基于TM遥感影像数据的乌鲁木齐热岛效应分析

近年来,随着城市的飞速发展,热岛效应也颇受人们重视。本文采用1990年和2010年的TM遥感影像,运用亮度温度计算和二分模型计算等方法, 并结合亮度温度数据得到了植被覆盖度对城市亮度温度的影响和土地利用对亮度温度的影响, 分析了造成乌鲁木齐市城市热岛空间分布的原因。结果显示, 热岛中心主要分布在城区人口密度大及工业区聚集的地方,植被和水体对减弱热岛效应起到一定作用。     

西安市城市热岛效应强度定量研究与应用

针对城市热岛效应强度定量化评价困难以及热岛效应与地表地表的定量关系问题,利用多期LANDSAT遥感影像,基于单通道算法反演了地表温度,基于指数法快速提取地表分类要素,引入分布指数的概念构建了热岛分布指数P的算法,并以西安市为例验证方法精度与可行性,分析了西安市热岛效应的分布与变化规律.该方法实现了地表地表与热岛效应空间关系的定量化,温度反演与地表分类精度符合要求,能够用于宏观热岛效应强度定量分析评价.研究结果表明:西安市的城市热岛效应强度1995-2000年呈下降趋势,20002010年持续上升,2010年之后下降并趋于平稳,与城市发展实际基本相符.     

地理国情监测绿化指数调查的技术方法研究

主要阐述位于城市中心城区内开展绿化覆盖的调查,研究如何运用遥感反演调查技术方法,调查出中心城区内绿化覆盖状况,通过分类精度评价能符合精度要求后,进一步开展城市绿地景观格局的分析,计算出中心城区内的绿化覆盖率、绿地廊道的指数等多项城市的绿地景观指数,为自然资源管理的宏观分析及各级政府部门提供了地理国情数据支撑。     

兰西城市群热环境格局多尺度研究

从不同空间尺度研究城市热环境的变化格局,可为城市人居环境建设提供科学参考。采用MODIS和Landsat TM/OLI/TIRS遥感影像反演地表温度(land surface temperature,LST),分别从宏观和微观尺度探索了兰西城市群热场的空间格局特征,分析了城市热岛效应在昼夜、季节和年份等不同时间尺度上的分布格局及变化特征。研究结果表明,大尺度下兰西城市群未存在明显的城市热岛效应,但中心城区内热岛效应的空间格局发生了较大变化,热场的空间格局及演变与城市空间扩展布局相一致;兰州中心城区热岛比例指数呈现先增加后减小的变化趋势,西宁—海东中心城区热岛比例指数则呈现持续增长的态势;河谷地段的LST低于周围黄土丘陵,主要受植被覆盖、太阳辐射时间和接收量的影响;LST与归一化差值植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI)呈负相关关系,与归一化差值建筑用地指数(normalized difference building index,NDBI)呈正相关关系。     

Landsat ETM＋数据的武汉市地表温度反演研究

以Landsat ETM＋为主要遥感数据源,辅助以气象数据资料,利用NDVI计算出植被覆盖率,继而计算出地表比辐射率,并利用单窗算法精确反演得到了武汉市2002年夏季地表温度。研究表明,武汉城市热岛由武昌、汉口、汉阳三大城区热岛构成,且几乎集中在城区;城区大热岛区中还存在多数热岛效应更为严重的＂岛中岛＂;武汉热岛分布与...     

MODIS数据北京城区热岛监测分析

随着城市化进程的深入,热岛效应问题越来越严重,从而影响城市及周边地区的生态环境与气候,因此备受人们的重视。本文从2000年—2007年724幅1km分辨率的MODIS地表温度产品中选取64幅质量较好,可以代表春、夏、秋、冬四个季节的昼夜影像,制作地表温度图和选取感兴趣区域分析北京城区热岛效应。结果表明,北京市城区温度明显高于周围地区,夏季夜间最高达到3.7℃,秋季白天相对热岛强度较大,夏季、冬季夜间热岛强度要大于白天,尤其冬季较为明显。     

