Paleogeography of Lake Agassiz and regional post-glacial uplift history of the Flin Flon region, central Manitoba and Saskatchewan

Detailed mapping and elevation measurements of glacial lake shorelines in the Flin Flon region has permitted the reconstruction of 6 well-defined levels of Lake Agassiz formed around 8.3 ka to 7.9 ka ¹⁴C BP. The Stonewall, The Pas, Gimli, Grand Rapids, Drunken Point and Ponton paleo-water planes have been tilted upward to the northeast in the Holocene, with gradients decreasing, from the highest to the lowest level, from about 0.34 m km^-1 to 0.22 m km^-1 in the study area. The Setting level, lower than the Ponton but less well defined, is also documented here for the first time. This mapping conclusively refutes the view, entrenched in the literature from the 1890's to the 1960's, that there has been negligible differential uplift in the region following final drainage of Lake Agassiz. The finding has major consequences regarding correlation of glacial lakes across the mid-continent, the post-glacial history of large lakes in the region, and for interpretation of earth rheology and its implications for ice sheet reconstruction.     

Editorial: A Suxmer of Geography

Abstract

Oklahoma, A Guide to the Sooner State. Compiled by Kent Ruth and the staff of The University of Oklahoma Press, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma, 1957. 532 pp. $5.95.

Virginia Creed. Life in Europe: France. The Fideler Company, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1956. A supplementary geography text book on France, one of a ten-book series entitled Life In Europe. 160 pages with illustrations, glossary, and index. $3.28.

G. Etzel Pearcy and Associates. World Political Geography. Thomas Y. Crowell &; Company, New York, 1957, pp. 734.

J. Paul Goode; Edward B. Espenshade, Jr. (ed.). Goode's World Atlas, 10th edition. Rand, McNally and Company, Chicago, 1957, xvi and 272 pages including 160 pages of maps.     

Recent Publications

Abstract

Geography of Sub-Saharan Africa. by Samuel Aryeetey-Attoh, ed., Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. 1997. References, index. 379 pp. ISBN 0-13-375684-X. $56.00, cloth.

Ten Geographic Ideas That Changed the World by Susan Hanson, ed. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press. 1997. 238 pp. Maps, bibliographical references, index. ISBN 08135-2357-5. $50.00, hardcover. $20.00, paper.

Grand Canyon, a Century of Change: Rephotography of the 1889-1890 Stanton Expedition, Robert H. Webb Tucson, AZ: The University of Arizona Press. 1996. Tables, notes, index. 290 pp. ISBN 0-8165-1578-6. $26.95, paper.

A Civil War Watercolor Map Series by Earl B. McElfresh.

Land Use and Society: Geography, Law, and Public Policy by Rutherford Piatt, Washington, D.C.: Island Press. 1996. References, index, cases cited. 507 pp. ISBN 1-55963-435-9. $30.00, paper.

How to Lie with Maps, 2nd ed. by Mark Monmonier, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 1996. Selected readings, source of illustrations, index. 207 pp. ISBN 0-226-53421-9.     

伊朗盐湖分布和研究现状概述

伊朗盐湖分布众多,具有丰富的盐湖矿产资源和盐湖生物资源,本文综合文献资料,重点分析了伊朗盐湖的分布、研究热点、研究机构和研究人员等现状。分析得出伊朗盐湖研究领域论文整体增长态势。伊朗盐湖主要为乌尔米耶湖、Meyghan湖、Fesendooz湖、马哈尔卢盐沼和Tashk湖;干盐滩为Houze Sultan干盐滩、巴赫泰甘干盐滩、Gaav Khooni干盐滩、纳马克干盐滩、Khur干盐滩和Haj Aligholj干盐滩;在伊朗南部沿海分布大量的盐类资源;盐沙漠为达什特坎维和达什特鲁。伊朗盐湖主要的研究内容为盐湖生态环境、盐湖地质、水资源以及盐湖生物,涉及科研机构和科研人员最多的研究领域为盐湖微生物。     

Bedding characteristics of Holocene sediments from salt lakes of the northern Great Plains, Western Canada

