利用航空遥感信息进行小流域侵蚀环境系列动态制图与分析——以山西省离石县王家沟流域为例

本研究工作是在利用航空遥感信息进行黄土丘陵沟壑区侵蚀环境系列制图的基础上,对黄土侵蚀环境动态变化作了初步分析探讨。通过利用山西省离石县王家沟流域不同时期的航空像片,应用先进的地理信息系统软件ARc/INFO系统编制出了该流域不同时期,不同时段和不同类型的侵蚀环境系列图,包括影响侵蚀因素系列图、土壤侵蚀量分布图,流域沟谷形态变化图,时段侵蚀平均发展速度图以及治理评价图,并在此基础上,利用环境动态分析法分时段分析了流域侵蚀状况变化及其环境的变化。在侵蚀环境的分析中·不仅分析了影响侵蚀的自然因素,还揭示了人为因素对侵蚀的影响。研究结果,为黄土高原小流域水土流失综合治理措施的制定提供了科学依据。     

四川省降雨侵蚀力时空分布特征分析

以四川省40个气象站点1971~2000年的逐日雨量资料为基础,采用降雨侵蚀力简易估算方法计算各站点的降雨侵蚀力,分析了四川省降雨侵蚀力的时空分布特征,研究了降雨侵蚀力时空分布规律,研究结果对该地区的水土流失预报和水土保持措施评价具有重要意义。     

陕北黄土丘陵地区土壤侵蚀强度遥感分析方法探讨

在地形破碎的黄土丘陵地区,利用航空遥感图像分析沟谷密度、沟谷发育阶段、地貌形态及其与土壤侵蚀强度之间的相关性,收到了良好的效果。研究表明,包括切沟在内的黄土丘陵区的沟谷密度值可高达20 km/km~2以上;黄土冲沟的发育阶段不同,其侵蚀强度也相应变化;切沟发育最活跃和最密集的地段,其侵蚀强度也最大。根据土壤侵蚀总量与侵蚀强度之间的相关,建立了土壤侵蚀模型,并利用遥感图像划分了土壤侵蚀综合类型,从而可用多元回归分析方法求算各侵蚀类型的侵蚀强度,为预测区域侵蚀总量开辟了新的技术途径。     

1976—2010年鸭绿江口西水道岸线变迁遥感监测与分析

河口地区受入海河流和海洋动力的共同作用,岸线多变,国际河口海岸线变迁关乎国家主权。遥感与GIS技术相结合,能准确及时地监测河口海岸线的动态演变。以鸭绿江口西水道海岸为研究区域,分别分析1976—2010年34年间中方一侧和朝方一侧的岸线变迁情况。监测结果表明:①中方一侧海岸侵蚀后退极少,东港市岸段向海延伸显著;②朝方一侧的黄金坪—内岛东南侧海岸不断侵蚀后退,西南侧海岸存在冲淤现象;③朝方一侧的绸缎岛—薪岛总体处于生长状态,岛的西北侧在1976—1989年间淤积明显,西侧人工固化岸段较稳定,东侧以淤泥质的自然岸线为主,东北部不断侵蚀,中部淤积明显。     

江苏省海岸线演变及地质灾害遥感分析

江苏省漫长的海岸曾经历了大淤大蚀的沧桑变化。现代海岸仍经常受到侵蚀崩岸、岸滩淤涨以及沿岸泥沙流的袭扰破坏。沿岸港口建设、交通航运及滩涂围垦等也不时受到危害,成为江苏海岸带特有的地质灾害。     

北海市涠洲岛西南部海岸形态变化的LiDAR监测

南海周边近年来由于自然灾害和人类活动的影响导致局部区域海岸形态发生了较大变化,尤其是远离大陆的海岛正在遭受越来越严重的破坏或侵蚀,严重威胁到沿岸人民的生产和生活安全。利用中国海监南海航空支队获取的涠洲岛西南部两个时期高密度机载激光雷达点云数据构建了研究区内高精度的数字高程模型。在此基础上,分别获取了研究区内不同年代的坡度、曲率、地面粗糙度、侵蚀与沉积等图层,并选取了20个对比点进行了定量分析和三维展示。结果表明,在选取的研究区域和分析时段内,涠洲岛西南部大部分海岸区域均发生了形变,尤以砂质海岸发生形变的程度最为显著。     

一弧秒分辨率DEM对侵蚀地形表达能力的分析

针对1″SRTM数据和基于1∶50000地形图生成的DEM在黄土侵蚀区对地表形态表达能力的差异性问题,提出了一套完整的评价分析指标体系。选取陕西黄土高原6大典型黄土地貌样区,从地形属性(高程、坡度、坡向、坡长)和地形特征(山顶点、流水线、流域边界)两大方面评估了两种数据对表达黄土侵蚀区的地形表达能力。结果表明:1″SRTM对地表形态的表达能力接近1∶50000地形图所生成的DEM,但总体上还是1∶50000地形图所生成的DEM对地表形态的表达比较好,尤其是在地形比较破碎的地区。本文为1″SRTM数据在部分区域替代地形图生成的Hc-DEM,并用于与地学相关领域的研究提供了重要依据。     

