川滇及邻区强震地区震前的地震活动特征

对中国大陆西部的川、滇及邻区,1970年以来8次MS≥7.0级强震的震源地区,震前的中强地震活动及时空图像进行了分析.结果表明:强震前在震源地区MS≥4.8级的中强地震活动, 在地表特定的断裂构造带上成团丛集活动,其中早期和中期阶段出现的中强地震位置,是未来强震的震中地区.震级-时间关系的时序特征显示,强震前的早期、中期和短期的三个阶段,中强地震震级随时间逐渐增大,并逐步增长,直到强震发生,地震活动的间隔时间Δt-t 曲线则由大变小衰减至发生强震.在强震前,早期阶段的中强地震小于中期阶段出现的中强地震,中期阶段的较大中强地震,可成为强震前一次具有信号震标志的较大地震.同时,强震前孕震期与临震期的持续时间有一个线性比值关系,比值为0.21～0.27.根据比值关系以及强震地区震前中期阶段和短期阶段出现的地震事件,可作为强震预测的一种震兆指标.     

云南强震活动的连续性探讨

通过强震前的中等地震活动,云南强震表现出一定的连续性。一次强震前4个月内有中等地震丛集活动的地区,当其附近又经历了中等地震的平静—加速活动—临震平静的有序节奏活动后便发生另一次强震。应用这一强震活动规律曾对1988年11月6日澜沧—耿马大震作了某种程度的预测。     

华北地区第三、 四活动期平静幕后期中强地震活动与未来强震

本文通过分析、 研究华北地区第三、 四活动期各平静幕后期的中强地震活动特征, 认为: ① 华北地区第三、 四活动期9个活跃幕中有7个在首发强震前3年内发生中强地震, 其中第四活动期1～4活跃幕首发强震前2年内都发生了中强地震, 未来第5活跃幕首发强震前, 以发生中强地震作为序幕的可能性较大; ② 华北地区平静幕后期的中强地震活动, 对其后活跃幕首发强震在时间和地点上有一定指示作用。 由于华北地区可能即将进入新的强震活跃幕, 该研究对判断华北地区未来强震趋势具有实用意义。     

湖北西部地区小震活动与台湾强震关系研究

简要阐述了湖北西部地区地震活动和台湾地区强震活动特征, 研究了1981年以来湖北西部地区弱震和台湾地区6级以上强震发生的关系。 结果表明, 二个地区地震活动有较好的相关性。 根据这种相关性实现对台湾强震的临震预测, 对应率较高, 预报效能较好。     

中国大陆西部前兆异常涨落与强震短期预测研究

统计了1998年以来西部六省区(云南、 四川、 青海、 甘肃、 宁夏、 新疆)前兆异常月频次, 探讨了异常数量的涨落与强震活动的关系。 结果表明, 大部分强震前强震所在省份及邻区的前兆异常数量有明显的持续增长现象, 临震时一般表现为异常回落至低值。 从时间上看, 异常增长的起始时间一般为震前3～4个月到震前7～8个月, 少量为震前14～18个月; 异常数量到达峰值的时间为震前1个月至震前10个月。 研究认为, 异常月频次峰值时间可以作为强震预测的中短期至短期指标。 研究还表明, 2001年昆仑山口西8.1级地震前, 除青海、 甘肃地区外, 云南、 四川的前兆异常也突出, 似乎显示了8.1级地震的孕育范围已影响到川滇地区。     

云南地区强震的短临中强前震序列特征初探

对1965￣2003年云南地区强震前3个月内发生过的短临中强前震进行整理,将其按距离主震发生时间分为直接前震、临震前震与短期前震三类,然后通过地震序列动态分析地震活动,发现各类前震有以下显著特征:(1)直接前震:3、4级地震时间间隔临震时骤减;将地震序列从时间上分成三等分后,第二时段的地震频次没有明显衰减。(2)临震前震:震后第一天地震的频次较高而第二天相对过低,同时同一台站P波初动符号基本上一致或振幅比稳定在某一范围。(3)短期前震:震后10天前震频度衰减至零;20-30天左右地震频度骤增,同时h、p值也反应出类似的特征,30天h值迅速减小接近1或小于1,而b值基本稳定且均低于区域背景值。     

中国周边地区强震与中国大陆7级以上地震活动的关系

通过对中国周边地区强震与中国大陆地区强震活动的关系分析，发现中国大陆周边地区活跃时段期间和其后3年是中国大陆地区7级以上地震活动的主要活动时期，周边地区强震活动增强后，中国大陆内部有可能发生7级以上地震，强震活动可能会逐步进入高潮，南北地震带中段未来数年发生7级以上地震的危险性较大．     

青藏高原北部地区强震活动特征与地震大形势

本文研究了青藏高原北部地区强震活动的特征,结果是:地震活跃期为230—250年,平静期为130—150年;喜马拉雅南缘、青藏高原南部地区强震与本区强震明显相关,喜马拉雅南缘与缅甸北部地区发生强震后本区发震的概率分别为87.5%和66.7%;本区7级地震分带交替发生,最先发生的两个6级地震对预测未来7级地震发震地点有一定意义;中强震在8级地震前不活跃,而在7级地震前比较活跃,且青海北部与西部发生6级地震后,甘肃东南部或甘青川交界有5级地震活动。据此判断本区未来10年内存在发生7级强震的危险。     

华北强震潜在震源区的地震活动标志和鲁南地区强震危险性估计

华北未来 50—100年强震潜在震源区的判别可归结为地震活动高潮幕强震发生地点的预测。七级以上强震的发生与块体边界强闭锁区的破裂相联系。分析表明:(1)一个地震活动期有相应的活动块体,强震只发生在其边界地带。(2)块体边界长期地震活动的空段可以看作是强闭锁区的形成标志,它可能是高潮幕强震的长期前兆。根据一个活动期前期的地震活动图象有可能确定活动块体的边界位置,从而为预测未来强震发生地点和排除某些地区强震发生的可能性提供途径。     