The northern Great Plains region of western Canada contains many saline and hypersaline lakes. These lakes exhibit great diversity in geochemical and sedimentological characteristics which results in a wide range of bedding features and lamination types. Because of the high brine salinities and supersaturation with respect to many carbonate and sulfate evaporitic minerals, chemical laminae and beds are the most common stratification types observed. Simple monomineralic carbonate or sulfate layers as well as beds composed of complex mixtures of aragonite, magnesite, hydromagnesite, mirabilite, gypsum, epsomite,and/or bloedite occur frequently in Holocene sequences from these saline lakes. In addition, biolaminae, including microbialite bedding and accretionary tufa and travertine deposits, are present. Due to the dominance of chemical sedimentary processes operating in these lakes, physical laminae are uncommon. Other observed bedding features and sedimentary structures consist of distinctive pedogenic-cryogenic dry zones, salt karst structures, and clastic dykes and diapirs. Although paleoenvironmental investigations of these well-bedded sequences have just recently begun, several basins provide examples of the nature of paleolimnological information that can be derived from the salt lakes of the northern Great Plains. The chemical and biological laminae preserved in the Holocene sequence of Waldsea Lake provide evidence for significant fluctuations in brine chemistry and chemocline depth in this meromictic basin. Freefight Lake, another hypersaline meromictic lake, contains a relatively thick sequence of rapidly deposited, deep-water salts underlain by finely laminated carbonates, sulfates, and microbial mat sediments. These very thin, undisturbed laminae, combined with exceedingly high rates of offshore evaporite mineral accumulation, provide an excellent opportunity for high resolution geochemical and hydrologic reconstructions in a part of the region distinguished by a paucity of other sources of paleoenvironmental information. Chappice Lake, a shallow, hypersaline brine pool, contains a wealth of paleoenvironmental information. Although the basin probably never experienced the deep-water conditions that earmark Waldsea and Freefight lakes, nonetheless, finely laminated and well-bedded sequences abound in the Holocene record of Chappice Lake. The endogenic magnesium and calcium carbonates and sulfates comprising these laminae can be used to interpret the history of brine chemistry fluctuations which may then help to understand past changes in the hydrologic budget and groundwater inflow.     

The phytoplankton of some saline lakes in Central Asia

The Aral Sea, Lake Balkhash, and Lake Kamyslybas are closed lakes in Central Asia. They range from oligosaline to metasaline. The salinity of the Aral Sea has increased by more than 30 g L⁻¹ since widespread irrigation began in its catchment area. Few studies of the phytoplankton have been conducted on these lakes since extensive irrigation started. The investigation reported here compares the flora of phytoplankton in these saline lakes. In the Small Aral Sea, phytoplankton density gradually decreased with increasing electrical conductivity (EC) (∼ salinity), but there was no such relation in Lake Balkhash and Lake Kamyslybas. In the Aral Sea, Dinophyceae and Bacillariophyceae were frequently observed in most areas of high EC value, and Cyanophyceae were most conspicuous in the area of medium and lower EC values. In Lake Balkhash, Cyanophyceae were most conspicuous, but Chlorophyceae were also noticeable. Most Cyanophyceae in Aral Sea formed filaments with heterocysts. The distinct characteristic of the phytoplankton of the Lake Balkhash was that all dominant species form colonies covered with a gelatinous film. Siliceousplankton diversity gradually decreased with increasing EC values in the Aral Sea and Lake Balkhash.     

1717-2011年高宝诸湖的演变过程及其原因分析

高宝诸湖位于江苏省中部,紧邻大运河西岸,是淮河重要的入江水道。近300年来受到黄淮关系演变和人类垦殖活动的影响,高宝诸湖的形态发生了较大变化。在对古今地图中高宝诸湖的形态进行数字化和空间比较的基础上,结合对历史文献和部分钻孔资料的综合分析,将高宝诸湖的演变分为三个阶段：① 清康熙至乾隆年间为近300年来水域面积最大的时期,1717年水域面积为1606.02 km²;② 清中期以后受淮河通过高家堰不定期排泄泥沙的影响,湖中沙洲开始发育;③ 1851年开始,淮河改道经由洪泽湖东南的三河闸,通过高宝诸湖进入长江,其携带的部分泥沙在高宝诸湖沉淀下来,形成三河三角洲,随着三河三角洲在在高宝诸湖内的不断淤涨,湖面萎缩速度加快,1868年湖面缩小到1494.03 km²,1916年为1071.97 km²,2011年为886.90 km²。洪泽湖泥沙是导致近300年来高宝诸湖不断萎缩的主要原因,此外,圩田的兴建进一步加剧了这一过程。     

