低信噪比转换波地震资料静校正(英文)

Converted waves have slow velocity and low signal-to-noise ratio. It is also difficult to pick first-breaks and bin the common-conversion-points （CCP）. Some statics methods, which work well for P-wave data, can＇t be effectively used for solving convertedwave statics problems. This has become the main obstacle to breakthroughs in convertedwave data processing. To improve converted-wave static corrections, first, a statics method based on the common-receiver-point （CRP） stack is used for the initial receiver static correction to enhance the coherency of the CRP stack. Second, a stack-power-maximization static correction which improves the continuity of the CCP stack is used for detailed receiver statics. Finally, a non-surface-consistent residual moveout correction of the CCP gathers is used to enhance the stack power of reflection signals from different depths. Converted-wave statics are solved by the joint use of the three correction methods.     

厚风化层覆盖区转换波静校正方法

P-SV转换波处理与传统的P-P波处理有很大的不同,如S波静校正、CCP叠加、P-SV速度分析和偏移等,其中最大的难题就是S波静校正问题.S波速度基本不受潜水面的影响,与纵波静校正没有直接相关性,有时横波静校正量能达到纵波静校正量的十倍,用纵波静校正量乘以比例系数来解决横波静校正问题将导致较大误差.同一接收点X和Z分量存在一定的初至时差,该时差代表了P波和S波在低降速带的走时差,可以利用该时差和近地表纵横波速度比信息去除低降速带对横波的影响,得到准确的静校正量.本文利用多分量初至时差推导了较为精确的横波静校正公式,再结合共检波点叠加求取剩余静校正量的方法,形成了完整的转换波静校正配套方法.利用该方法对苏里格气田二维及三维多波地震资料进行了实际处理,数据处理结果证明了该方法的有效性,该方法尤其适用于其他方法难以奏效的风化层较厚地区的横波静校正量求解,该方法也同时考虑了长波长横波静校正问题.     

转换波AVO近似及其在PP/PS联合反演中的应用(英文)

多分量勘探相比常规纵波勘探而言有许多的优势,PP/PS联合AVO分析和反演是强而有效的储层识别方法。在本文中,我们推导了更精确的转换波AVO反射系数公式;并在入射角小于30度时进行了进一步简化,其对于转换波AVO分析和反演而言更加简单有效。基于该近似,我们进行了PP/PS联合AVO反演。实际资料的实例表明,反演得到的纵横波速度比可很好地识别岩性及油气。反演得到的流体因子和泊松比等其他属性在储层处也显示出明显异常,效果显著。     

转换波组合静校正方法应用及效果

转换波静校正一直是困扰转换波成像的瓶颈.本文在重点分析了转换波静校正难点的基础上,选取一块复杂断陷地区的3D3C资料为实例,对前人方法做出一些有效的改进,提出一套适合于复杂断陷地区的转换波组合静校正方法,基本思路是:层间结构模型法与折射层析法相结合求取炮点静校正量;等效模型法求取检波点长波长量;纵波构造约束相关法求取检波点中长波长量;综合全局寻优法求取检波点短波长量.同时,对一块高密度3D3C资料进行静校正处理,得出一套适合于大数据量构造简单地区的转换波组合静校正方法.实际地震资料处理效果表明,这两套方法能较好地解决转换波静校正问题,具有实际的应用价值.     

转换型折射波传播规律及其在转换波静校正中的应用研究

纵波震源激发、三分量检波器接收的三分量地震勘探技术是解决复杂油气藏勘探的有效手段.在三分量地震勘探资料处理中,转换波资料处理尤为关键,转换波资料处理的难点之一是转换波静校正.研究了非转换型折射波和转换型折射波传播规律,发现形成PPS转换型折射波的有利条件是上覆介质横波速度比下伏介质横波速度要小很多,提出了基于PPS转换型折射波的转换波静校正方法,并对实际三分量地震资料进行了处理,转换波静校正取得了较好的效果.     

转换波四参数速度分析方法在k71地区的应用

3-D converted-wave data were acquired using digital MEMS （micro-electromechanical system） three component （3C） sensors in the alternating sand and shale sequence in the overburden of the Shengli Ken-71 area. This gives rise to serious non-hyperbolic moveout effects in the converted-wave data due to both the asymmetrical ray path and anisotropic effects. Conventional velocity analysis and moveout correction based on isotropic methods do not flatten reflections events. Here, we use a four-parameter theory to evaluate these effects and process the data. These four parameters include the PS converted wave stacking velocity （Vc2）, the vertical velocity ratio （Y0）, the effective velocity ratio （Yeff）, and the anisotropy parameter （xoff）, The method utilizes the moveout information at different offsets to estimate the different parameters and ensures that the events are properly aligned for stacking, As a result, this four-parameter theory leads to an improvement in imaging quality and correlation between the P-waves and converted-waves.     

