中国现代网状河流沉积特征和沉积模式

中国境内的许多河流发育有网状河段,从长江、黑龙江、珠江等这样的大型河流到嫩江、赣江等中小型河流都有。依据这些网状河的地理和构造背景的不同,可以把它们划分为:平原网状河流、山谷网状河流、入湖三角洲平原网状河流和入海三角洲平原网状河流四大类型。作者通过实地挖掘探槽、密集采样,对嫩江齐齐哈尔平原网状河段、赣江入湖三角洲平原网状河段、珠江入海三角洲平原网状河段沉积特征进行了详细描述和研究,并建立了网状河的沉积模式,探讨了网状河的成因。认为网状河流体系的发育不受气候和地理位置的限制,低坡降是形成网状河的必要条件,相对稳定的网状河道不同于曲流河和辫状河,湿地环境是网状河流体系中最发育的地貌单元,堤岸植被繁茂、粘结性高是河道稳定的重要因素,与曲流河和辫状河相比,网状河出现的几率较低。     

芒崖凹陷干旱气候背景下网状河流沉积体系及演化

通过对柴达木盆地芒崖凹陷上新统露头的结构单元分析和对钻井剖面上砂岩、泥岩的空间分布关系及岩相转换的Ｍａｒｋｏｖ链模式等方面的研究,得出研究区中－上新统是网状河流沉积体系并在上上新统转化为瓣状河流沉积体系这一新认识。孢粉化石资料、深干裂以及钙质结核等指示网状河流发育姑干旱气候背景下。网状河流向瓣状河流的演化受到盆地基底的沉降速率及与气候密切相关的植被覆盖程度等因素的控制。     

鄂尔多斯盆地华池地区中侏罗统延安组延9油层组河流沉积及演化

据新的地层划分方案及大量钻井、露头和岩心资料,详细研究了鄂尔多斯盆地华池地区延安组延9油层组（Y9）沉积体系特征及演化,认为延9油层组主要为河流沉积,是延10油层组的继承与发展,发育有辫状河、辫状型曲流河和网状河3种类型的河流。Y39油层是辫状河发育的油层,Y29油层在继承Y39油层河流的基础上发育辫状型曲流河,Y19油层则是在前两期逐渐填平补齐之后,在准平原条件下发育的网状河沉积。华池地区延9油层组发育辫状河-辫状型曲流河和网状河两种河流沉积模式。     

鄂尔多斯盆地镇-泾地区中侏罗统延安组沉积体系及聚煤特征

在前人研究的基础上,结合大量新的钻井、测井资料,以鄂尔多斯盆地镇原-泾川地区中侏罗统延安组为例,运用沉积学的方法详细阐述了研究区目的层位的沉积体系,以及重点沉积微相的发育特征。延安组自下而上由河流沉积体系逐渐过渡为三角洲沉积体系。沉积微相主要发育有河流体系的心滩、边滩、河漫滩和岸后沼泽,以及三角洲体系的分流河道、洪泛平原和平原沼泽等。另对研究区延安组的聚煤特征给予了分析,并从构造、环境、气候及古地形等方面讨论了该区的成煤控制因素。     

渤海海域428凸起地区沙一二段沉积体系及其主控因素

近年的研究表明,渤海海域428凸起地区沙一二段具有良好的油气勘探前景。通过钻井、岩心、薄片、地震资料的综合分析,识别出研究区发育扇三角洲、湖泊相以及一种特殊的沉积类型——混合沉积,并对其平面分布和相互关系进行了研究。本区沉积体系的发育主要受控于物源体系、同沉积断裂样式、古地形等因素。其中,物源体系控制了砂体发育的规模,同沉积断裂样式控制了砂体的平面展布,有利的古地形条件控制了混合沉积的发育位置。     

鄂尔多斯盆地中南部中侏罗世延安期沉积体系及岩相古地理演化

依据新的地层划分方案及大量钻井、露头及岩芯资料，详细研究了鄂尔多斯中南部地区中侏罗世延安期沉积体系、岩相古地理特征及演化。认为延10期为冲积扇－河流沉积体系，低弯度砾砂质河道发育，盆地内存在多个古地貌高地，4条水系汇入甘陕主河；延9至延6期为多源河湖三角洲沉积体系，具大三角洲平原、中三角洲前缘和小前三角洲的特征，三角洲平原及前缘的位置不断向湖区推进；延4＋5期为网状河－残余湖泊沉积体系，湖泊淤塞，水体变浅。延9至延4＋5期网状砂质河道发育，西部地区广泛发育平原沼泽煤系沉积。     

