Dispersion of disposed dredged slurry in the meso-tidal Changjiang (Yangtze River) Estuary

To understand the dispersal pattern of sediment plume and its controlling processes, a field experiment of concentrated slurry dispersal created by a dredger was conducted in the Changjiang (Yangtze River) Estuary during the 2002 flood season. An acoustic suspended sediment concentration profiler and an acoustic Doppler profiler were deployed to simultaneously observe suspended sediment concentrations (SSC) and tidal currents at the pre-selected sections shortly following the release of dredged materials. Water sampling, grab sampling and shallow coring were simultaneously carried out to obtain the SSC and grain-size texture. High-resolution SSC profiler observations showed that two distinct sediment plumes (middle level- and near-bed plumes) occurred during the intermediate tidal phase between the spring and neap due to differential settling of the sediment mixture, whereas only a benthic plume occurred due to rapid flocculation settling during the neap tide. Three subsequent stages can be identified during the dispersal of the sediment plume: (1) initially stable stage before the release; (2) unstable stage shortly following the release as a settling cloud; and (3) stable stage after the formation of a primary lutocline or a benthic plume. Enhanced mixing due to oscillatory shear flows could raise only the elevation of the lutocline in the slurry, but could not enhance the transport capacity of suspension. In the presence of high concentration, the fate of bottom sediment plume was controlled by the bottom stress, independent of the interfacial mixing.     

Effect of a cement-lignin agent on the shear behavior of Shanghai dredged marine soils

With the rapid urbanization in Shanghai, China, suitable fill materials have been reported to be in great shortage in recent years. A prospective solution to these issues is to convert the huge amount of existing dredged marine soils to construction materials via solidification. However, there have been no studies on the shear behavior of solidified dredged materials from Shanghai region so far, while it has been reported by various researchers that the available data obtained from certain types of clay cannot be confidently and readily applied to other types of soils. To address this challenging issue, in this article, samples of Shanghai marine dredged soils were retrieved from the world’s largest reclamation project in Shanghai Lin-gang New City. A series of laboratory tests have been conducted to investigate the shear behavior of Shanghai dredged marine soils solidified using a new composite curing agent made of cement and lignin. The test results and the effect of this cement–lignin agent on the shear behavior of Shanghai marine soils, including the stress–strain behavior, shear strength properties, and failure characteristics are presented and discussed, which can provide valuable reference for the use of dredged soils as construction materials in the Shanghai region.     

疏浚物倾倒现状与转化为再生资源的研究--中国海洋倾废面临的困难和对策

介绍了我国海洋倾废的历史和现状,分析了疏浚泥海洋倾倒面临的困难,这些困难将是今后相当长时期困扰和阻碍港口、航道和海岸海洋工程建设和发展的巨大障碍。只有将疏浚泥转化为再生资源,才能从根本上缓解海洋工程建设中疏浚泥的出路问题。把疏浚泥转化为再生资源的方法主要有3种：(1)将疏浚泥干燥、脱水后直接用于填海造地;(2)利用固化处理的化学方法,将疏浚泥转化为围海造地的填充料;(3)利用热处理的方法通过烧结将疏浚泥转化为生产轻型建筑材料和建筑陶瓷的原料。     

鲅鱼圈港倾废区疏浚污染物的时空分布和运移规律

本文依据营口鲅鱼圈港倾废区８个航次的疏浚物监测和追踪调查数据，深入了解了倾废海区中悬浮物、浊度、ＣＯＤ和ｐＨ等指标随潮汐变化的时空分布规律。调查结果表明：虽然该倾废区实施疏浚物倾倒已达４ａ，但该区中除悬浮物含量略有增加外，其他指标（如ＣＯＤ，ＤＯ，ｐＨ等）基本处于一类海水正常值范围。疏浚物倾倒后２０ｍｉｎ内可引起水中悬浮物和浊度含量的急剧上升，对海水的ｐＨ和ＣＯＤ含量也有一定程度的影响．表面浑水团主要随表层流和风向运移，悬浮物和浊度降至海区背景浓度的时间约需３５～４５ｍｉｎ，迁移距离可达１．３ｎｍｉｌｅ，影响面积通常可达０．３ｋｍ２．     