基于遥感和GIS技术的长春东部典型黑土区侵蚀沟动态监测研究

以长春市九台区沐石河镇为研究区,探讨了遥感和GIS技术在长春东部典型黑土区侵蚀沟动态监测应用中的主要内容和方法。利用吉林省第一次地理国情普查成果和基础测绘成果,结合1965、2005、2013年3期卫星影像对沐石河镇侵蚀沟信息进行提取和分析,并对其空间分布及变化规律进行研究。     

砒砂岩区沟边线变迁遥感调查及影响因素分析

纳林川布尔洞流域位于黄河中游砒砂岩分布区,由于砒砂岩抗侵蚀能力差,而且当地夏季降雨集中,导致砒砂岩发生严重的水土流失,侵蚀沟边线持续不断地后退.本文运用高分辨遥感及GIS方法对当地砒砂岩侵蚀沟边线的蚀退距离进行了计算,并对蚀退影响因素进行了综合分析.     

格网DEM侵蚀学坡长并行计算方法

针对现有侵蚀学坡长串行算法在处理大区域海量数据时计算能力的不足,基于消息传递接口(MPI)并行化工具,提出了一种格网DEM的侵蚀学坡长并行计算方法,采用缓冲区更新计算策略,解决了并行计算过程中的数据依赖性问题。选取陕北黄土高原的两组不同分辨率的DEM数据对并行算法进行了测试,结果表明,提出的并行计算方法可以有效降低侵蚀学坡长的计算时间,并取得了较好的并行效率。     

A shoreline change analysis along the coast between Kanyakumari and Tuticorin,India, using digital shoreline analysis system

The shoreline is one of the rapidly changing landforms in coastal areas.They are the key element in coastal GIS and provide the most information on coastal land form dynamics.Therefore,accurate detection and frequent monitoring of shorelines is very essential to understand the coastal processes and dynamics of various coastal features.The present study is to investigate the shoreline changes along the coast between Kanyakumari and Tuticorin of south India(where hydrodynamic and morphologic changes occur continuously after the December 2004 tsunami)by using Digital Shoreline Analysis System(DSAS),an extension of ArcGIS.Multidate IRS and Landsat Satellite data(1999,2001,2003,2005,2007,and 2009)are used to extract the shorelines.The data is processed by using the ERDAS IMAGINE 9.1 software and analyzed by ArcGIS 9.2 workstation.The rates of shoreline changes are estimated by three statistical methods,namely,End Point Rate(EPR),Linear Regression Rate(LRR),and Least Me-dian of Squares(LMS)by using DSAS.The study reveals that most of the study area has undergoing erosion.Both natural and an-thropogenic processes along the coast modify the shoreline configuration and control the erosion and accretion of the coastal zones.The coastal zones along the estuary have experienced accretion due to the littoral processes.The zones with headlands have more eroded than other zones along the study area.The study also shows that the coastal zones where sand is mined have relatively more rate of erosion than that of the other zones.Improper and unsustainable sand mining may also lead to severe erosion problem along this area.The shoreline change rates are altered by various geological processes along the coast.Thus,the present study implies that proper beach filling and nourishment projects should be made in the study area to save from hazards.It also indicates the advantage and suitability of DSAS to assess the shoreline changes compared with the traditional manual shoreline change analysis and prom-ising its applications for coastal zone management in other regions.     

Dynamics of coastal landform features along the southern Tamil Nadu of India by using remote sensing and Geographic Information System

This article reveals an application of multi-spectral satellite data for analysing the dynamics of different coastal landform features along the southern coastal Tamil Nadu of India. An integrated approach comprising visual image interpretation and maximum-likelihood supervised classification has been employed to classify the coastal landforms by using IRS data (during the period 1999–2006). The quality of image classification has been assessed by performing the accuracy assessments with the existing thematic maps and finally the coastal landforms have been mapped. The study reveals that the dynamics of coastal landforms such as sandy beaches, mud-flats, sand dunes and salt marshes along the study area are mostly influenced by the coastal processes, sediment transport, geomorphology and anthropogenic activities. Major anthropogenic sources for the perturbation of beach sediment budgets and a cause of beach erosion along the study area are excessive sand mining, removal of sand dunes, coastal urbanization, tourism and developmental activities.     