西藏盐湖TM影像遥感分析

利用TM影像及数据,对西藏盐湖做了全面的分析探讨,总结了盐湖的遥感影像特征,建立了遥感解译标志,并利用不同盐度水体的反射率和主成分分析对盐湖做了遥感信息的探索性研究。以此为依据,对西藏全区盐湖进行了判读,识别出大于1km2的盐湖区392个,为以后从事西藏盐湖研究奠定了良好的基础。     

自青藏高原盐湖卤水获得钠硼解石的研究

钠硼解石是一种常见的硼酸盐,主要分布在南美和我国青藏高原盐湖中,以及土耳其西阿纳托里亚（ＷｅｓｔＡｎａｔｏｌｉａ）硼矿和美国西部Ｋｒａｍ ｅｒ硼矿中。它是青海盐湖硼矿的主要矿石类型。由于自然界未发现在水体中析出的钠硼解石,因而,其成因仍是不清楚的。从放置３ 年、８ 年和１４ 年的小柴旦湖矿坑水、湖表卤水和扎仓茶卡湖表卤水获得了钠硼解石,从而查明钠硼解石是在稳定平衡条件下的低浓度、弱碱－ 碱性、富硼的硫酸钠亚型水体中形成的。这对于阐明钠硼解石矿床的成因及其人工控制再生均有重要的意义     

Climatic Factors in Railroad Construction and Operation

Abstract

J. Oliver Thomson. Everyman's Classical Atlas. E. P. Button &; Co., Inc., 300 Park Avenue South, New York 10, N.Y., 1961. 195 pages with figures, maps and photographs $5.00.

David Greenhood. Watch the Tides. Holiday House, 8 West 13th St., New York 11, N.Y., 1961. Unpaged (40), with illustrations. Ages 6.10.$2.75.

Datus C. Smith, Jr. The Land and People of Indonesia. J. B. Lippincott Company, East Washington Square, Philadelphia 5, Pa. 1961. 125 pages with photographs and index. $2.95.

Arthur C. Clarke. The Challenge of the Sea. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., 383 Madison Ave., New York 17, N.Y., 1960. 167 pages, including illustrations by Alex Schomburg and an introduction by Wernher von Braun. $3.95.

William D. Allen. Africa. The Fideler Company, 31 Ottawa Avenue, N.W., Grand Rapids 2, Mich., 1961. 160 pages with 146 photographs

M. A. Barker-Benfield. The Lands and Peoples of East Africa. The Macmillan Company, 60 Fifth Avenue, New York 11, N.Y., 1960. 104 pages with 21 photographs, one map, table of contents, appendix and index. $1.75.

Loyal Durand, Jr. Economic Geography. Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 432 Park Avenue, South, New York 16, N.Y., 1961. 578 pages with table of contents, maps, illustrations, and index. $7.25.

Phillip O. Foss. Politics and Grass: The Administration of Grazing on the Public Domain. University of Washington Press, Seattle 5, Wash., 1960. 236 pages with notes, appendix, bibliography and index. $4.50.

Glenn T. Trewartha, Arthur H. Robinson, and Edwin H. Hammon. Fundamentals of Physical Geography. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 330 West 42nd Street, New York 36, N.Y., 1961. 409 pages with table of contents, illustrations and index plus nine map plates. $6.95.

Parley M. Pratt. Rice: Domestic Consumption in the United States. Bureau of Business Research, The University of Texas, Austin, Tex., 1960. xxii and 217 pages with table of contents, maps, tables, graphs, and bibliography. $4.00.

