Arc-oblique fault systems: their role in the Cenozoic structural evolution and metallogenesis of the Andes of central Chile

The evolution of the Main Cordillera of Central Chile is characterized by the formation and subsequent inversion of an intra-arc volcano-tectonic basin. The world’s largest porphyry Cu-Mo deposits were emplaced during basin inversion. Statistically, the area is dominated by NE- and NW-striking faults, oblique to the N-striking inverted basin-margin faults and to the axis of Cenozoic magmatism. This structural pattern is interpreted to reflect the architecture of the pre-Andean basement. Stratigraphic correlations, syn-extensional deposits and kinematic criteria on fault surfaces show several arc-oblique structures were active as normal faults at different stages of basin evolution. The geometry of syn-tectonic hydrothermal mineral fibers, in turn, demonstrates that most of these structures were reactivated as strike-slip ± reverse faults during the middle Miocene – early Pliocene. Fault reactivation age is constrained by ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar dating of hydrothermal minerals deposited during fault slip. The abundance and distribution of these minerals indicates fault-controlled hydrothermal fluid flow was widespread during basin inversion. Fault reactivation occurred under a transpressive regime with E- to ENE-directed shortening, and was concentrated around major plutons and hydrothermal centers. At the margins of the former intra-arc basin, deformation was largely accommodated by reverse faulting, whereas in its central part strike-slip faulting was predominant.     

New 40Ar/39Ar age of granitic rocks and related gold mineralization at the Kirovskoye deposit (southeastern margin of the North Asian craton)

The Kirovskoye gold deposit located in the southern part of the Selenga-Stanovoi superterrane at the southeastern margin of the Siberian craton is one of the largest ore deposits in the eastern regions of the Russian Far East. ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar geochronological studies revealed that the age of the quartz-diorite-porphyrite and granodiorite-porphyry dikes is 128?126 Ma. This estimate agrees with the previous U-Pb age of 125 ± 2 Ma for the Dzhalinda granodiorites. The age of hydrothermal ore-forming processes was estimated at ～121?120 Ma. These results allow us to infer that a relationship between Kirovskoye gold mineralization was formed as a result of postmagmatic hydrothermal activity, which accompanied the emplacement of the Dzhalinda intrusion and coeval dikes.     

广西锑矿成矿规律研究

广西锑矿资源丰富,为研究其成矿规律,在前人工作的基础上,较为全面地总结了广西锑矿的勘查开发、资源分布、矿床成因、空间分布特征、主要成矿时代及成矿规律等,并划分出了岩浆热液型、浅成中-低温热液型和风化型3个三级矿床成因类型,其中岩浆热液型为广西主要的锑矿床类型.在三级矿床成因类型的基础上共划分出7个四级成因类型,其中复合...     

辽宁弓长岭铁矿床磁铁矿稀土元素特征及其地质意义

辽宁弓长岭铁矿床是我国著名的沉积变质型铁矿床,其二矿区的磁铁富矿达大型规模,属国内之最.为探讨弓长岭铁矿床铁矿的物质来源、形成环境和富矿成因,本文以二矿区六个铁矿体的贫铁矿石和富铁矿石中磁铁矿单矿物为研究对象,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱进行了系统的稀土元素测试.结果表明,所有样品中磁铁矿的稀土元素总量(∑REEs)和Y具有非常一致的特征:稀土元素总量较低,Y/Ho比值较高;经太古界后平均澳大利亚页岩( PAAS)标准化呈现重稀土相对富集、轻稀土相对亏损的分馏模式,大部分呈现La正异常,所有样品都有明显的Eu和Y正异常,这些特征表明研究区的磁铁矿成矿物质主要来源于海底高温热液和海水;虽然磁铁矿的Ce/Ce*为0.69～ 0.97,但大多数样品缺乏真正意义的Ce负异常,这暗示其沉积于还原的海水环境;富铁矿石磁铁矿的稀土元素总量和Eu含量明显高于贫铁矿石的磁铁矿,而且含富矿的上含铁带Eu异常明显较高,表明富铁矿石磁铁矿具有更明显的热液特征,是在贫铁矿石的基础上受热液活动形成的.     