YC地区转换波数据处理及裂隙预测

裂隙介质的横波响应能提供对裂隙走向与密度一种直接测量.为了探测YC地区裂隙型储层特征,在该区进行了纵波源三分量数据采集.经过精细地处理,YC地区转换波成像质量得到了改善.以此为基础,对该区的裂隙特征进行了预测.预测结果与本区的应力场分析和钻井揭示的裂隙特征比较吻合.本文所介绍的一些关键转换波资料处理技术、解释方法和分析结论对今后陆地转换波勘探有一定借鉴作用.     

初至叠加法在宣汉地区转换波静校正中的应用

由于转换波记录静校正量大、信噪比一般较低,利用反射波进行静校正往往不易取得满意的结果.由于转换波自身特点,转换波初至的识别和拾取一直是一个难题.论文通过推导共检波点道集中初至的时距曲线公式得到了共检波点道集中P-P-P波初至和P-P-SV波初至在一定偏移据范围内平行的结论.根据这一结论,提出了共检波点域初至波叠加法确定转换波初至的算法.利用这种算法对宣汉地区的转换波资料进行了转换波初至识别,并拾取了纵波和转换波初至时差,使用延迟时时差法计算静校正量取得了令人满意的效果.     

波形反演方法及其在新疆地区转换波测深中的应用

利用天然地震记录直达P波后续20s内的波形信息,研究了地壳、土地慢速度结构反演的方法、唯一性、精度及应注意的问题,并将求解有条件极值的惩罚数法和求解无条件极值的单纯形法引入到波形反演.数值计算证明,波形反演方法对记录的误差有压制作用,在深源、远震、各向同性水平层状近似合理的前提下,可用一个地震事件在射线平面内的二分量记录反演台站区地壳、上地幔P、S波速度结构.在新疆天山地区转换波流动台站观测中,选择出较好的记录进行波形反演,给出了该转换被测深剖面上6个台站下方的地壳、上地慢P、S波速度结构.通过塔里木盆地内一测点上波形反演和地震勘探结果的对比证明,波形反演方法具有满意的精度.     

基于波场延拓的变换坐标转换波静校正

常规的转换波静校正的基本思想都是从地震波的运动学特征出发,基于地表一致性假设.在地表条件复杂和地表高程相差较大的地区,它不仅无法解决严重的静校正问题,反而会带来新的畸变.本文基于频率波数域波动方程偏移原理,采用波场延拓方法实现转换波静校正,其关键点在于时间空间域和频率波数域的相对应.文中通过坐标变换将起伏地表转化为新坐标系下的水平地表,把炮点和检波点映射到同一水平面上,然后在新坐标系下推导频率域波动方程延拓公式,接着对下行波P和上行转换波SV分别利用近地表速度向上延拓到基准面,恢复起伏地表到基准面之间的真实波场,最后转换到原始坐标系取出基准面数据完成转换波静校正.通过对模拟和实际数据处理,证明该方法是正确和有效的.     

Converted-wave seismology in anisotropic media Revisited,Part II: Application to parameter estimation

In transversely isotropic media with a vertical symmetry axis (VTI), the converted-wave (C-wave) moveout over intermediate-to-far offsets is determined by four parameters. These are the C-wave stacking velocity V _C2, the vertical and effective velocity ratios γ ₀and γ _eff, and the anisotropic parameter X _eff. We refer to the four parameters as the C-wave stacking velocity model. The purpose of C-wave velocity analysis is to determine this stacking velocity model. The C-wave stacking velocity model V _C2, γ ₀, γ _geff, and X _eff can be determined from P- and C-wave reflection moveout data. However, error propagation is a severe problem in C-wave reflection-moveout inversion. The current short-spread stacking velocity as deduced from hyperbolic moveout does not provide sufficient accuracy to yield meaningful inverted values for the anisotropic parameters. The non-hyperbolic moveout over intermediate-offsets (x/z from 1.0 to 1.5) is no longer negligible and can be quantified using a background γ. Non-hyperbolic analysis with a γ correction over the intermediate offsets can yield V _C2 with errors less than 1% for noise free data. The procedure is very robust, allowing initial guesses of γ with up to 20% errors. It is also applicable for vertically inhomogeneous anisotropic media. This improved accuracy makes it possible to estimate anisotropic parameters using 4C seismic data. Two practical work flows are presented for this purpose: the double-scanning flow and the single-scanning flow. Applications to synthetic and real data show that the two flows yield results with similar accuracy but the single-scanning flow is more efficient than the double-scanning flow. This work is funded by the Edinburgh Anisotropy Project of the British Geological Survey. First Author Li Xiangyang, he is currently a professorial research seismologist (Grade 6) and technical director of the Edinburgh Anisotropy Project in the British Geological Survey. He also holds a honorary professorship multicomponent seismology at the School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh. He received his BSc(1982) in Geophysics from Changchun Geological Institute, China, an MSc (1984) in applied geophysics from East China Petroleum Institute (now known as the China University of Petroleum), and a PhD (1992) in seismology from the University of Edinburgh. During 1984–1987, he worked as a lecturer with the East China Petroleum Institute. Since 1991, he has been employed by the British Geological Survey. His research interests include seismic anisotropy and multicomponent seismology.     