A new mixing technique for solidifier and dredged fill in coastal area

One of the major drawbacks of the conventional method of land reclamation, which involves mixing cement with the dredged soils at the disposal site, is the high cost associated with its manufacturing and transportation. In this study, a new solidified dredged fill (SDF) technique and a new additive are proposed and their practical applications are discussed. Unlike the conventional approach, the dredged marine soils were mixed with the solidifiers using a newly designed mixing technique prior to its transport to site, which would significantly reduce the cost of site machinery and effectively reclaim land with adequate engineering properties necessary for the construction of infrastructure. To evaluate the performance of the reclaimed land using the proposed technique, a series of laboratory and field tests (namely, static and dynamic cone penetration tests, and plate load tests) were conducted on grounds filled with and without solidified dredged marine soils, respectively. The results showed that the engineering behavior of the reclaimed land with dredged marine soils using SDF technique had significantly improved. The SDF technique combined with the newly designed mixing system improved the performance of ground and has thus proved to be both cost-effective and safe.     

清洁疏浚物对2种海洋微藻种间竞争的影响

采用实验生态学方法,研究了不同起始密度下悬浮清洁疏浚物对中肋骨条藻Skeletonema costatum和赤潮异弯藻Heterosigma akashiwo生长的影响。研究结果表明,在实验室单培养条件下,清洁疏浚物培养液中,起始密度不同,微藻生长状况明显不同。起始密度为0.2×10⁴ cells·mL^-1时,进入指数生长期和静止期的时间延长,但生长所达到的最大细胞密度较高;起始密度为0.8×10⁴ cells·mL^-1时,进入指数生长期和静止期的时间缩短,但生长所达到的种群最大密度较低。混合培养条件下,清洁疏浚物培养液中,起始密度不同,导致了微藻种间竞争关系的变化,中肋骨条藻与赤潮异弯藻具有明显的种间竞争,赤潮异弯藻是竞争的优胜者,中肋骨条藻受到赤潮异弯藻的抑制,整个实验周期内细胞密度下降都非常明显,细胞密度明显低于单培养时的细胞密度,而赤潮异弯藻细胞密度并没有明显的减少。在3种不同质量浓度组清洁疏浚物培养液中,质量浓度最高的1 000 mg·L^-1培养液中藻细胞密度显著低于100 和500 mg·L^-1质量浓度组,而100 mg·L^-1培养液中藻细胞密度最高,说明清洁疏浚物质量浓度越高,对海洋微藻抑制影响越为明显,质量浓度越低,影响越小。     

Dredged marine sediments used as novel supply of filling materials for road construction

The dredged marine sediments are classified as waste and how to deal with such kind of abandoned materials is a great challenge. The main objective of this experimental work is to provide a novel way to reuse dredged sediment as filling materials in road section. The laboratory dewatering test is performed to model the in situ evaporation and dewatering process of untreated and treated sediment with chemical binder. The impact of binder amount and time is discussed on the change of water content influenced by evaporation. To valorize dredged sediments as roadbed materials, a hydraulic binder is incorporated to investigate its effect on the bearing capacity and strength performance. The suitability of stabilized sediment is assessed based on the obtained mechanical results followed by a detailed discussion on the in situ test roads.     