青海江里沟钨多金属矿成矿控制因素及矿化富集规律

青海江里沟钨多金属矿床目前是青海境内规模最大的钨矿床,其规模达中-大型,大地构造位置属秦祁昆复合造山系秦岭造山带西段。本文从江里沟钨多金属矿床的成矿地质背景、矿区地质特征、矿体特征等方面入手,总结矿床控矿因素及矿化富集规律。矿体受岗察复式花岗岩体与围岩接触带控制,矿化围绕岩体具有明显的分带性,自岩体向外形成了斑岩型钼矿化-云英岩型钨矿-矽卡岩型钨铜钼矿-角岩型钨矿-脉状铅锌矿的矿化系列,以矽卡岩型为主要类型。其矿床成因为与晚三叠世江里沟复式花岗岩体晚阶段花岗斑岩和细粒花岗岩的侵入及岩浆后期热液有关的多位一体矿床,为下一步的找矿提供依据。     

河北东坪碲金矿床辉钼矿Re-Os及锆石U-Pb年龄研究

东坪碲金矿床是与碱性侵入岩有关的国内规模最大的碲金矿床。虽然前人已对该矿床做过大量研究,但其成矿年龄仍存在较大争议。文章通过对矿床中辉钼矿Re-Os和锆石U-Pb年龄进行研究,对成矿年龄和矿床成因进行限定。矿床中的辉钼矿存在浸染状和细脉状两种产状。浸染状辉钼矿通常产于正长岩,与硫化物共生,Re-Os模式年龄为(401.1±2.1)和(402.8±2.1) Ma。细脉状辉钼矿主要产在石英-硫化物脉中,其内部及裂隙中产出大量自然金,Re-Os模式年龄为(380.3±2.0)和(376.9±2.9) Ma。含金石英脉中的岩浆锆石U-Pb年龄为(394±1.7) Ma,热液锆石U-Pb年龄为(382±4.7) Ma。辉钼矿与锆石年龄一致,且与水泉沟碱性杂岩体侵位年龄相吻合,因此认为东坪碲金矿床存在泥盆纪成矿,可能与水泉沟岩体岩浆活动有关。矿床经历了晚侏罗世—早白垩世岩浆流体的交代、活化、富集过程,最终形成大型碲金矿床。矿床中的碲主要来自上地幔或洋壳物质的部分熔融,水泉沟碱性岩浆出溶的高氧逸度、中偏碱性的流体和脱气作用为碲的迁移和富集提供了重要条件。     

Complexity gradients in the Yilgarn Craton: Fundamental controls on crustal-scale fluid flow and the formation of world-class orogenic-gold deposits

Fractal-dimension analysis is an effective means of quantifying complex map patterns of structures and lithological contacts, which are conduits for hydrothermal fluid flow during the formation of orogenic-gold deposits. In this study, fractal dimensions, calculated on a 10 km grid across a geologic map of the Yilgarn Craton of uniform data quality, highlight relationships between geologic complexity and the location and size of Archaean orogenic-gold deposits. In the Kalgoorlie Terrane and Laverton Tectonic Zone, the largest gold deposits occur along steep gradients defined by fractal-dimension values. These steep gradients in the greenstone belts occur between massive sedimentary rock sequences of low complexity, and volcanic and intrusive rock units with more complex map patterns. The formation of world-class orogenic-gold deposits requires that hydrothermal fluids become focused from a large volume of well-connected rocks at depth, towards narrow, high-permeability zones near the location of deposit formation. Connectivity is indirectly related to permeability, and the degree of connectivity is related to the density and orientation of fluid pathways, which are quantified in map patterns using fractal-dimension analysis. Thus, fractal dimensions are a measure of the potential for increased connectivity and the likelihood of increased permeability. Greater complexity, as measured by larger fractal dimensions, implies that a certain area has the potential to produce more interconnected pathways, or zones of high connectivity. Therefore, the steep complexity gradients defined in the Kalgoorlie Terrane and Laverton Tectonic Zone correspond to areas that focused large volumes of hydrothermal fluid and enhanced the potential for significant gold mineralisation. Fractal-dimension analysis thus provides a link between empirical map features and the processes that have enhanced hydrothermal fluid flow and resulted in the formation of larger orogenic-gold deposits.     

