最后将支线网络和干线网络合并形成中国航空网络的轴辐结构。在与相关研究的对比分析中,本文方法虽是从图论角度出发,但构建的中国航空轴辐结构符合实际地理环境,划分支线网络距离阈值的选择更加客观合理,所选的航空枢纽点地理意义更为明显,干支线网络的覆盖度更为全面。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Development and Environment in Peninsular Malaysia . S. Robert Aiken, Colin H. Leigh, Thomas R. Leinbach, Michael R. Moss. The Rural-Urban Fringe: Canadian Perspectives . Ken B. Beesley and Lorne H. Russwurm, eds. Women and Development . Lourdes Benería, ed. The Border that Joins: Mexican Migrants and U.S. Responsibility . Peter G. Brown and Henry Shue, eds. Cities of the World: World Regional Urban Development . Stanley D. Brunn and Jack L. Williams, eds. Time Resources, Society, and Ecology: On the Capacity for Human Interaction in Space and Time (Vol. I, Preindustrial Societies). Tommy Carlstein. Urban Geography . David Clark. Spanish City Planning in North America . Dora P. Crouch, Daniel J. Garr, and Axel I. Mundigo. Not On Our Street: Community Attitudes to Mental Health Care . M. J. Dear and S. M. Taylor Unequal growth: Urban and Regional Employment Change in the U.K. Stephen Fothergill and Graham Gudgin. Agricultural Land in an Urban Society . Owen J. Furuseth and John T. Pierce. The Petroleum Industry in Oil-Importing Developing Countries . Fariborz Ghadar. Historical Understanding in Geography, An Idealist Approach . Leonard Guelke. Regional Planning in Europe . R. Hudson and J. R. Lewis, eds. Remote Sensing for Resource Management . Chris J. Johannsen and James L. Sanders, eds. Geography and The State . R. J. Johnston. Texas Graveyards: a Cultural Legacy . Tlrry G. Jordan. The Politics of Location: An Introduction . Andrew Kirby. A Social Geography of the City . David Ley. Energy and the Future . Douglas MacLean and Peter Brown, eds. The Natural Environment of Newfoundland Past and Present . A. G. Macpherson and J. B. Macpherson, eds. Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social Impacts . Alister Mathieson and Geoffrey Wall. Railroads and Land Grant Policy: A Study in Government Intervention . Lloyd J. Mercer. Progress in Rural Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Urban Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Models of Spatial Inequality: Settlement Patterns in Historical Archaeology . Robert Paynter. Natural Hazard Risk Assessment and Public Policy, Anticipating the Unexpected . William J. Petak and Arthur A. Atkisson. The Nature of Geomorphology . Alistair F. Pitty. Regional Conflict and National Policy . Kent A. Price Women and Spatial Change: Learning Resources for Social Science Courses . Arlene C. Rengert and Janice J. Monk, eds. Urban and Regional Analysis for Development Planning . Richard Rhoda. Rivers: Form and Process in Alluvial Channels . Keith Richards. This Remarkable Continent: An Atlas of United States and Canadian Society and Culture . John F. Rooney, Jr., Wilbur Zelinsky, and Dean R. Louder, gen. eds. The Origins of Open-Field Agriculture . Trevor Rowley, ed. Residential Location Determinants of the Older Population . Gundars Rudzitis. Borderland Sourcebook: A Guide to the Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest . Ellwyn R. Stoddard, Richard L. Nostrand, and Jonathan P. West, eds. Arctic and Antarctic . David Sugden. Tall Timbers Ecology and Management Conference, February 22–24, 1979, Proceedings No. 16 . Graphic Communication and Design in Contemporary Cartography (Progress in Contemporary Cartography , Vol. II). D. R. Fraser Taylor, ed. Living with Energy Shortfall: A Future for American Towns and Cities . Jon Van Til. The United States: Habitation of Hope . J. Wreford Watson. Air Photo Interpretation for Archaeologists . D. R. Wilson. Urban and Rural Change in West Germany . Trevor Wild, ed. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Geography and the Third World. International Seminar, 14–18 May 1980, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia . Ishmail Ahmad and Jamaluddin Md Jahi, eds. The Growth Dilemma: Residents' Views and Local Population Change in the United States . Mark Baldassare. Sport and Place: A Geography of Sport in England, Scotland & Wales . John Bale. The Deindustrialization of America: Plant Closings, Community Abandonment, and the Dismantling of Basic Industry . Barry Bluestone and Bennett Harrison. Selected Essays 1963–1975: Carl O. Sauer . Bob Callahen, ed. Housing and Planning in the Countryside . G. Clark. Conflict, Politics and the Urban Scene . Kevin R. Cox and R. J. Johnston, eds. Thematic Maps: Their Design and Production . David J. Cuff and Mark T. Mattson. Wine: A Geographic Appreciation . Harm Jan de Blij. USSR in Maps . J. C. Dewdney. Political Geography: A Contemporary Perspective . Ramesh D. Dikshit. Rethinking Human Adaptation . Rada Dyson-Hudson and Michael A. Little, eds. Sacred Sands: The Struggle for Community in the indiana Dunes . J. Ronald Engel. Geography of the Biosphere . A. Furley and Walter W. Newey. Disaster and Reconstruction . Robert Geipel. Glasgow: The Making of a City . Andrew Gibb. Design for Arid Regions . Giden S. Golany, ed. Urbanization and Cancer Mortality: The United States Experience, 1950–1975 . Michael R. Greenberg. Geology in the Nineteenth Century: Changing Views of a Changing World . Mott T. Greene. Colonización y Destrucción de Bosques en Panamá . Stanley Heckadon Moreno and Alberto McKay, eds. Urban Geography: A First Approach . David T. Herbert and Colin J. Thomas. The Visual and Spatial Structure of Landscapes . Tadahiko Higuchi. Climate from Tree Rings . M. K. Hughes, P. M. Kelly, J. R. Pilcher, and V. C. LaMarche, Jr., eds. The structure of Nineteenth Century Cities . James H. Johnson and Colin G. Pooley, eds. The American Planner: Biographies and Recollections . Donald A. Krueckeberg, ed. Urban Land Policy For the 1980s, the Message for State and Local Government . George Lefcoe, ed. Regional Planning: Evolution, Crisis and Prospects . Gill C. Lim, ed. Relevance and Ethics In Geography . Bruce Mitchell and Dianne Draper. China: The Geography of Development and Modernization . Clifton W. Pannell and Laurence J. C. MA. The Urban Retailing System . Robert B. Potter. Hants. Nonconventional Energy Resources . Philip R. Pryde. Caribbean Migrants: Environment and Human Survival on St. Kitts and Nevis . Bonham C. Richardson. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson. East Los Angeles: History of A Barrio . Ricardo Romo. Integrated Impact Assessment . Frederick A. Rossini and Alan L. Porter, eds. Environmental Aesthetics: Essays in Interpretation . Barry Sadler and Allen Carlson, eds. Earthwatch . Charles Sheffield. Field Techniques and Research Methods in Geography . Robert H. Stoddard. Haiti: Land of Poverty . Robert J. Tata. Weathering and Erosion: Sources and Methods in Geography . Stephen T. Trudgill. Once Beneath the Forest. Prehistoric Terracing in the Río Bec Region of the Maya Lowlands . B. L. Turner, II. The Historical Geography of Scotland since 1707 . David Turnock.     