再论各向异性介质转换波地震学,第二部分:参数计算研究

在具有垂直对称轴横向各向同性介质中，利用四种参数来确定中间至远偏移距转换波（C-波）动校正。它们是C-波叠加速度Vc2，垂直速度比和有效速度比γ0和γeff以及各向异性参数χeff。我们将这四种参数作为C波叠加速度模型。C-波速度分析的目的就是确定这种叠加速度模型。C-波叠加速度模型Vc2，γ0，γeff，和χeff可以由P-波和C-波反射动校正资料获得。然而错误的传播是C-波反射动校正反演中的严重问题。当前短排列叠加速度由于是从双曲线动校正推算而得，因而其精度不足以为各向异性参数提供有意义的反演值。中间偏移非双曲线动校正不再被人们所勿略，而是可以用一个背景γ加以量化。非双曲线分析通过中间偏移距的γ校正量可以产生Vc2，若数据不含燥音，其误差小于1％。方法稳健，允许γ启始假定值的误差达20％。该方法也适用垂直非均匀各向异性介质。精度的提高使能够用4分量地震资料计算各向异性参数。为此提出了两种工作流程：双扫描和单扫描流程。理论数据和实际数据的应用表明这两种流程得出的结果其精度相似，但是单扫描流程比双扫描更有效。     

Converted-wave seismology in anisotropic media revisited,Part I: Basic theory

We have developed new basic theories for calculating the conversion point and the travel time of the P-SV converted wave (C-wave) in anisotropic, inhomogeneous media. This enables the use of conventional procedures such as semblance analysis, Dix-type model building and Kirchhoff summation, to implement anisotropic processing, and makes anisotropic processing affordable. Here we present these new developments in two parts: basic theory and application to velocity analysis and parameter estimation. This part deals with the basic theory, including both conversion-point calculation and moveout analysis. Existing equations for calculating the PS-wave (C-wave) conversion point in layered media with vertical transverse isotropy (VTI) are strictly limited to offsets about half the reflector depth (an offset-depth ratio, xlz, of 0.5), and those for calculating the C-wave traveltimes are limited to offsets equal to the reflector depth (x/z=l.0). In contrast, the new equations for calculating the conversion-point extend into offsets about three-times the reflector depth (x/z=3.0), those for calculating the C-wave traveltimes extend into offsets twice the reflector depth (x/z=2.0). With the improved accuracy, the equations can help in C-wave data processing and parameter estimation in anisotropic, inhomogeneous media. This work is funded by the Edinburgh Anisotropy Project (EAP) of the British Geological Survey. First author: Xiangyang Li, Mr. Li is currently a professorial research seismologist (Grade 6) and technical director of the Edinburgh Anisotropy Project in the British Geological Survey. He also holds a honorary professorship in multicomponent seismology at the School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh. He received his BSc(1982) in Geophysics from Changchun Geological Institute, China, an MSc (1984) in applied geophysics from East China Petroleum Institute (now known as the China University of Petroleum), and a PhD (1992) in seismology from the University of Edinburgh. During 1984–1987, he worked as a lecturer with the East China Petroleum Institute. Since 1991, he has been employed by the British Geological Survey. His research interests include seismic anisotropy and multicomponent seismology.     