我国西部地区一些强震前地震活动图象的初步研究

本文分两个部分研究了我国西部滇、川、甘地区一些强震发生前周围地区中强地震和小地震的活动特征。 首先研究了强震前周围地区中强地震围空区的一般形态、围空区形成时间与强震震级的关系、形成地震围空区各阶段的持续时间以及地震围空区特征与地质背景条件的关系。 其次还研究了近年来川、滇地区一些强震发生前震区及其周围地区3级以上小地震的活动特征。并从强震前震区及其周围地区小地震的空间分布图象,小地震的频度和强度随时间变化的特征以及有无直接前震等方面探讨了发生在“块间”地区和“块内”地区强震的不同特点。发现发生在“块间”地区的强震,震前小震活动性很低,形成“空区”,多无直接前震。而发生在“块内”地区的强震,震前小震活动性高,形成“条带”状分布,震前从几秒到几个月内有3.0—5.5级的直接前震活动。发生在“块间”地区和“块内”地区的强震前小震活动具有的这种不同的特征可能与发震地区的构造、结构条件、应力状态以及边界条件有关。     

琼中地震台重力仪记录同震响应特征分析

2013年2月6-8日圣克鲁斯群岛发生6次强震,琼中地震台的重力仪记录都有同震响应出现。本文从重力仪记录的面波的延迟时间、最大变形幅度、同震持续时间3个方面研究了6次强震的同震响应特征。     

On the Mechanism of the Secular Tidal Acceleration of the Solid Inner Core and the Viscosity of the Liquid Core

As is known, the secular deceleration of the Earth's diurnal rotation is explained mainly by the tidal friction in the ocean. Below we consider this mechanism in some detail, taking into account also elastic deformations of the mantle under the action of ocean loading and the interaction between the tide-generating body, ocean tidal wave, liquid outer core, and solid inner core. It is shown that elastic displacements of the core-mantle boundary under the action of ocean loading are of about the same amplitude and phase as the elastic loading displacements of the Earth's outer surface. As a result, side by side with the mechanism of secular deceleration of diurnal rotation of the mantle, there are also (1) the opposite mechanism of secular acceleration of diurnal rotation of the outer liquid core and of the solid inner core and (2) the mechanism of excitation of differential rotation in the liquid core. Taking these effects into account, we compare theoretical and modern observed data on the eastward drift of the solid inner core. It is shown that the best agreement may be obtained if the turbulent viscosity of the liquid core is about 2 × 10 ³ Poise     

Comparison Between the Nutations of the Planet Mars and the Nutations of the Earth

The nutations of the planets Mars andEarth are investigated and compared. Alarge number of interior structureparameters are involved in the nutationcomputations. The comparison between the observations and the computationsprovides several constraints on these parmeters andtherefore allows a better understanding of the physics of the interior of theplanet. For the Earth, the high precision of the observations of the nutationshas led to a very good determination of interior properties of the planet. ForMars, observations of nutations are not yet available, and we review how theamplitude of the Martian nutations depends on the hypotheses consideredfor its interior. Although Mars is very similar to the Earth, its interior is not well known;for example, we don't knowif its core is liquid or solid. Only if the core is liquid,the Free Core Nutation (FCN) normal mode exists and can alter the nutationswhich are close to the resonance. From the observed geoids, it is known thatboth planets are not in hydrostatic equilibrium. The departure is larger forMars than for the Earth, and consequently, the implication of considering a convective mantle instead of a mantle in hydrostatic equilibrium described byClairaut's equation for the initial equilibrium state of the planet is largeron the Martian nutations than on the Earth nutations. The consequences of theuncertainty in the core dimensions are also examined and shown to be of a veryhigh influence for Mars if the core is liquid, due to the potential changes inthe FCN resonance. The influence of the presence of an inner core, which isknown to exist for the Earth, could be more important for Mars than for theEarth if the inner core is large. Due to the presence of Tharsis on Mars, thetriaxiality of this planet has, additionally, larger effects than on Earth.     

Contribution to the knowledge of the magmatic evolution by the study of the variation of the coefficient of viscosity

The determination of the coefficient of viscosity of eruptive products gives useful elements to the knowledge of possible variations of composition and physical conditions of the magmas.     

Pictorial Series of the Manifestations of the Dynamics of the Earth

Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica -     

动水压力对深水桥墩地震响应影响的研究综述

地震激励下处于深水中的桥墩和周围水体的相互作用将对桥梁结构的动力响应产生较大影响。首先对地震作用下水-桥墩的相互作用理论做了概括,给出了动水压力对桥墩的作用效应及各自的适用范围;对主要的三种考虑流固耦合效应的分析方法做了对比,探讨了地震作用下影响水-结构相互作用的主要因素,并对今后的研究提出了建议。     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

Evolution of the Source of the Active Region of the Sun

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The magnetic evolution of the active region of the Sun at the level of the photosphere has been studied. Magnetic synoptic maps of the 2007 Kitt Peak Observatory were...     

On the solution of the reverse problem of geodesics with the help of the chord

Резюме Дается вывод формул для вычислений длины хорды, длины и азимутов нормаляных сечений и длины геодезической линии эллипсоида. Применяются тригонометрические функции данных величин и постоянные принятого ргфгргнц-эллипсоида, что является целесообразным при использовании вычислителQjных машин, особенно автоматов. Рабочие формулы рекомендуются в форме (8–11).

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Dedicated to Professor František Fiala on His 85th Birthday

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Address: Veveři 95, Brno.