Laboratory and Field Observations for Golden Horn Marine Clay

Istanbul, the largest city in Turkey and one of the major metropolitan areas in the world, cleaned one of its environmentally polluted areas—Golden Horn—by dredging 5 million m³ of the bottom sediments and pumping the resulting sludge to a storage area behind a dam built at an abandoned rock quarry site in Alibey district. The reclamation of the land that formed over the storage area of Golden Horn dredged material is socially and economically very desirable. In this paper, results from experimental studies that are focused on determining the shear strength behavior of the dredge material and undisturbed soil are presented. Slurry consolidometer test, large model tests and small model tests are used to consolidate the dredged soil samples from Halic to simulate the natural consolidation behavior of these soils. Shear strength parameters are determined by laboratory vane tests; unconfined compression tests; undrained-unconsolidated (UU) and consolidated-undrained (CU) triaxial tests on samples that are obtained through in situ undisturbed samples and laboratory model tank and slurry consolidation. Moreover, the effects of fly ash and lime additives on the undrained shear strength were determined by mixing the materials with the dredged clay from Golden Horn during the model experiments conducted in the laboratory. Based on these findings, equations are proposed that govern the relationships between undrained shear strength and water content value.     

基于ArcGIS的倾倒区水深地形冲淤变化分析

东碇临时海洋倾倒区是当前福建省内使用频率最高、倾倒量最大的海洋倾倒区,自2010年重新投入使用以来,该倾倒区共接纳了约1.5×107 m3的疏浚物,为研究其海底地形冲淤变化情况,利用ArcGIS的空间分析模块、3D分析模块、地统计分析模块等对东碇临时海洋倾倒区进行冲淤变化分析,文中介绍了冲淤分析的基本流程并对分析结果进行讨论,说明疏浚物倾倒对水深地形的影响程度。     

疏浚物倾抛对海洋环境影响的研究述评

从当前国内外对疏浚物倾倒海洋后所产生的环境影响研究现状出发,就研究历史产生影响的生物、物理、化学过程,现场监测技术,疏浚物处理新技术的应用等方面的研究作了全面评述,这对港口、航道部门的疏浚土处理和防止海洋污染具有参考应用价值。     

Nematodes as Sensitive Indicators of Change at Dredged Material Disposal Sites

Demonstration of the recovery of marine habitats from perturbation, or of the effectiveness of protective measures, is dependent on the sensitivity of the target group in responding to change. This paper highlights the utility of the nematode component of the meiofauna as a tool for assessing disturbance from dredgings disposal. Transect surveys were conducted at three major dredged material disposal sites around the U.K. coast. Both gross effects due to the direct impact of dredgings within the disposal sites and lesser consequences arising from the transport of material away from the sites were evident with nematode community analyses. The same nematode species, Sabatieria pulchra group (both breviseta andpunctata ) and Daptonema tenuispiculum were found to dominate at all disposal sites, despite appreciable environmental differences between locations and variability in the nature of the deposited dredged material.These studies have established that nematode communities can provide a sensitive indicator of change in response to dredged material disposal at a variety of locations and have introduced a new monitoring tool for a practice that has a wide significance around the U.K. coast. The implications of the findings for the future monitoring of dredged material disposal and other waste inputs are discussed.     

Short-Term Benthic Recolonization after Dredging in the Harbour of Ceuta, North Africa

Abstract. The benthic recovery after dredging (area: 2625 m²) was studied in a polluted and enclosed area of the harbour of Ceuta, in which the recolonization through the water column (larvae and adult bedload transport) could be limited by the lack of renewal. The benthos was sampled at two sites (control and dredged) using a van Veen grab and adopting a BACI (Before, After, Control, Impacted) approach. Five samplings were conducted after dredging (3, 15, 30, 90, 180 days). The proportion of gravel in the sediment of the dredged site increased after dredging, while the organic matter decreased. The impact on the community was estimated at species level, using both univariate and multivariate analyses. The maximum negative effect on benthic macrofauna was a reduction by 65% for species richness (15 days after dredging) and by 75% for abundance (3 days after dredging). Between 15 and 30 days after dredging, the abundance of some species such as the molluscs Parvicardium exiguum and Retusa obtusa and the polychaete Pseudomalacoceros tridentata increased considerably in the dredged site, while typical ‘opportunistic’ species such as Capitella capitata were disfavoured by the disturbance. For this small‐scale dredging, about 6 months are required for the disturbed area to re‐establish a sediment structure and a macrobenthic community similar to the undisturbed area. Small‐patch dredging operations are proposed in harbour management whenever possible, since they allow a quick re‐adjustment of the initial sediment structure and benthic communities.     