明代北京城规划建筑艺术遥感研究取得重要成果

我们伟大祖国的首都北京是举世闻名的历史文化名城,她那于明代永乐和嘉靖年间规划。建成,至今仍保存完好的城区以其雄伟的气势、秀逸的风姿充满了诱人的勉力和神秘的色采。1987年以来,地矿部航空物探遥感中心郭吉滨等人发挥遥感技术的优势,利用遥感图像提供的宏观信息,结合历史文献资料,在对明代北京城规划建筑艺术进行多学科的综合分析后认为,明代北京城的规划深刻体现了我国传统建筑艺术的独特风格,蕴藏着深广博厚的民族文化内涵。他们从建筑方位研究着手,提出了一系列鲜为人知的新见解: 1.明代北京宫城“三大殿”(奉天殿、华盖殿、谨身殿…     

泰山地区近三十年植被覆盖变化与地形因子分析

针对在人类活动影响下,泰山地区植被覆盖面积变化情况,以陆地卫星(Landsat TM/OLI)遥感影像为研究基础影像,采用遥感图像处理平台(ENVI)和ArcGIS软件,对泰山地区1985、1995、2003、2008、2013、2018年的6期遥感影像,通过归一化指数(NDVI)对遥感影像植被信息进行反演,通过地形因子提取实现对高程、坡度、坡向信息的提取与绿色植物覆盖的综合分析.研究发现:泰山地区植被面积由西北向中南递减,周边农村区域植被覆盖大于中心城区;伴随海拔增高,植被面积呈倒"U"变化,多在100～500 m高程范围内;植被多分布在坡度较缓,向阳区域.     

运用RS和GIS提取城区热力场的研究

在论述热岛效应研究现状、遥感及地理信息系统的基本理论、电磁波辐射的原理及地表的热红外特征的基础上,以哈尔滨市二环以内为研究区域,通过对影像数据进行几何精校正、确定空间范围、建立温度反演模型等工作,提取了哈尔滨市城区热力场分布;用GIS软件进行辐射温度专题的再分类并进行空间分析;运用VB语言建立了温度查询分析系统,以便于对哈市各个温度分类斑块的温度进行查询.     

北京西城区下垫面与城市热岛的关系研究

采用遥感卫星影像数据,对北京西城区地面热场状况进行研究。通过对遥感影像进行信息提取和分类,建立西城区热岛分布图,分析城市热岛的分布和强度特征;进行不同类型下垫面热特性的系统测定,对热岛效应与城市下垫面绿化分量、道路、水体的关系进行分析;研究西城区热岛的发生规律、影响因素和缓解热岛的措施。     

Study on the urban heat island effects and its relationship with surface biophysical characteristics using MODIS imageries

This study assesses surface urban heat island (UHI) and its associated surface physical characteristics using remote sensing approaches. TERRA/MODIS images acquired in 2005 in three different seasons were selected to generate land surface tem-perature and surface characteristics for the Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan metropolitan area in China. The intensity of urban heat is-land effects and its seasonal variations were examined. The result showed that UHI effects were significant both in the summer and the spri...     

A simplified urban-extent algorithm to characterize surface urban heat islands on a global scale and examine vegetation control on their spatiotemporal variability

We develop a new algorithm, the simplified urban-extent (SUE) algorithm, to estimate the surface urban heat island (UHI) intensity at a global scale. We implement the SUE algorithm on the Google Earth Engine platform using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) images to calculate the UHI intensity for over 9500 urban clusters using over 15 years of data, making this one of the most comprehensive characterizations of the surface UHI to date. The results from this algorithm are validated against previous multi-city studies to demonstrate the suitability of the method. The dataset created is then filtered for elevation differentials and percentage of urban area and used to estimate the diurnal, monthly, and long-term variability in the surface UHI in different climate zones. The global mean surface UHI intensity is 0.85 °C during daytime and 0.55 °C at night. Cities in arid climate show distinct diurnal and seasonal patterns, with higher surface UHI during nighttime (compared to daytime) and two peaks throughout the year. The diurnal variability in surface UHI is highest for equatorial climate zone (0.88 °C) and lowest for arid zone (0.53 °C). The seasonality is highest in the snow climate zone and lowest for equatorial climate zone. While investigating the change in the surface UHI over a decade and a half, we find a consistent increase in the daytime surface UHI in the urban clusters of the warm temperate climate zone (0.04 °C/decade) and snow climate zone (0.05 °C/decade). Only arid climate zones show a statistically significant increase in the nighttime surface UHI intensity (0.03 °C/decade). Globally, the change is mainly seen during the daytime (0.03 °C/decade). Finally, the importance of vegetation differential between urban and rural areas on the spatiotemporal variability is examined. Vegetation has a strong control on the seasonal variability of the surface UHI and may also partly control the long-term variability. The complete UHI data are available through this website (https://yceo.yale.edu/research/global-surface-uhi-explorer) and allows the user to query the UHI of urban clusters using a simple interface.     