东营凹陷东营组沉积体系分析

利用测井相分析、岩心观察、粒度及古生物分析等资料，从沉积特征，主要是岩性的纵、横向变化方面，论述了东营凹陷东营组沉积时期沉积体系的发育情况及其分布与演化。认为东营组在上可以划分出冲积扇、河流、三角洲和湖泊４类沉积体系（其中河流沉积体系发育有正常河流沉积体系和辫状河沉积体系，湖泊沉积体系只发育有滨浅湖亚相沉积）；在垂向上湖泊沉积体系的分布范围逐渐缩小，河流和三角洲沉积体系的分布范围逐渐扩大，至东营组     

鄂尔多斯盆地延安组河流沉积类型及演变

河流沉积是陆相沉积环境和地层记录的重要组成部分,也是陆相盆地重要的油气储层。侏罗系延安组是鄂尔多斯盆地重要的含煤和储油层系。延安组早期河流沉积发育,延安一带出露典型沉积剖面,是剖析河流构型特征的难得窗口。采用沉积学理论和构型要素分析方法,在野外露头精细解剖的基础上,分析了延安组下部辫状河、曲流河的沉积构型特征,探讨了古河道规模和河流类型转化的控制因素。研究表明,延安组延10沉积期辫状河发育,主要由河道、顺流加积体和沙质坝等单元组成,多期河道沉积叠置,呈厚层板状分布,泥质隔夹层不发育;延9早期演变为曲流河,发育河道、侧向加积体、废弃河道、泛滥平原及决口扇等构型单元,泥质隔夹层较发育,砂体连续性变差。采用经验公式估算,延10辫状河河道宽度为19.34~373.22 m,延9曲流河河道宽度16.81~99.21 m。延安组早期继承了富县组沉积期的古构造—古地理格局,随着填平补齐的发展和盆地沉积范围的扩大,古地形变缓,物源供给减弱,导致河流类型由辫状河演变为曲流河。研究结果对于深入理解同物源体系供给条件下河流沉积构型特征及类型转换,油气储层预测等具有理论和现实意义。     

分支河流体系在东海西湖凹陷南部的运用及其对油气潜力的指示

本文以西湖凹陷南部地区为例,首次将分支河流体系(Distributive Fluvial System)研究思路应用到东海盆地沉积体系的研究中来。通过总结大型分支河流体系形成条件,与国外案例类比认为西湖凹陷南部近物源,构造稳定,存在大型盆山体系,具备发育大型分支河流体系条件;在此基础上根据花港组岩心、古生物特征对分支河道类型进行了划分,认为分支河道类型以陆上环境下的分汊状辫状河道和单辫状河道为主,不同类型的河道均具备发育厚层砂体的潜能;结合古地形和沉积体系平面特征,对分支河流体系展布模式的研究结果表明,区域花港组时期发育两套分支河流体系,展布型式为自西斜坡分别至东北、东南向发散,分支河流体系末梢属于"轴向终止"型,且西湖凹陷轴向限制型河流与南部"分支河流体系"汇聚地带具有油气藏勘探潜力。     

广东三水盆地第四纪网状河沉积特征

珠江三角洲西北部的三水盆地范围内发育典型的网状河体系。它们具有重复分叉合并、坡降低以及河道深且窄的特点，并且发育天然堤、河间湖泊和洼地等地貌单元。钻井资料显示，网状河的沉积记录以泛滥平原地区沉积的悬浮负载的细粒沉积物为主，由砂砾和砂组成的河道沉积物分布比较局限，呈较窄的带状，被包裹在细粒的泛滥平原积物之中。主干河道表现出较高侧向稳定性垂向继承性，形成了较厚的砂体。较小的分叉河道则容易发生决口改道，沉积了较薄的砂体。河间湖泊沉积主要为含植物碎片的灰黑色粉砂质淤泥，沼泽中植物遗体的堆积形成了泥炭层。晚更新世以来的构造沉降、全球海平面上升以及河流搬运物质的快速加积是珠江三角洲平原地区形成网状河体系的主要原因.     

