渭河盆地地热水水溶氦气成因与来源研究

渭河盆地地热水中含有丰富的水溶氦气,通过采集分析渭河盆地地热水水溶氦气成分和He同位素研究了氦气的成因与来源。分析结果表明,渭河盆地地热水水溶氦气体积分数普遍超过0.1%,最高达到3.395%。地热水水溶氦气的3He/4He比值介于(3.61±0.29)×10-8～(7.80±0.23)×10-7之间,氦气的R/Ra值小于1.00。天然气的4He/20Ne比值研究一致表明,渭河盆地地热水水溶氦气主要为壳源成因,混有微量的幔源氦。区域地质资料分析表明,富铀花岗岩放射性成因的氦气是渭河盆地地热水水溶氦气的主要来源,大面积出露于秦岭造山带以及隐伏于渭河盆地南缘新生代沉积层下的富铀花岗岩体为渭河盆地地热水水溶氦气的主要气源岩。     

柴达木盆地北缘富氦天然气的发现——兼议成藏地质条件

在柴达木盆地北缘全吉山、团鱼山地区的煤炭钻孔和泥页岩解吸气中发现了体积分数较高的氦气显示。对2个地区的6件样品进行甲烷C同位素和He同位素分析,其中2个样品的δ13C1值分别为-38.4‰和-39.9‰,属于有机成因。4个样品的3He/4He同位素测试结果在0.03×10-6~1.3×10-6之间,表明氦气来源以壳源氦为主,个别样品有少量幔源氦加入。通过区域背景资料和物探资料分析认为,柴北缘壳源成因的氦可能主要来源于基底富U、Th花岗岩体的放射性衰变,而柴北缘的山前深大断裂则可为氦的运移提供良好通道。氦气产生后,在垂向运移过程中结合其他烃类或非烃类气体,在侏罗系、古近系—新近系良好的储盖条件下,有可能形成独特的富氦天然气富集。     

中国富氦天然气资源研究现状与进展

通过对中国富氦天然气资源现有研究成果进行系统整理、分析,总结了中国富氦天然气研究的发展现状及进展,提出了未来中国氦气资源的研究方向。中国对氦气资源的研究历程可以划分为4个阶段:认知阶段、利用阶段、基础研究阶段及提取技术研究阶段。从分布规律看,中国富氦天然气分布具有小型盆地满盆含气、大中型盆地局部含气的特点,赋存层位以奥陶系、二叠系、古近系和新近系为主。组分特征表明,富氦天然气中氦气的含量普遍小于1%,仅渭河盆地部分样品氦气含量较高,最大值可达4.942%。氦同位素特征表明,中国氦气以壳源为主,壳幔混合为辅。分析认为,影响壳源氦分布的主控因素为氦气源岩,而影响幔源氦分布的主控因素为深大断裂。建议今后中国应以壳源氦研究为重点,针对不同区域不同成因的氦气,采用不同的研究方法。     

陕西渭河盆地富氦天然气异常的影响因素

通过对渭河盆地22口钻井中富氦天然气的同位素分析,认为盆地中氦气以壳源氦为主,局部伴有少量幔源氦。针对盆地中氦气异常的现象,结合对盆地特性的分析,认为渭河盆地氦气异常的影响因素包括:1盆地地壳较薄,莫霍界面呈明显的隆起,热流体活动发育,有利于氦气运移;2花岗岩体和通过水系统运移到沉积地层中的放射性元素衰变,为氦气成藏提供了有力的气源保障;3盆地内十分发育的断裂体系,不仅为氦气运移提供了连通通道,还在活动过程中释放氦气,为氦气局部聚集提供了有利空间。     

渭河盆地天然气类型、成因特征及找矿远景分析

根据渭河盆地地热井、油气调查井、氦气调查井气样分析成果,结合近年来地质、物探新成果分析,发现渭河盆地各类钻井中普遍存在含氦天然气,且这些天然气,按甲烷和氦气含量可分为富氦天然气和贫氦天然气两类。位于渭河盆地边部的地热井、区域地质和物化探成果均佐证了渭河盆地基底存在上古生界,未见隐伏的花岗岩体。区域构造演化佐证了渭河盆地周边断裂的形成与区域断裂同期,盆地的形成与演化是区域演化的一部分,其主沉降期是新生代。因此,前人对渭河盆地形成的最早时间为始新世以及不存在上古生界煤系地层基底以及氦气的主要气源岩是分布于基底的富铀花岗岩体和秦岭造山带富铀花岗岩体的认识有待进一步探究。对比邻区鄂尔多斯盆地,发现渭河盆地上古生界煤系地层可作为烃源岩,伽马异常层可作为氦源层,这为重新评价渭河盆地的氦气资源地质前景提供了依据。      