再论各向异性介质转换波地震学,第一部分:理论

我们业已研发了计算各向异性、非均质介质中P- SV转换波(C-波)的转换点和旅行时的新理论。据此 可以利用诸如相似性分析、迪克斯模型建模、克契 霍夫求和等常规方法来完成各向异性的处理和各向 异性处理,并使各向异性的处理成为可能。这里将 我们的新发展分作两部分来介绍。第一部分为理 论,第二部分为对速度分析和参数计算的应用。第 一部分理论包括转换点的计算和动校正的分析。     

渤海浅海多波地震勘探

渤海A油田由于构造主体大面积(约20km2)浅层气形成的“气云”带,常规纵波反射频率及能量都受到严重损失,致使深层目的层地震成像不能准确反映地下地质构造特征。转换波(ps)含有有效入射P波信息,从中能获得转换S波。由于S波基本不受地层屏蔽的影响,从而能够获得深层较好的地震成像。为此在该构造上实施了浅海四分量地震采集。通过现场地质勘测,以及浅层钻井分析及多波地震试验,确定了海上采集流程。经过多次试验,确定了合理的转换波处理流程和关键参数,从而得到了较好的二维转换波剖面。通过正确识别波形特征,利用全波列测井,生成合成转换波地震记录,进行层位标定,指导构造解释及进行油田整体储量评价。     

Propagation characteristics of converted refracted wave and its application in static correction of converted wave

Three-component seismic exploration through P-wave source and three-component geophone is an effective technique used in complicated reservoir exploration. In three-component seismic exploration data processing,one of the difficulties is static correction of converted wave. This paper analyzes propagation characteristics of non-converted and converted refracted waves,and discovers a favor-able condition for the formation of converted refracted wave,i.e. the velocity of overlaying medium S wave is much lower than that of underlying medium S wave. In addition,the paper proposes the static correction method of converted wave based on PPS converted refracted wave,and processes the real three-component seismic data with better results of static correction of converted wave.     

油气勘探中的地震速度泡沫(Fizz)现象

地下岩石孔隙中含有天然气会造成地震波传播速度的下降,但是这种含气量与速度下降量之间的关系一直没有被很清楚地认识到,因此造成很多勘探和开发上的决策失误.本文通过对Wood方程和Gassmann－Biot理论分析,定量地描述了岩石孔隙中天然气含量与波速之间的关系,叙述了由于极少量气造成很大速度变化的“速度泡沫”（Fizz gas）现象以及对这种速度假象进行识别的方法,并通过对中国某油田XD区块的实例研究验证了这种现象的存在及识别.     

Normal moveout velocity for pure‐mode and converted waves in layered orthorhombic medium

We study the azimuthally dependent hyperbolic moveout approximation for small angles (or offsets) for quasi‐compressional, quasi‐shear, and converted waves in one‐dimensional multi‐layer orthorhombic media. The vertical orthorhombic axis is the same for all layers, but the azimuthal orientation of the horizontal orthorhombic axes at each layer may be different. By starting with the known equation for normal moveout velocity with respect to the surface‐offset azimuth and applying our derived relationship between the surface‐offset azimuth and phase‐velocity azimuth, we obtain the normal moveout velocity versus the phase‐velocity azimuth. As the surface offset/azimuth moveout dependence is required for analysing azimuthally dependent moveout parameters directly from time‐domain rich azimuth gathers, our phase angle/azimuth formulas are required for analysing azimuthally dependent residual moveout along the migrated local‐angle‐domain common image gathers. The angle and azimuth parameters of the local‐angle‐domain gathers represent the opening angle between the incidence and reflection slowness vectors and the azimuth of the phase velocity ψ_phs at the image points in the specular direction. Our derivation of the effective velocity parameters for a multi‐layer structure is based on the fact that, for a one‐dimensional model assumption, the horizontal slowness and the azimuth of the phase velocity ψ_phs remain constant along the entire ray (wave) path. We introduce a special set of auxiliary parameters that allow us to establish equivalent effective model parameters in a simple summation manner. We then transform this set of parameters into three widely used effective parameters: fast and slow normal moveout velocities and azimuth of the slow one. For completeness, we show that these three effective normal moveout velocity parameters can be equivalently obtained in both surface‐offset azimuth and phase‐velocity azimuth domains.     

天然气水合物和游离气饱和度估算的影响因素

讨论了不同水合物胶结类型的流体饱和多孔隙固体中地震波的衰减情况,分析了估算天然气水合物和游离气饱和度影响因素.结果表明, 地层孔隙度、纵波速度模型和弹性模量的计算方法是影响反演水合物和游离气饱和度的关键因素.含水合物地层的吸收与水合物胶结类型密切相关,当水合物远离固体颗粒,像流体一样充填在孔隙时,品质因子出现负异常,而当水合物胶结固体颗粒影响骨架的弹性性质,其品质因子出现正异常.根据布莱克海台地区164航次995井的测井资料,分别应用低频和高频速度模型估算了水合物和游离气饱和度.由低频速度模型得到的水合物饱和度(占孔隙空间的)10%～20%,游离气饱和度(占孔隙空间的)0.5%～1%;而由高频速度模型得到的水合物饱和度(占孔隙空间的)5%～10%,游离气饱和度(占孔隙空间的)1%～2%.