智利艾斯康迪达铜矿床地质特征与成矿模式

艾斯康迪达矿床是位于智利北部安第斯铜矿带的世界第三大斑岩型铜矿床,铜储量3156.7×104t,其形成主要与始新世晚期—渐新世的石英二长岩-花岗闪长斑岩岩株有关,构造上受多梅科断层系统的控制。该矿床拥有典型斑岩型铜钼矿床的热液蚀变类型,包括钾长石化、黑云母化、石英-绿泥石-绢云母化、泥化与青磐岩化。与成矿有关的侵入岩年龄在38Ma左右,辉钼矿Re-Os年龄为36.1~33.7Ma。流体包裹体特征表明,该区域矿床成矿热液分为早期高温的岩浆热液和晚期岩浆热液与地下水混合的低温低盐度热液2期。高场强元素的负异常、稀土元素La/Yb值特征与Sr-Nd同位素比值特征表明,成矿斑岩是混入少量壳源物质的幔源岩浆演化来的。形成于南北向多梅科断层与北西向线性构造交会位置的转换拉伸环境,对艾斯康迪达矿床成矿斑岩的侵位具有关键性作用。     

华南-古岩溶型铀矿床中有机质的热成熟异常及其矿床成因意义

华南某层控铀矿床中有机质可分为原生沉积型、热液变质型和运移型三种类型，其母质类型为腐泥－腐殖型，主要来源于海相微体生物、藻类及少量源于陆相高等植物。根据镜质体反射率、饱和烃气相色谱和某些地球化学指标，表明矿石中有机质呈现异常热成熟特征，这对揭示该矿床热水叠造成矿机制具有指纹意义。本文还首次合理解释矿石中铀与有机碳含量间复杂关系的原因。     

The relationship between the McLaughlin gold–mercury deposit and active hydrothermal systems in the Geysers–Clear Lake area, northern Coast Ranges, California

The Geysers–Clear Lake area has a long history of research on its active hydrothermal systems. It is a unique area containing a number of hydrothermal systems which include: the Geysers steam field, one of the largest vapor-dominated geothermal systems yet recognized; the McLaughlin gold deposit, an extremely well preserved hot-spring style gold deposit; and the Sulphur Bank mercury deposit, one of the first locations where geothermal systems were recognized as modern analogues to epithermal deposits. There is also a variety of active hot- and mineral-springs, including Wilbur Springs, or the Sulphur Creek district, which has been considered one of the type localities for connate fluids.The McLaughlin gold–mercury deposit is a fossil hot-spring system dominated by meteoric waters that exchanged with sedimentary rocks of the Great Valley sequence. Mineralization was syntectonic, occurring contemporaneously with fault movement. The fluids circulated in syntectonic dilation zones that resulted in, and maintained, high permeability of the fluid conduits permitting large volumes of fluid flow. The fluids precipitated metals in response to physical and chemical changes associated with boiling. The hydrothermal fluids that formed the McLaughlin deposit have the highest reservoir temperature, salinity and are isotopically the most enriched, of the Coast Range hydrothermal systems. The McLaughlin deposit is considered an end-member “fluid-dominated” hydrothermal system.The Geysers steam field, in its earliest phase was likely similar to the McLaughlin deposit being fluid-dominated and forming, at least on a small scale, a vein system enriched in silver and anomalous in gold, base metals, antimony and mercury. The hydrothermal system evolved into a vapor-dominated system as a result of decreased permeability of the reservoir, decreased recharge and/or increased heat flow. The modern day reservoir is encapsulated in impermeable rocks and is a “vapor-dominated” end-member hydrothermal system.Active hot- and mineral-springs in the Coast Ranges of northern California are intermediate between the fluid- and vapor-dominated end-member systems. The chemical and isotopic compositions of these fluids are the result of thermal processes and are not explained by simple mixing models between connate fluids and meteoric groundwater. Their isotopic and chemical composition is best explained by meteoric-dominated systems with repeated non-equilibrium subsurface vapor loss (evaporation) in a near closed system, with the relative deuterium and ¹⁸O enrichment proportional to the reservoir temperature.     