Pierre Gourou (translated by E. D. Laborde). The Tropical World: Its Social and Economic Conditions and Its Future Status (Third Edition). Longmans, Green and Co., 119 W. 40th Street, New York 18, N.Y., 1961. xii and 159

Adrian Cowell. The Heart of the Forest. Alfred A. Knopf, 501 Madison Avenue, New York 22, N.Y., 1961. 238 pages with 39 photographs and 3 maps. $5.00.

Henry B. Lent. Men at Work in the Mid-Atlantic States. G. P. Putnam's Sons, 200 Madison Avenue, New York 16, N.Y., 1961. 192 pages with table of contents area map, photographs and index. $3.50.

George W. Hoffman, editor. A Geography of Europe including Asiastic U.S.S.R., 2nd edition. The Ronald Press Co., 15 E. 26th St., New York 10, N.Y., 1961. 815 pages including illustrations, maps, appendices and index. $12.00.

Adriaan J. Barnouw. The Land and People of Holland. J. B. Lippincott Company, East Washington Square, Philadelphia 5, Pa., 1961. 129 pages with table of contents, 1 map, 8 pages of black and white photos and index. Ages 12-up. $2.95.

G. A. Garritt, R. E. McArdle, W. M. Compton, B. Z. Rhodes, and others. Proceedings of the Forest Land Use Conference of September, 1961. American Forest Products Industries, Inc., 1816 N St. N.W., Washington 6, D.C., 1961. 130 pages. Free.

E. H. G. Dobby. Monsoon Asia. Quadrangle Books, Inc., 119 West Lake Street, Chicago 1, Illinois, 1961. 381 pages with table of contents, illustrations, maps, book list and index. $5.95.

Raymond Wohlrabe and Werner E. Krusch. The Land and People of Denmark. J. B. Lippincott Company, East Washington Square, Philadelphia 5, Pa., 1961. 128 pages with, table of contents, one map, plates and index. Ages 12-up. $2.95.

John R. Ray, Jr. and Robert H. Fuson. Laboratory Exercises in Physical Geography. William C. Brown Company, Inc., Dubuque, Iowa, 1961. 160 pages. $2.75.

Washington Irving. The Adventures of Captain Bonneville, U.S.A., in the Rocky Mountains and the Far West. Edited by Edgeley W. Todd. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1961. iv and 424 pages with table of contents, illustrations, maps, appendices, editor's bibliography and index. $7.95.     

基于多源信息融合理论的盐湖资源综合动态监测及预警系统设计与实现

近年来随着人类开采力度的不断加大和全球气候变化的影响,盐湖资源系统正在发生着急剧变化,盐湖生产对环境的影响也日渐突出。将多源信息融合理论与动态综合监测理论相结合,基于GIS、物联网和无线通讯技术,从相互关联的环境、资源和产业多个子系统中选取关键监测指标,从构建理论、构建原则、技术体系和系统结构等方面对构建盐湖资源综合监测系统进行全面设计;并结合青海吉乃尔盐湖区具体实际,在监测站网的最优化布局、传感器选型、数据传输方案和多源数据整合方面开展深入探讨;最后对水灾、环境、生产等预警模型的预警层次和预警模式提出具体实现路径。对保障盐湖产业可持续发展与生产安全,保证西部国民经济、社会和谐发展具有重要意义。     

Recent Publications

Abstract

J. Stanley Clark. The Oil Century—From the Drake Well to the Conservation Era. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma, 1958. 280 pages. $3.95.

Olin T. Mouzon. International Resources and National Policy. Harper &; Brothers, 49 East 33rd Street, New York 16, New York, 1959. 711 pages with bibliography and index. $7.50.

Fanny Davis. Getting to Know Turkey. Coward-McCann Inc., New York City, 1957. pp. 1–64. $2.50.

Freda M. Buchanan. The Land and People of Scotland. J. B. Lippincott Company, East Washington Square, Philadelphia 5, Pennsylvania, 1958. 128 pages with table of contents, index, photographs, and map. $2.95.