基于Canny算子的南通江海岸线研究

基于RS、GIS、Matlab等技术与平台提取遥感影像岸线是当前实现海岸动态监测和分析各类型海岸动力地貌演化的重要技术方法。本文选取江苏南通江海岸带为研究区,对多期预处理后的MSS、TM和OLI影像进行卷积滤波、图像分割等处理;然后使用Matlab,基于Canny算子检测图像边缘,提取了多期影像的瞬时水边线。与此同时,结合不同类型海岸目视解译标志和吕四港近5 a潮汐数据矫正提取瞬时水边线,最后提取南通市4期江海岸线并分析了近45 a来南通江海岸线演变特性。     

Estimating vegetation parameter for soil erosion assessment in an alpine catchment by means of QuickBird imagery

Soil erosion rates in alpine regions are related to high spatial variability complicating assessment of risk and damages. A crucial parameter triggering soil erosion that can be derived from satellite imagery is fractional vegetation cover (FVC). The objective of this study is to assess the applicability of normalized differenced vegetation index (NDVI), linear spectral unmixing (LSU) and mixture tuned matched filtering (MTMF) in estimating abundance of vegetation cover in alpine terrain. To account for the small scale heterogeneity of the alpine landscape we used high resolved multispectral QuickBird imagery (pixel resolution = 2.4 m) of a site in the Urseren Valley, Central Swiss Alps (67 km²). A supervised land-cover classification was applied (total accuracy 93.3%) prior to the analysis in order to stratify the image. The regression between ground truth FVC assessment and NDVI as well as MTMF-derived vegetation abundance was significant (r² = 0.64, r² = 0.71, respectively). Best results were achieved for LSU (r² = 0.85). For both spectral unmixing approaches failed to estimate bare soil abundance (r² = 0.39 for LSU, r² = 0.28 for MTMF) due to the high spectral variability of bare soil at the study site and the low spectral resolution of the QuickBird imagery. The LSU-derived FVC map successfully identified erosion features (e.g. landslides) and areas prone to soil erosion. FVC represents an important but often neglected parameter for soil erosion risk assessment in alpine grasslands.     

A comparative study of soil erosion modelling by MMF,USLE and RUSLE

The quantitative assessment of spatial soil erosion is valuable information to control the erosion. The study area in a part of Narmada river in central India is selected. The main objective is to assess and compare the results obtained from three soil erosion models using GIS platform. Variation in the rate of erosion of the three models is compared considering varying slope, soil and land use of the area. Three models selected are Morgan–Morgan–Finney (MMF), Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) and Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE). The best fit or the most reliable model for the study area is selected after validation with the observed sedimentation data. The results give –39.45%, –9.60% and 4.80% difference in the values of sedimentation by MMF, USLE and RUSLE, respectively, from the observed data. Finally, RUSLE model has been found to be most reliable for the study area.     

Uncertainty analysis of soil erosion modelling using different resolution of open-source DEMs

The Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is one of the important parameters of soil erosion assessment and notable uncertainties are found in using different resolutions of the DEM. Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation model has been applied to analyze the effect of open-source DEMs with different resolution and accuracy on the uncertainties of soil erosion modelling in a part of the Narmada river basin in Madhya Pradesh in central India. Selected open-source DEMs are GTOPO30 (1 km), SRTM (30 and 90 m), CARTOSAT (30 m) and ASTER (30 m), used for estimating erosion rate. Results with better accuracy are achieved with the high-resolution DEMs (30 m) with higher vertical accuracy than the coarse resolution DEMs with lower accuracy. This study has presented potential uncertainties introduced by the open-source DEMs in soil erosion modelling for better understanding of appropriate selection and acceptable errors for researchers.     

Soil erosion assessment in Rangit catchment,India through a process-based model in the geospatial environment

The accurate assessment of soil erosion in the spatial environment can give valuable input in designing reservoirs and for preparing watershed management action plans. Rangit River in northeastern India is affected by severe soil erosion, causing reduction in its reservoir capacity. The main aim of the paper is to estimate the soil erosion in the Rangit catchment, India through a process-based soil erosion model that integrates remote sensing and field data in the geospatial domain, and also to identify the problem areas for further watershed management action plans. Various topographic parameters that were derived from land use, soil texture and a digital elevation model were used for the estimation of soil erosion. The Morgan, Morgan and Finny model was used to compute soil erosion. Based on the drainage pattern, the catchment was divided into eight sub-catchments for detailed study. Annual soil erosion was estimated for four years from 2002 to 2005 using the corresponding year’s meteorological data. Estimated soil erosion was compared with the field data in each year and found very good correlation.     

区域尺度海河流域水土流失风险评估

借鉴USLE的因子选择及综合方法,在遥感和GIS的支撑下对海河流域的水土流失风险进行评估,并对其空间分布特征进行分析.结果表明:海河流域山区水土流失风险显著高于平原地区,北三河山区水土流失风险最低,太行山区最高,永定河上游介于两者之间;水土流失风险"很低"等级主要分布在小于5°的平坦地区,"中"、"高"水土流失风险面积...     

基于DEM的USLE土壤侵蚀方程地形因子获取与分析

坡长和坡度是研究水土流失问题中必须要考虑的重要地形因子,坡长的空间分布特征和规律、地貌发育对坡长的影响,以及坡长与坡度之间的关系,是研究水土流失、侵蚀规律的重要条件之一。利用GIS以及相关软件为平台,在黑龙江省通河地区建立USLE水土流失方程模型,研究LS因子在水土流失中的影响以及作用,并探讨DEM数据分辨率变化对LS值的影响。