Typochemistry of rinkite and products of its alteration in the Khibiny Alkaline pluton,Kola Peninsula

The occurrence, morphology, and composition of rinkite are considered against the background of zoning in the Khibiny pluton. Accessory rinkite is mostly characteristic of foyaite in the outer part of pluton, occurs somewhat less frequently in foyaite and rischorrite in the central part of pluton, even more sparsely in foidolites and apatite–nepheline rocks, and sporadically in fenitized xenoliths of the Lovozero Formation. The largest, up to economic, accumulations of rinkite are related to the pegmatite and hydrothermal veins, which occur in nepheline syenite on both sides of the Main foidolite ring. The composition of rinkite varies throughout the pluton. The Ca, Na, and F contents in accessory rinkite and amorphous products of its alteration progressively increase from foyaite and fenitized basalt of the Lovozero Formation to foidolite, rischorrite, apatite–nepheline rocks, and pegmatite–hydrothermal veins.     

相山铀矿田成矿作用的地球化学模拟

相山铀矿田是我国最大的火山岩型热液铀矿田，在地质地球化学和高温高压实研究的基础上，利用地球化学模式程序ＥＱ３／６模拟了成矿热水溶液的形成过程和减压排泄区铀成矿作用。计算机模拟结果表明，通过大气降水与碎斑熔岩相互作用，可以形成富含Ｆ和ＳｉＯ２等矿化剂的含铀热水溶液；由于铀以ＵＯ２Ｆ＾３和ＵＯ２（ＣＯ３（＾２－３等配合形式存在，非常稳定，即使在深部强还原环境中仍能能够迁移；酸性和碱性环境，尤其是强酸性     

小秦岭东闯金矿S507脉地质特征及构造控矿分析——S507单脉储量过半的启示

小秦岭矿集区东闯金矿为石英脉型矿化类型,其最突出的特点是矿脉延伸长、延深大,且矿体连续性好,仅S507一条矿脉在矿区走向延长超过3.2km,垂向延深超过1600m(深部尚未圈闭),单脉勘探提交黄金储量达47.2t,约占该矿黄金储量的70.35%。研究表明,该区从早到晚经历了四期褶皱-剪切作用,表现为从塑性流变到晚期构造隆升。其中五台期褶皱翼部的构造薄弱带发育成了压扭性脆韧性剪切带,又被燕山早期第三期褶皱作用改造成张扭性韧脆性剪切带,并为含矿流体的大规模贯入和成矿提供了有利的容矿空间。来自于深部的成矿流体,在较高温度、压力等物理化学条件控制下,快速贯入到区域性韧脆性剪切带中积聚、沉淀成矿。也正是由于含矿流体快速贯入区域性韧脆性剪切带,而导致含矿流体物理化学条件的快速改变,使得某条矿脉储量达到全矿黄金储量的50%以上。     