William Spencer. The Land and People of Turkey. J. B. Lippincott Company, East Washington Square, Philadelphia 5, Pennsylvania, 1958. 128 pages with table of contents, photographs, index, and map. $2.95.

Clyde F. Kohn. The United States and the World Today. Rand McNally &; Company, P.O. Box 7600, Chicago 8, Illinois. 1957. xiii and 254 pages. $3.50.

George W. Hoffman and Viola Hoffman. Austria. The Fideler Company, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1958. 160 pages with illustrations, glossary, index, and table of contents.

Jacob H. Schiel. Journey Through The Rocky Mountains and the Humboldt Mountains to the Pacific Ocean. Translated and edited by Thomas N. Bonner. The University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma, 1959. 111 pages with index. $3.75.

Erick Berry. The Land and People of Finland. J. B. Lippincott Company, East Washington Square, Philadelphia 5, Pennsylvania, 1959. 126 pages with index, illustrations, and table of contents. $2.95.     

Books,Atlases & Maps Received

Abstract

Edited by Francis A. Slater and T. J. Hearn. FIELD TECHNIQUES IN GEOGRAPHY. Dept. of University Extension, University of Otago, 1972. 61 pages, no price.

Ashley Kent, John Rolfe, Rosemary Dearden, Clive Rowe, Neville Greyner. 1 THE LOCAL FRAME-work. Oxford Geography Project. Oxford University Press, Great Britain, 1974. 126 pages, paper cover. No price.

Ian R. Manners and Marvin W. Mikesell, (eds.), PERSPECTIVES ON ENVIRONMENT. Commission on College Geography, Association of American Geographers, Washington, D. C., Publication No. 13, 1974. 395 pages. Paper, $3.95.

D. S. Halacy, Jr. WHAT MAKES A COMPUTER WORK? An Atlantic Monthly Press Book, Little Brown &; Co., Boston, Mass., 1973. 64 pages, hard cover, no price.     

通过现代观测来检验湖面蒸发对中国干旱、半干旱区湖泊水位变化的影响(英文)

Qinghai Lake and Zhuye Lake, ~400 km apart, are located in the northwest margin of the Asian summer monsoon. Water of these two lakes mostly comes from the middle and eastern parts of the Qilian Mountains. Previous studies show that the Holocene climate changes of the two lakes implied from lake records are different. Whether lake evaporation plays a role in asynchronous Holocene climate changes is important to understand the lake records. In this paper, we used modern observations beside Qinghai Lake and Zhuye Lake to test the impact factors for lake evaporation. Pan evaporation near the two lakes is mainly related to relative humidity, temperature, vapor pressure and sunshine duration. But tem-perature has different impacts to lake evaporation of the two lakes, which can affect Holocene millennial-scale lake level changes. In addition, differences in relative humidity on the millen-nial-scale would be more significant, which also can contribute to asynchronous lake records.     

Improved mappint of the Lake Agassiz Herman strandline by integrating geological and soil maps

Several discontinuous, segmented strandlines that mark the former shores of Lake Agassiz can be found in eastern North Dakota. These strandlines are difficult to map and correlate because of their segmented nature. Better mapping would benefit researchers working on a number of problems involving Lake Agassiz including dating the strandlines, reconstructing the lake's history, and calculation of asthenosphere viscosity beneath the Lake Agassiz basin. Elongated soil delineations representing beach-indicative soils with a north-northwest trend and extending from currently mapped areas of the Herman strandline were identified on Grand Forks County soil maps. This information was combined with the geologic map of Grand Forks County in an attempt to better define the location of the Herman strandline in the southern part of the county. This approach worked well, and it is recommended that similar studies be attempted on other Lake Agassiz strandlines in North Dakota and the surrounding area.     