Avulsions, channel evolution and floodplain sedimentation rates of the anastomosing upper Columbia River, British Columbia, Canada

Ages of channels of the anastomosing upper Columbia River, south‐eastern British Columbia, Canada, were investigated in a cross‐valley transect by ¹⁴C dating of subsurface floodplain organic material from beneath levees. The avulsion history within the transect was deduced from these data, and morphological stages in channel development were recognized. Additionally, floodplain sedimentation rates were established. The new data demonstrate that the upper Columbia River is a long‐lived, dynamic anastomosing system. Results show that anastomosis at the study location has persisted since at least 2700 cal. years BP, with avulsions occurring frequently. At least nine channels have formed in the studied cross‐valley transect within the past 3000 years. Channel lifetimes from formation to abandonment appear to be highly variable, ranging from approximately 800 to 3000 years. Log jams provoking avulsions and/or silting up of old channels are proposed as reasons for this variability. Long‐term average floodplain sedimentation rates appear to be significantly lower than previously proposed by Smith (1983, Int. Assoc. Sedimentol. Spec. Publ., 6, 155–168). A long‐term (4550 years) average of 1·75 mm year^?1 (after compaction) was based on ¹⁴C dates, while a short‐term sedimentation rate of 0·8 mm was determined for a single, relatively small, seasonal flood in 1994 using sediment traps. However, short‐term sedimentation rates vary considerably over the floodplain, with levees aggrading up to four times faster than floodbasins. Channels of the upper Columbia River anastomosed reach follow a consistent pattern in their development, with each stage being characterized by different morphology and processes. Channel evolution comprises the following succession: (1) avulsion stage, in which a crevasse splay channel deepens by scour and levee sedimentation; (2) widening and deepening stage, in which bank slumping and bed scouring dominates; (3) infilling stage, in which either channel narrowing (bank accretion) or channel shallowing (bed accretion) takes place; and (4) abandonment stage, in which the residual (remnant) channel is filled exclusively by silt, clay and organic material. Vertical stacking (super‐ imposition) of active channels on recent channel‐fill sand bodies is a notable feature of the upper Columbia River, which suggests that reoccupation of residual channels is a common process.     

Anatomy of an avulsion

The Cumberland Marshes in east-central Saskatchewan, Canada, occupy over 5000 km² and contain a variety of active and abandoned fluvial features, including straight to sinuous isolated channels, anastomosed channel systems, levees, and crevasse splays in addition to marshes, lakes and bogs. In 1873, an avulsion of the Saskatchewan River diverted most of its flow into a portion of the Cumberland Marshes (locally termed the breakout area), and altered the alluvial terrain as the invaded wetlands adjusted to the influx of sediment and water. These adjustments continue today, and so far over 500 km² of wetlands have been affected by the avulsion. Avulsion-controlled modification of the wetlands involves the initiation and evolution of crevasse splays and splay complexes. Three intergradational forms are recognized, each associated with characteristic sand-body geometries. Stage I splays are small, lobate in plan, crossed by unstable distributary channels, and form wedge-shaped sheets which depositionally overlie fine-grained, organic-rich wetland sediments. Stage II splays and splay complexes evolve both spatially and temporally from Stage I splays. They are larger, contain dense networks of anastomosed channels, and form disconnected tabular sand bodies or continuous sand sheets, some of which incise underlying wetland sediments. Stage III splays develop from either Stage I or II splays and contain few but stable anastomosed channels that deposit isolated stringer sands encased in fine-grained floodplain sediments. Although sand bodies deposited by splays comprise important components of the evolving floodplain, various fine-grained facies occurring in levees, shallow lakes, abandoned splay channels, and interchannel floodplains dominate the avulsion deposits. The post-1873 record of deposition and terrain modification in the breakout area suggests four stages of floodplain evolution following avulsion. In the initial avulsion stage, new channels and splay complexes increase in numbers rapidly as diverted discharge of water and sediment overwhelm the adjacent floodbasin. The anastomosed stage is characterized by an approximate balance between rates of new channel and splay development, and abandonment of old ones. This stage continues for as long as new floodplain areas are invaded. The rate of new splay development eventually decreases as accessible floodplain becomes aggraded, forcing a higher rate of channel abandonment and concentration of remaining flow into fewer but larger channels (reversion stage). The result of reversion is eventual return to a single channel stage, completing the avulsive sequence and initiating a new alluvial ridge. For the Saskatchewan River, this final-stage single channel will likely produce a meander belt which occupies only a portion of the more extensive avulsion belt which preceded it.     