Object‐oriented tracking of thematic and spatial behaviors of urban heat islands

Modeling thematic and spatial dynamic behaviors of urban heat islands (UHIs) over time is important for understanding the evolution of this phenomenon to mitigate the warming effect in urban areas. Although previous studies conceptualized that a UHI only has a single life cycle with spatial behaviors, a UHI can be detected to appear and disappear several times periodically in terms of thematic and spatial integrated behaviors. Such multiple behaviors have not yet been illustrated with proof or evidence. This study conceptualizes a UHI as an object which has thematic and spatial behaviors simultaneously and proposes several graphs to depict periodic life‐cycle transitions triggered by behaviors. The conceptualized behaviors have been modeled and implemented in an object‐relational database management system and temperature readings collected from numerous weather stations were interpolated as temperature images per hour. The results of this study indicate that the model could track the spatial and thematic evolution of UHIs continuously and reveal their periodical patterns and abnormal cases.     

Area Delineation and Spatial-Temporal Dynamics of Urban Heat Island in Lanzhou City,China Using Remote Sensing Imagery

One of the key impacts of rapid urbanization on the environment is the effect of urban heat island (UHI). By using the Landsat TM/ETM+ thermal infrared remote sensing data of 1993, 2001 and 2011 to retrieve the land surface temperature (LST) of Lanzhou City, and by adopting object-oriented fractal net evolution approach (FNEA) to make image segmentation of the LST, the UHI elements were extracted. The G* index spatial aggregation analysis was made to calculate the urban heat island ratio index (URI), and the landscape metrics were used to quantify the changes of the spatial pattern of the UHI from the aspects of quantity, shape and structure. The impervious surface distribution and vegetation coverage were extracted by a constrained linear spectral mixture model to explore the relationships of the impervious surface distribution and vegetation coverage with the UHI. The information of urban built-up area was extracted by using UBI (NDBI-NDVI) index, and the effects of urban expansion on city thermal environment were quantitatively analyzed, with the URI and the LST grade maps built. In recent 20 years, the UHI effect in Lanzhou City was strengthened, with the URI increased by 1.4 times. The urban expansion had a spatiotemporal consistency with the UHI expansion. The patch number and density of the UHI landscape were increased, the patch shape and the whole landscape tended to be complex, the landscape became more fragmented, and the landscape connectivity was decreased. The heat island strength had a negative linear correlation with the urban vegetation coverage, and a positive logarithmic correlation with the urban impervious surface coverage.     

城市热岛空间格局及其变化的图形信息特征分析

热岛效应是城市化进程中产生的特有环境问题。基于Landsat TM/ETM+（1989、2001、2007、2013年）遥感影像完成哈尔滨地面亮温定量反演、标准化和等级划分等处理,并分析城市热岛空间分布特征和时空演变规律。基于地学信息图谱理论,定量分析24 a间热岛效应图谱信息变化特征,探究城市热岛格局的时空演变进程和形成机制,揭示城市化进程与热岛效应之间的响应关系。结果表明,随着哈尔滨城市化进程加速,4级热岛效应呈递增趋势,面积比例分别为4.36%、5.69%、6.29%和7.12%,主要分布在道外区和铁路沿线地带;植被和水体区域的地面温度较低,其边缘温度更低;反复变化型面积最大,后期变化型面积最小,面积比例分别为33.30%和7.30%。地学信息图谱分析可为城市热岛效应随城市化演变趋势提供准确、丰富的信息,对全面分析城市热岛的形成和发展具有重要的意义。     

Urban heat island monitoring and analysis using a non-parametric model: A case study of Indianapolis