Stable isotope (δ<Superscript>13</Superscript>C, δ<Superscript>15</Superscript>N, δ<Superscript>34</Superscript>S) analysis of sediment cores suggests sockeye salmon (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oncorhynchus nerka</Emphasis>) did not historically spawn in Lake Roberta,Washington (USA)

Historically, the Sanpoil River, Washington (USA) produced spawning runs of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and steelhead trout (O. mykiss). Lake Roberta is connected to the Sanpoil River and local oral history suggests it may have supported anadromous sockeye salmon (O. nerka) until the completion of Grand Coulee Dam in the 1940s. Post-spawning mortality of anadromous salmon provides large pulses of marine-derived nutrients to aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems in the vicinity of spawning sites. Unique isotopic ratios of these marine-derived nutrients are often transferred to freshwater algae and archived in lake sediments. However, marine-derived isotope signatures may be overpowered by large inputs of other nutrient sources such as agricultural fertilizers, reactive nitrogen deposition, nitrogen fixation, or poor trophic transfer to freshwater algae. We compared nitrogen and sulfur isotope compositions for pre-1940 and post-1940 sediments to those collected from a control lake with no history of anadromy to investigate the possible historic presence of anadromous salmon in Lake Roberta. We also analyzed carbon isotopes, carbon:nitrogen ratios, and sediment accumulation rates to determine if changes in the lake sediments resulted from eutrophication rather than salmon exclusion. If sockeye did spawn in Lake Roberta historically, and if excessive nitrogen inputs did not overpower the marine-derived signal, we would expect pre-1940 sediment organic matter isotope compositions indicative of the large pulses of marine nutrients from decomposing salmon carcasses. Isotope results and land use in the Lake Roberta watershed present no conclusive evidence to support anecdotal accounts of anadromy. There is some evidence to suggest that marine-derived nutrients transferred to riparian communities within the lake’s watershed may have moved downstream to the lake. However, most of the evidence suggests eutrophication and a switch to increased autochthonous productivity are the main causes of changes in the lake sediment isotope composition.     

Formation and water environmental evolution of the Nansihu Lake

Through high-resolution research of sedimental chronology and the sediment environmental indexes, such as graininess, minerals, magnetic parameters, pigment content, organic carbon and chronology in Ds-core and Ws-core in Nansihu Lake, the authors analyze the formation cause of the Nansihu Lake and its water environmental changes. Historical documents are also analyzed here in order to reach the conclusion. Researches indicate that the Nansihu Lake came into being about 2500 aBP and its evolution succession can be divided into four stages. In this evolution process, several scattered lakes merge into one large lake in the east of China. This process is distinctively affected by the overflow of the Yellow River, the excavation of the Grand Canal and other human activities.     

巢湖流域非点源污染初步研究

巢肖是我国五大淡品湖中污染最为严重的湖泊之一。对巢湖流域自然、经济、社会系统进行全面分析,运用对应分析技术剖析了不同土地利用方式与营养物地表径流输入之间的关系,为巢湖流域非点源污染的控制提供依据。     

Books in Brief

Abstract

John H. Wise. GEOGRAPHY AND THE TEACHER. Brisbane: Jacaranda Press, 1966. 245 pages. Price not given.

John P. Cole. Latin America, An Economic And Social Geography. Washington, D.C. (since 1967, Toronto, Ont., Can.): Butterworth and Company, 1965. xviii + 468 pages, maps, tables, sketches, index. $10.95.

J. E. Spencer. Shifting Cultivation In Southeastern Asia. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1966. University of California Publications in Geography, Vol. 19. 247 pages, preface, table of contents, appendixes, plates, bibliography and index. $6.00.

John H. Thompson, ed. Geography Of New York State. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1966. 543 pages. $11.95.     

南四湖的形成与水环境演变

Through high-resolution research of sedimental chronology and the sediment environmental indexes,such as graininess ,minerals,magnetic parameters,pigment content organic carbon and chronology in Ds-core and Ws-core in Nansihu Lake,the authors analyze the formation cause of the Nansihu Lake and its water environmental changes,Historical documents are also analyzed here in order to reach the conclusion .Researches indicate that the Nansihu Lake came into being about 2500 aBP and its evolution succession can be divided into four stages.In this evolution process ,several scattered lakes merge into one large lake in the east of China,This process is distinctively affected by the overflow of the Yellow River,the excavation of the Grand Canal and other human activities.