Case Studies of PSDDF for Phased Placement of Dredged Soils

Use of Terzaghi's one-dimensional consolidation theory is not suitable for consolidation of highly deformable soft clays such as dredged soils. To model this condition, it is necessary to consider non-linear finite strain consolidation behavior, i.e., changes in compressibility and permeability with increasing stress. A one-dimensional non-linear finite strain numerical model, Primary Consolidation, Secondary Compression, and Desiccation of Dredged Fill (PSDDF), has been used to predict the stress-dependent settlement of fine-grained dredged materials. In this paper, two case studies of using PSDDF are discussed to illustrate the applicability and accuracy of PSDDF. The first case study involves PSDDF simulations of laboratory-phased placement of a marine clay dredged from Busan, Korea. PSDDF results are in good agreement with the corresponding results of the laboratory large strain consolidation tests. The other involves estimating the service life of the Craney Island Dredged Material Management Area near Norfolk, Virginia, in the United States. The excellent agreement between measured and calculated values shows that PSDDF is a reliable tool for predicting settlement of dredged material.     

Experimental study on settling velocity of soil particles in dredged slurry

Studying sedimentation and consolidation of dredged slurry has significant implications to the design of storage yard and subsequent ground improvement. In this study, settling velocity of soil particles in dredged slurry during sedimentation and consolidation processes was investigated using an improved multilayer extraction sampling (MES) method. A series of sedimentation column tests were performed on dredged slurry with three different initial water contents. Distributions of volume of soil particles and density of dredged slurry were first obtained by the MES method, settling velocity of soil particles was then calculated by volume flux function approach. It was found that the density and velocity inflection points can be used to distinguish the settling zone and the consolidation zone. The experimental results reveal that the velocity of soil particles was quite low and monotonically decreased with sedimentation height at low initial water content throughout the whole test period, whereas it was increased at 0–1 hours and almost remained constant at 1–7 hours in the settling zone at high initial water content. The effects of initial water content on sedimentation and consolidation mode of dredged slurry and the settling velocity of soil particles were discussed. The relationship between settling velocity of soil particles and particle diameter was also studied. It is indicated that the measured velocity of soil particles was much lower than that calculated by the Stokes equation, and it was related to 0.4881–0.5906 order of particle diameter at 0–1 hours and 0.1117–0.1825 order of particle diameter at 1–7 hours for the test slurries.     

Relict sand dredging for beach nourishment in the central Tyrrhenian Sea (Italy): effects on benthic assemblages

The aim of this study is to analyse the effects in space and time of relict sand-dredging activities on macrobenthic assemblages, in an area situated offshore Montalto di Castro (central Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy), and to analyse the recolonisation processes of macrobenthos in the dredged areas. The area in question is characterised by relict sand deposits (Holocenic paleo-beaches), used for beach nourishment along the Latium coast. The effects of sand extraction on benthic assemblages were investigated before, during and after three dredging operations. The sites analysed are located within the dredged areas (inside stations) and in neighbouring, not dredged, areas (outside stations). The results showed that the impact of sand extraction was confined to the dredged stations and to the areas in proximity to the dredged areas. During dredging activities, the structure of benthic assemblages within the impacted stations was characterised by low species richness and diversity. Both the direct removal of sediment and the re-suspension and consequent deposition of fine sediment affected benthic assemblages of the impacted stations. A few months after the dredgings, a recolonisation process was still observed at all the impacted stations. A gradual recolonisation process was observed at those stations affected by only one dredging, whereas a different recolonisation was observed at those stations affected by two dredgings over time. This study suggests that differences of re-colonisation processes of benthic assemblages are related to the intensity of dredging operations in terms of dredging frequency.     