A procedure for the monitoring an urban heat island (UHI) was developed and tested over a selected location in the Midwestern United States. Nine counties in central Indiana were selected and their UHI patterns were modeled. Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) land surface temperature (LST) images taken in 2005 were used for the research. The images were sorted based on cloud cover over the study area. The resulting 94 day and night images were used for the modeling. The technique of process convolution was then applied to the images in order to characterize the UHIs. This process helped to characterize the LST data into a continuous surface and the UHI data into a series of Gaussian functions. The diurnal temperature profiles and UHI intensity attributes (minimum, maximum and magnitude) of the characterized images were analyzed for variations. Skin temperatures within any given image varied between 2–15 ^°C and 2–8 ^°C for the day and night images, respectively. The magnitude of the UHI varied from 1–5 ^°C and 1–3 ^°C over the daytime and nighttime images, respectively. Three dimensional (3-D) models of the day and night images were generated and visually explored for patterns through animation. A strong and clearly evident UHI was identified extending north of Marion County well into Hamilton County. This information coincides with the development and expansion of northern Marion County during the past few years in contrast to the southern part. To further explore these results, an Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) 2004 land use land cover (LULC) dataset was analyzed with respect to the characterized UHI. The areas with maximum heat signatures were found to have a strong correlation with impervious surfaces. The entire process of information extraction was automated in order to facilitate the mining of UHI patterns at a global scale. This research has proved to be promising approach for the modeling and mining of UHIs from large amount of remote sensing images. Furthermore, this research also aids in 3-D diachronic analysis.     

A preliminary exploration of the cooling effect of tree shade in urban landscapes

Mitigating urban heat island (UHI) effects, especially under climate change, is necessary for the promotion of urban sustainability. Shade is one of the most important functions provided by urban trees for mitigating UHI. However, the cooling effect of tree shade has not been adequately investigated. In this study, we used a simple and straightforward method to quantify the spatial and temporal variation of tree shade and examined its effect on land surface temperature (LST). We used the hillshade function in a geographic information system to quantify the spatiotemporal patterns of tree shade by integrating sun location and tree height. Relationships between shade and LST were then compared in two cities, Tampa, Florida and New York City (NYC), New York. We found that: (1) Hillshade function combining the sun location and tree height can accurately capture the spatial and temporal variation of tree shade; (2) Tree shade, particularly at 07:30, has significant cooling effect on LST in Tampa and NYC; and (3) Shade has a stronger cooling effect in Tampa than in NYC, which is most likely due to the differences in the ratio of tree canopy to impervious surface cover, the spatial arrangements of trees and buildings, and their relative heights. Comparing the cooling effects of tree shade in two cities, this study provides important insights for urban planners for UHI mitigation in different cities.     

成都平原中等城市的热岛效应动态特征对比研究

城市热岛效应是当前城市气候与城市生态环境的研究热点。研究使用Landsat TM/ETM+遥感影像获取城市建成区信息和反演亮度温度,进而评价成都平原6个中等城市的热岛强度、热岛发育程度以及空间动态演变特征。研究发现,在"评价初期→评价中期→评价末期"过程中,成都平原6个中等城市的热岛强度前期增强、后期减弱;城市旧城区的热岛规模普遍减小,这说明,旧城区热环境有所改善,而城市扩展区的热岛规模普遍增大,是因城市扩展明显改变了地表自然环境,导致热岛效应出现,这与城市化进程的内在规律基本一致。绵阳等城市的研究成果表明,即使城市规模扩大,只要城市规划科学合理,并注重城市生态环境的保护,城市热岛效应也能得到有效缓解。     

Assessment with satellite data of the urban heat island effects in Asian mega cities

This study focuses on using remote sensing for comparative assessment of surface urban heat island (UHI) in 18 mega cities in both temperate and tropical climate regions. Least-clouded day- and night-scenes of TERRA/MODIS acquired between 2001 and 2003 were selected to generate land-surface temperature (LST) maps. Spatial patterns of UHIs for each city were examined over its diurnal cycle and seasonal variations. A Gaussian approximation was applied in order to quantify spatial extents and magnitude of individual UHIs for inter-city comparison. To reveal relationship of UHIs with surface properties, UHI patterns were analyzed in association with urban vegetation covers and surface energy fluxes derived from high-resolution Landsat ETM+ data. This study provides a generalized picture on the UHI phenomena in the Asian region and the findings can be used to guide further study integrating satellite high-resolution thermal data with land-surface modeling and meso-scale climatic modeling in order to understand impacts of urbanization on local climate in Asia.     

城市热岛的遥感研究进展

系统总结了应用遥感技术开展城市热岛研究的数据、方法与成果。对国内外学者有关城市热岛的形态结构、过程变化及成因分析等方面的研究内容进行了较为详细的评述，在此基础上，对未来城市热岛遥感研究的方向进行了展望。