PRODUCTIVITY OF AMERICAN PH.D.-GRANTING DEPARTMENTS OF GEOGRAPHY

Reviews of geographic software in this article:

DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS.

ESP

GAUSS.

CEMODEL S. Damus

LIMDEP. William H. Greene

MICROSTAT 4.1

OTIS

PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System). H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein.

REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS)

SPSS/PC+

URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Rabat: Urban Apartheid in Morocco . Janet Abu -Lughod . Marketplaces in a Developing Country: The Case of Western Nigeria . Isaac Ayinde Adalemo . Farming Development and Space: A World Agricultural Geography . Bernd Andreae . Section and Party: A Political Geography of American Presidential Elections, from Andrew Jackson to Ronald Reagan . J. Clark Archer and Peter J. Taylor . Women and Space: Ground Rules and Social Maps . Shirley Ardener , ed. European Progress in Spatial Analysis . R. J. Bennett , ed. The Origins of Academic Geography in the United States . Brian W. Blouet Geographic Perspectives on Global Problems . Ronald Reed Boyce . Seasonal Dimensions to Rural Poverty . Robert Chambers , Richard Longhurst and Arnold Pacey eds. The New Nationalism and the Use of Common Spaces: Issues in Marine Pollution and the Exploitation of Antarctica . Jonathan I. Charney , ed. Communications Tomorrow: The Coming of the Information Society . Edward Cornish , ed. The Design of Suburbia . Arthur Edwards . Explorer on the Northern Plains: Lieutenant Gouverneur K. Warren's Preliminary Report of Explorations in Nebraska and Dakota in the Years 1855–56–57. With an Introduction by Frank N. Schubert . The Changing Climate: Responses of the Natural Flora and Fauna . Michael J. Ford . Essentials of Physical Geography . Robert E. Gabler , Robert J. Sager , Sheila Brazier , and Daniel L. Wise. The Road to Jaramillo . William Glen . Valued Environments . John R. Gold and Jacquelin Burgess , eds. Proximity and Preference: Problems in the Multidimensional Analysis of Large Data Sets . Reginald G. Golledge and John N. Rayner , eds. A Search for Common Ground . Peter Gould and Gunnar Olsson , eds. Geography: Its History and Concepts . Arild Holt -Jensen . A Population Geography . Huw R. Jones . The Human Mosaic: A Thematic Introduction to Cultural Geography, 3rd ed. Terry G. Jordan and Lester Rowntree . Urban Social Geography: An Introduction . Paul Knox . The Anatomy of Job Loss: The How, Why and Where of Employment Decline . Doreen Massey and Richard Meegan . The Information Society as Post-Industial Society . Yoneji Masuda . Map Librarianship, 2nd ed. Harold Nichols . India: Cultural Patterns and Processes . Allen G. Noble and Ashok K. Dutt , eds. The God that Limps: Science and Technology in the Eighties . Colin Norman . Geography: An Introductory Perspective . Robert E. Norris , Keith D. Harries and John D. Vitek . The Politics of Technology Assessment . David M. O'Brien and Donald A. Marchand . Ethnic Segregation in Cities . Ceri Peach , Vaughan Robinson and Susan Smith , eds. Churches and Church Membership in the United States, 1980 . Bernard Quinn , Herman Anderson , Martin Bradley , Paul Goetting and Peggy Shriver . Energy in Australia: Politics and Economics . Hugh Saddler . Development from Above or Below? The Dialectics of Regional Planning in Developing Countries . Walter B. Stóuhr and D. R. Fraser Taylor , eds. Human Impact on the Ecosystem . Joy Tivy and Greg O'Hare . Plants and People: Vegetation Change in North America . Thomas R. Vale . The Mapmakers: The Story of the Great Pioneers in Cartography from Antiquity to the Space Age . John Noble Wilford .     