连云港市海域海洋倾倒疏浚物的重金属污染及其潜在生态风险

为加强连云港市海域的海洋倾废管理和海洋生态环境保护,文章在该海域主要疏浚工程区的49个站位开展采样调查,并采用潜在生态风险指数法,评价表层疏浚物的重金属污染程度及其潜在生态风险。研究结果表明:连云港市海域疏浚物质量总体较好,重金属含量的变化范围和分布的区域差异较小,其中含量最高的为锌、最低的为汞;污染程度最大的重金属为镉,较小的重金属为铬;潜在生态风险指数由大到小的重金属依次为镉、汞、砷、铜、铅、铬和锌,除镉和汞(连云港港区)外,其余潜在生态风险等级为低;潜在生态风险指数由大到小的区域依次为连云港港区、徐圩航道、外航道内段、田湾核电站取水口和外航道外段,除连云港港区外,其余区域的潜在生态风险等级为低;应高度关注镉和汞等重金属的污染状况以及近岸区域的潜在生态风险。     

重金属对几种海洋双壳类和甲壳类生物的毒性

研究了重金属和污染疏浚物对缢蛏Ｓｉｎｏｎｕａｃｕｌａ ｃｏｎｓｔｒｉｃｔａ稚贝和幼贝，褶牡蛎Ｏｓｔｒｅａ ｐｌｉｃａｔｕｌａ幼虫，甲壳类的卤虫Ａｒｔｅｍｉａｓｐ．幼体和长毛对虾Ｐｅｎａｅｕｓｐｅｎｃｉｌｌａｔｕｓ幼体的毒性，结果表明受试生物的生长，摄食，存活均受到不同程度的影响。各重金属元素对褶牡蛎幼虫，卤虫无节细，长毛对虾糖虾期的毒性顺序为Ｈｇ＾２＾＋＞Ｃｕ＾２＾＋＞Ｚｎ＾２＾＋＞Ｃｄ＾２＾＋＞     

Rheological behavior of dredged slurries at high water contents

Each year in the world, there is significant amount of dredged slurries generated during geotechnical jobs. In the slurry storage process, the rheological behavior is a key factor affecting the motion of dredged slurries. To gain better understanding on this behavior, experiments on dredged slurries with different liquid limits are conducted using rotary viscometer. It has been found that, as water content increases, slurry property can change from Bingham plastic fluids to Newtonian fluids. In log–log coordinates, their corresponding yield stress and plastic viscosity are in linear relationship with their water contents and the intersection of these two lines can be treated as the turning point which is 4.7 times the liquid limit. The yield stress and plastic viscosity of different dredged slurries can be normalized efficiently using normalized water content. So, in this paper, a new quantitative prediction method for yield stress and plastic viscosity is proposed, which is effective for use in alkined modes of motion, is proposed.     

The response of marine bacteria to mine tailings in ecosystem enclosures

The response of marine bacteria to mine tailings was studied in three marine ecosystem enclosures of 60 m~3, one control and two treated with 10 and 100 ppm (dry) respectively of dredged mine tailings from Alice Arm, B. C., Canada. Determination of bacterial biomass was conducted by epi-fluorescence and bacterial productivity by ~3H-thymidine uptake. During the sixteen days of the experiment, two peaks in both bacterial biomass     

A Preliminary Study of Quantitative Distribution of Benthic Animals in the East China Sea Continental Shelf and Its Adiacent Waters

In October and November of 1977 and September and October of 1978,a quantitative survey of benthic animals was conducted in the East China Sea Continental Shelf and its adjacent waters(26°00'-34°00'N,124°00'-129°00'E,water depth 39-1550m),where 307 stations were dredged and 1200 samples collected.