陕西渭河盆地氦气资源赋存状态及其意义

氦气资源是一种稀有紧缺性战略资源。渭河盆地具有良好的氦气资源显示,前人认为区内氦气及伴生气资源为水溶气。通过已有石油井、地热井录井、样品测试、动态监测等资料分析,认为渭河盆地不仅存在水溶气资源,也存在游离态氦及伴生气资源,即具有富氦天然气层（藏）,这一认识对进一步的氦气资源评价与开发利用具有重要意义。     

下扬子无为盆地异常高压富氦天然气的发现及其成藏地质条件

在无为盆地WWY1井三叠系周冲村组首次发现了异常高压富氦天然气显示,对其中2个气样的气体组分分析发现,He的体积分数分别为4.51%和4.56%,远高于0.1%的氦气工业利用标准;³He/⁴He值分别为5.50×10^-8和6.40×10^-8,幔源氦占比仅仅为0.32%和0.40%,应属典型的壳源氦。同时依据δ¹³C_CH4、δ¹³C_CO2、CO₂含量及N₂含量综合分析认为该天然气为有机成因,其烃源岩类型与研究区广泛发育的二叠系烃源岩相吻合。通过区域地质资料和深部地球物理资料分析认为其氦源极可能来源于古—中元古代基底花岗岩。长江深断裂带可作为联通深部地壳与浅部地层的重要通道,对于氦气扩散外移起到了关键作用。当富氦流体运移至浅部遇到天然气等载体气气藏时,流体的氦浓度迅速降低,氦气大量脱溶进入载体气气藏形成富氦天然气藏,活动的断裂系统...     

我国氦气资源现状及首个特大型富氦储量的发现:和田河气田

氦气是一种重要的战略稀有资源,关系国家安全和高新技术产业发展.但我国贫氦且绝大部分依赖进口,资源安全形势十分严峻,因此开展氦气资源调查非常迫切.通过全国七大含油气盆地及其他地区氦气资源及成因系统调研,明确我国中西部含油气盆地天然气中氦气基本为壳源放射成因,其富集受富含U、Th的酸性岩或基底的分布、背斜圈闭及断裂共同控制.东部郯庐断裂带两侧含油气盆地中氦气为壳源和幔源混合成因,其富集受断裂控制明显.地热或温泉的水溶气中,含量较高的氦气主要为壳源.优选了氦气显示良好、但存在不确定性的塔里木盆地和田河气田及周缘开展氦气资源系统勘查.通过对和田河气田及周缘11口井天然气样品精细取样、分析,首次发现和田河气田为富氦气田,氦气体积含量为0.30%~0.37%（平均0.32%）,为壳源成因,折算氦气探明储量1.959 1×108 m3,是我国发现的首个特大型富氦氦气田.因此建议:（1）加快建设和田河气田氦气分离、液化装置,实现气田开发整体效益最大化;（2）尽快论证建设"塔里木盆地氦气战略储备基地"的可行性,开展全国主要含油气盆地氦气资源系统调查;（3）加强氦气成藏理论研究,指导氦气资源勘探.      

氦气的天然气地质意义

氦气具有的不易液化、稳定性好、扩散性强等特点,使它既能在天然气藏中富集,又能垂向运移至地表。氦有大气氦、壳源氦和幔源氦3种来源。3He主要来源于地幔;4He主要来源于地壳,通常以R/Ra来表示氦的来源。氦气具有丰富的天然气地质意义：地表氦气浓度异常有一定油气指示意义;氦气的同位素分布特征值（R/Ra）还具有指示油气构造环境、指示断裂带及旁证CO2气藏的成因等地质意义。     

汾渭盆地富氦天然气成因及成藏条件初探

20世纪70年代，前人在汾渭盆地进行石油勘探时，于新近-古近系钻遇氦、甲烷、氮等天然气，由于当时以新生界石油勘探为目的，所以未能开展进一步工作.20世纪90年代以来，汾渭盆地地热资源得到了充分的利用，在地热水开采中，发现普遍含天然气.笔者通过盆内对不同构造单元、不同层位的地热井采集的天然气样品进行组分及同位素分析，发现汾渭盆地天然气为国内外少有的以壳源氦为主，有少量幔源氦加入的富氦天然气，并具有较高含量的幔源甲烷.综合前人资料成果，对形成天然气藏的气源条件、储盖组合条件、圈闭条件及运移与保存条件进行了的初步分析，认为汾渭盆地具有形成富氦天然气的地质条件和良好的勘探前景。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861