Deserts and Aeolian Desertification in China: Book review and some thoughts

Desertification is a global phenomenon that affects about two billion people. It occurs in arid zones where the annual precipitation is below 400 mm, partic- ularly in the marginal areas of the world＇s largest deserts. It is a result of water and wind erosion, over- grazing, global warm-ing, improper soil cultivation, and increased pressure ot population growth, and it causes degradation of soil and natural and agricultural vegetation. The direct result is less food for people and livestock, which influences pop- ulation and animal husbandry fluctuations. Despite ef- forts to combat and reduce desertification, the affected areas are annually increasing.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: The Rice Economy of Asia . Randolph Barker and Robert W. Herdt with Beth Rose. Using Microcomputers: A Guidebook for Writers, Teachers, and Researchers in the Social Sciences . Blaine A. Erie—the Lake that Survived . Noel M. Burns. Geology and Society . Donald R. Coates. Caves and Karst of Kentucky . Percy H. Dougherty, ed. Altered Harvest: Agriculture, Genetics, and the Fate of the World's Food Supply . Jack Doyle. The Middle East and North Africa, A Political Geography . Alasdair Drysdale and Gerald H. Blake. Clamor at the Gates. The New American Immigration . Nathan Glazer, ed. Development and the Landowner: An analysis of the British experience . Robin Goodchild and Richard Munton. Discovering Landscape in England and Wales . Andrew Goudie and Rita Gardner. The Modern Plantation in the Third World . Edgar Graham and Ingrid Floering. Social Relations and Spatial Structures . Derek Gregory and John Urry, eds. The World Food Problem 1950–1980 . David Grigg. Costa Rica: A Geographical Interpretation in Historical Perspective . Carolyn Hall. The Urbanization of Capital: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey Consciousness and the Urban Experience: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey. Reviving Main Street . Deryck Holdsworth, ed. Rural Roads and Poverty Alleviation . John Howe and Peter Richards, eds. Uneven Development in Southern Europe: Studies of Accumulation, Class, Migration and the State . Ray Hudson and Jim Lewis, eds. Karst Geomorphology . J. N. Jennings. The Geomorphology of North-west England . R. H. Johnson, ed. Climate Impact Assessment: Studies of the Interaction of Climate and Society . Robert Kates, Jesse Ausubel, Mimi Berberian, eds. Public Service Provision and Urban Development . Andrew Kirby, Paul Knox, and Steven Pinch, ed. State and Market: The Politics of the Public and the Private . Jan-Erik Lane, ed. Living Cities . Twentieth Century Fund Task Force on Urban Preservation Policies. World Climatic Systems . John G. Lockwood. Urban Ethnicity in the United States. New Immigrants and Old Minorities . Lionel Maldonaldo and Joan Moore, eds. Culture and Conservation: The Human Dimension in Environmental Planning . Jeffrey A. McNeely and David Pitt, eds. The Andean Past. Land, Societies, and Conflicts . Magnus Mörner. Gaia: An Atlas of Planet Management . Norman Myers, ed. Progress in Industrial Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Political Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Rivers and Landscape . Geoff Petts and Ian Foster. Urbanization and Planning in the 3rd World: Spatial Perceptions and Public Participation . Robert B. Potter. One Island, Two Nations? A Political Geographical Analysis of the National Conflict in Ireland . D. G. Pringle. Circulation in Third World Countries . R. Mansell Prothero and Murray Chapman. The Ozarks Outdoors: A Guide for Fishermen, Hunters, and Tourists . Milton D. Rafferty. Suburban Burglary: A Time and a Place for Everything . George Rengert and John Wasilchick. Geomorphology and Soils . K.S. Richards, R.R. Arnett, and S. Ellis, eds. The Homes and Homeless of Post-War Britain . Frederick Shaw. Indochinese Refugees in America . Paul J. Strand and Woodrow Jones, Jr. Wild Horses and Sacred Cows . Richard Symanski. Forever Wild: Environmental Aesthetics and the Adirondack Forest Preserve . Philip G. Terrie. The Regional Economic Impact of Technological Change . A.T. Thwaites and R.P. Oakey, eds. The Good Life . Yi-Fu Tuan.     

THE MOST PERFECT EXAMPLE OF AN ALIEN ECOLOGY EVER CONSTRUCTED

Much science-fiction literature is based upon the creation and exploration of alternative environments. Stanley G. Weinbaum's short story, “Parasite Planet,”introduces an unusual environment that may be wrong in the light of recent evidence on Venus but still stimulates the geographical imagination.     