Auriferous Precambrian conglomerates of Witwatersrand

Geological and mineralogical specificity of the world’s largest Witwatersrand gold deposit was defined by geodynamic processes in the Late Archean. The primary crust composed of felsic rocks (“gray gneisses”) was intruded 2.9–3.1 Ga ago by mafic melts that gave rise to greenstone belts. This was followed by the appearance of long-lived granulite mobile zones that promoted the formation of hydrosphere and atmosphere accompanied by an intense acidic leaching (weathering) of rocks in the greenstone belts. Numerous conglomerate interbeds were formed in the Witwatersrand Basin section due to vigorous eolian processes and floodwater washouts that produced a fan channel system mainly filled with quartz pebbles. At present, most researchers support a modified paleoplacer model of the origin of gold mineralization in Witwatersrand, suggesting a hydrothermal-metamorphic redistribution of the primary placer gold. According to various hydrothermal models, gold was introduced into sedimentary rocks in a water medium from outer deep sources or during the filtration of postsedimentary hydrothermal fluids. The present communication suggests that a significant portion of gold contained in reefs could be delivered to the sedimentation basin by the auriferous hydrothermal quartz of pebble or sand dimension that was metamorphosed at approximately 350–400°C. Metamorphism of gold was accompanied by its purification, transfer to matrix, and hydrothermal intrastratal redistribution.     

东天山土屋特大型斑岩铜矿成矿地质特征与矿床对比

土屋特大型斑岩铜矿位于东天山吐鲁番－哈密陆块南部边缘岛弧环境中。多期岩浆活动和矿化是铜金属超常堆集的主要因素。海底火山活动和热泉沸腾逸散造就了铜金属的预富集（矿源层），闪长玢岩和斜长花岗斑岩的侵位和叠加矿化使铜金属进一步富化和最终成矿，以细碧角斑质为主的火山岩喷发于潮坪－滨海环境，闪长玢岩、斜长花岗斑岩形成于较强的氧化环境；强还原示踪矿物黄铁矿含量较少。矿石的低品位、矿石的结构构造、蚀变特征以及矿石建造具典型斑岩矿床特征；矿石高品位、矿床形成较低温度及大量硅化蚀变又表现为某些热液矿床特征（次火山岩热液）。典型斑岩铜矿床、次火山热液矿床、土屋铜矿床对比，土屋铜矿床矿床类型仍不失为斑岩型铜矿，并具有自身特征。     

加拿大霍普布鲁克金矿矿床地质特征

霍普布鲁克(Hope Brook)金矿床是加拿大第六大金矿床,产于新元古界的阿巴拉契亚山脉阿瓦隆区岩体中,地表出露面积为3000×400m2,向深部逐渐变小。该矿具有复杂的岩脉构造,与浅水体为主的火山碎屑序列的长英质、镁铁质火山碎屑岩密切相关。矿床赋存于大范围的热液蚀变区中,蚀变区内普遍有酸浸现象,并具有大量的泥质蚀变特点。同位素年代学证据表明,成矿时代为早—中寒武世(576±10Ma),是多期次热液作用,同时伴有侵入岩浆以及火山作用产生的凝灰岩共同影响的产物,属于典型的高硫化的浅成低温热液金矿床。     

Highly Oxidized Magma and Fluid Evolution of Miocene Qulong Giant Porphyry Cu‐Mo Deposit,Southern Tibet,China

The Miocene Qulong porphyry Cu‐Mo deposit, which is located at the Gangdese orogenic belt of Southern Tibet, is the largest porphyry‐type deposit in China, with confirmed Cu ～10 Mt and Mo ～0.5 Mt. It is spatially and temporally associated with multiphase granitic intrusions, which is accompanied by large‐scale hydrothermal alteration and mineralization zones, including abundant hydrothermal anhydrite. In addition to hydrothermal anhydrite, magmatic anhydrite is present as inclusions in plagioclase, interstitial minerals between plagioclase and quartz, and phenocrysts in unaltered granodiorite porphyry, usually in association with clusters of sulfur‐rich apatite in the Qulong deposit. These observations indicate that the Qulong magma‐hydrothermal system was highly oxidized and sulfur‐rich. Three main types of fluid inclusions are observed in the quartz phenocrysts and veins in the porphyry: (i) liquid‐rich; (ii) polyphase high‐salinity; and (iii) vapor‐rich inclusions. Homogenization temperatures and salinities of all type inclusions decrease from the quartz phenocrysts in the porphyry to hydrothermal veins (A, B, D veins). Microthermometric study suggests copper‐bearing sulfides precipitated at about 320–400°C in A and B veins. Fluid boiling is assumed for the early stage of mineralization, and these fluids may have been trapped at about 35–60 Mpa at 460–510°C and 28–42 Mpa at 400–450°C, corresponding to trapping depths of 1.4–2.4 km and 1.1–1.7 km, respectively.     