Metals and models: Diagenic modelling in freshwater lacustrine sediments

This review aims to distill and synthesize the existing information on the use of models to describe and predict the distribution and movement of metals in lacustrine sediments. As such it examines the causes of metal diagenesis, the origin and form of the equations that govern these phenomena, and the predictability or measurability of the parameters that appear in the models. The paper concludes by highlighting some seminal results from modelling studies, including the determination of the factors controlling the formation of surficial Mn-Fe-enriched zone or layers, the substantial contribution possible from metal reduction to organic matter regeneration, the calculation of mixing-corrected metal input histories to lakes, and the prediction of growth rates and morphologies for both deep-sea and lacustrine ferromanganese nodules.     

Guidelines to Authors

正1.Aims and scope Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions(SCAR)is a bimonthly journal that publishes in English the latest research achievements in processes and the patterns of the Earth surface system in cold and arid regions.Researches in cold regions emphasize particularly on the cold-region-characterized physical,chemical and biological processes and their interactions,and on the response of cryosphere to global change and human activities as well as their effects on environment and the acclimatizable strategies;focus on the objects of glacier,snow,river,lake,sea ice,permafrost and seasonal frozen ground,and periglacial geomorphology,etc.;and think much of cold regions     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Portable Utopia: Glasgow and the United States 1820–1920. Bernard Aspinwall. Studies in Russian Historical Geography. James H. Bater and R. A. French, eds. Water and Sanitation: Economic and Sociological Perspectives. Peter G. Bourne, ed. Green Politics. Fritjof Capra and Charlene Spretnak. The Southern Cone: Realities of the Authoritarian State. César N. Caviedes. Women in Third World Development. Sue Ellen Charlton. Land Management: New Directions. David Chiddick and Alan Millington, eds. Geography and Ethnic Pluralism. Colin Clarke, David Ley, Ceri Peach, eds. Geomorphological Hazards in Los Angeles. R. U. Cooke. Regional Impacts of United States-Mexico Economic Relations. Alfonso Corona and Lay James Gibson. eds. Patterns of Jobs and Geographic Mobility. Torvald Gerger. Cities and Sickness: Health Care in Urban America. Ann Lennarson Greer and Scott Greer, eds. Neighborhoods: Their Place in Urban Life. Howard W. Hallman. Development and the Rural-Urban Divide. John Harriss and Mick Moore, eds. Patterns of Undocumented Migration: Mexico and the United States. Richard C. Jones, ed. Central Place Theory. Leslie J. King. The Geography of Western Europe: A Socio-economic Survey. Paul L. Knox. Regions and Resources: Strategies for Development. David T. Krisge, Daniel A. Seiver, Oliver S. Goldsmith and Michael J. Scott. Geography of Crowding and Human Response. A Study of Ahmedabad City. K. M. Kulkarni. Haciendo Pueblo. The Development of a Guadalajaran Suburb. Kathleen Logan. The Imperial Lion: Human Dimensions of Wildlife Management in Central Africa. Stewart A. Marks. Water in the Hispanic Southwest: A Social and Legal History, 1550–1850. Michael C. Meyer. Imlil: A Moroccan Mountain Community in Change. James A. Miller. Tourism in Canada: Selected Issues and Options. Peter E. Murphy, ed. David Harvey's Geography. John L. Paterson. Raster Scanning, Processing and Plotting of Cartographic Documents. Donna J. Peuquet and A. Raymond Boyle. The USSR and the Muslim World: Issues in Domestic and Foreign Policy. Yaacov Ro'i, ed. Environmental Perception and Behavior: An Inventory and Prospect. Thomas F. Saarinen, David Seamon, and James L. Sell. Incised channels, Morphology, Dynamics, and Control. Stanley A. Schumm, Michael D. Harvey, and Chester C. Watson. The Gap Between Rich and Poor: Contending Perspectives on the Political Economy of Development. Mitchell A. Seligson, ed. Twentieth-Century Richmond. Planning, Politics and Race. Christopher Silver. Land Conservation and Development: Examples of Land-Use Planning Projects and Programs. F. R. Steiner and H. N. van Lier, eds. Biogeography: Recent Advances and Future Directions. J. A. Taylor, ed. Late Quaternary Environments of the Soviet Union. A. A. Velichko, ed. H. E. Wright, Jr. and C. W. Barnosky, eds.