相山铀矿田鹏姑山地区热液蚀变地球化学特征及其对找矿的启示

江西相山铀矿田是我国最大的火山岩型铀矿田之一。鹏姑山地区位于相山铀矿田西部,毗邻邹家山、居隆庵等大型铀矿床,成矿地质条件较好。近些年,鹏姑山地区铀矿勘查取得重要突破,区内热液蚀变具有典型的高温蚀变特征,晚期叠加蚀变较少,是研究高温热液蚀变与铀矿化关系的理想场所。鉴于此,本文在野外地质调查的基础上,通过岩相学和全岩地球化学分析,研究了鹏姑山地区高温热液蚀变的地球化学特征,探讨了高温热液蚀变特征及其与铀矿化的关系。研究结果表明,鹏姑山地区高温热液蚀变主要以钠长石化、去硅化、绿泥石化和伊利石化为主,局部叠加有磷灰石化、黄铁矿化、碳酸盐化和硅化。铀矿化与钠长石化、磷灰石化、碳酸盐化和去硅化蚀变关系较为密切。研究区铀矿化属碱交代型铀矿化,形成于中高温的还原性环境,磷灰石化促使了高品位铀矿化的形成。在碱交代蚀变之上叠加的磷灰石化和碳酸盐化在矿体部位发育最强烈,可视为鹏姑山地区找矿勘查中最重要的找矿标志。     

Oxygen Isotope Study of Paleoproterozoic Banded Iron Formation, Hamersley Basin, Western Australia

A submillimeter‐scale variation of δ¹⁸O in quartz was identified in chert and Fe‐oxide mesobands of the Brockman Iron Formation, Western Australia, using an in situ CO₂‐laser fluorination technique. The total range of variation is 11.2–23.0‰, with >5‰ variations within a single mesoband of approximately 2 cm thickness. These data contradict most previous works, which have suggested that banded iron formations are isotopically homogeneous. The present sample was obtained outside of the iron mining area, and as such is considered to have been less altered by the hydrothermal event recently shown to be responsible for the formation of the iron ore. The data suggest that the largest Paleoproterozoic banded iron formations may have formed not in a stable, quiescent sea, but instead as a result of increased influx of iron‐ and silica‐rich solutions during periods of increased magmatism and submarine hydrothermal activity in a rift basin environment.     

美国阿拉斯加红狗铅锌矿床地质特征及成矿模式

美国阿拉斯加红狗(Red Dog)铅锌矿床为典型的喷流沉积型(SEDEX)或页岩容矿矿床,拥有世界上最丰富的锌储量。矿床赋存于石炭纪库纳组中。该地层由黑色富有机质的硅质泥岩和页岩组成,局部有大量的碳酸盐浊积岩。根据闪锌矿结构和成分变化,矿化可分为4个阶段:早期褐色闪锌矿阶段、黄褐色闪锌矿阶段、红褐色闪锌矿阶段和晚期棕褐色闪锌矿阶段,其中第2和第3阶段为主矿化阶段。成矿年代学及古地磁研究表明,矿化作用与库纳组沉积作用同时发生,且存在中生代热液叠加。矿床形成经历了4个沉积-热液成矿过程:未固结泥中重晶石和硫化物沉积、重晶石的热液重结晶和硫化物沉淀、重晶石和硫化物脉的形成并交代早期重晶石,以及晚期角砾岩-细粒石英和晚期棕褐色闪锌矿的形成。