Controls on the accumulation of coal and on the development of anastomosed fluvial systems in the Cretaceous Dakota Formation of southern Utah

Alluvial strata of the Cretaceous Dakota Formation of southern Utah are part of a transgressive systems tract associated with a foreland basin developed adjacent to the Sevier orogenic belt. These strata contain valley fill deposits, anastomosed channel systems and widespread coals. The coals constitute a relatively minor part of the Dakota Formation in terms of sediment volume, but may represent a substantial amount of the time represented by the formation. The coals are separated by clastic units up to 20 m thick. The stratigraphically lowest clastic unit of the Dakota Formation lies above an unconformity cut into Jurassic rocks. Incised valleys associated with the unconformity are up to 12 m deep. Two discrete episodes of valley fill sedimentation are recognized, including a lower sandstone unit with conglomerate layers, and an upper, discontinuous, coal-bearing unit. After the valleys filled, the area became one of low relief where extensive mires formed. Peat accumulation was interrupted at least three times by deposition of clastic sediment derived from the west. The clastic units consist of sandstone, mudstone or heterolithic ribbon bodies, stacked tabular sandstones, and laminated mudstones, and contain minor coal beds less than 0·35 m thick. Ribbon bodies are 1–9 m thick and 15–160 m wide, have pronounced basal scours, and are filled with both lateral and vertical accretion deposits. An anastomosed channel complex is suggested by the large number of coeval channels of varying dimensions, the variation in the structure and grain size of channel fills, and the presence of abundant tabular sandstones interpreted as crevasse splays. Although some sandstone bodies have well developed lateral accretion surfaces, the overall ribbon geometry indicates that mature meandering streams were not well developed. This is in contrast to modern anastomosed systems, which are commonly thought to be a transitional morphology caused by avulsion of a meander belt to a new position on its floodplain. Rather than being a transitional channel pattern related to river avulsion, the anastomosed channels of the Dakota Formation may have formed part of a large inland delta that episodically invaded widespread mires. The mires developed during periods when clastic influx was reduced either by high rates of subsidence close to the thrust belt or by deflection of rivers by emergent thrusts.     

中国煤炭资源综合评价的思路和方法

煤炭资源评价的目的是为煤炭工业规划和国民经济宏观决策提供地质依据。其基本思路是以勘探区和矿区（含煤区）为评价单元，分省（区）、规划区和全国三个层次，以相应的区域煤炭工业发展对资源的需求为依据，进行评价和资源保证程度的分析，以满足不同层次的需要，以系统工程理论为指导，采用定性、定量相结合的综合评价方法，确定综合优度，分勘探阶段进行排序，划分优劣类型，分析资源的构成，确定合适近期、中期、远期开发利用或     

鲁西陆表海盆地高分辨率层序划分与海侵过程成煤特点

晚石炭世至早二叠世华北陆表海盆地的高频海平面变化,是盆地充填和聚煤作用的主要控制因素,因而形成了旋回结构十分清楚的含煤层序。本文运用高分辨率层序地层学的思路、分析技术,研究了鲁西陆表海盆地含煤地层的高分辨率层序地层学特征,识别和划分了中长期和中、短期基准面旋回。研究表明,突发性的海侵事件对陆表海盆地聚煤作用具有重要影响,海侵过程成煤为鲁西煤聚积的显著特点。     

鄂尔多斯盆地东北部石盒子组层序充填样式及过程分析

本文根据野外露头、测井及钻井岩心等资料,研究了鄂尔多斯盆地东北部石盒子组的层序充填样式和演化规律.于陆内坳陷盆地发展阶段的高潮期以充填辫状河三角洲为特征,相对稳定期以充填曲流河三角洲为特征;陆内坳陷盆地的成熟阶段以充填网结河三角洲为特征.各时期的三角洲具有"大平原、小前缘"的特点,这为河道的形成演化和砂体富集提供了空间.提出研究区内最有利储集相带为辫状河三角洲的分流河道(A1型)、水下分流河道(A2型);曲流河三角洲的分流河道(A2型)、水下分流河道(A2型)和网结河三角洲分流河道的结点(C1型)亦是较有利储集体.总之,基准面的旋回控制的古地理面貌和层序充填规律对鄂尔多斯盆地岩性油气藏的形成具有重要意义.     

Spatiotemporal development of mine water inrush and its mechanism—a case study in Ganhe coal mine,Shanxi, China

Mine water inrush is one of the main hazards in coal mining industry. The mechanism and the processes are complex. Investigation of the spatiotemporal development of the hydrological process could lead to a better understanding of mine water inrush and effective countermeasures. For this reason, we investigated spatial and temporal characteristics (i.e., the changes of flow rate, groundwater level, and water quality) during a water inrush event in China, which had a flow rate of 730 m³/h at maximum and 300m³/h under a steady condition. The result shows that the water inrush developed in several stages. A mathematical model of the dynamic change between the water table and the inrush flow rate was constructed. Based on this model, we found the relationship of highly conductive flow channels between some observation boreholes and the water inrush point. In addition, the recharge velocity of the highly conductive flow channels and the equivalent mean flow velocity of the whole mine were determined. A comprehensive analysis of geological, hydrodynamic, and crustal stress conditions was conducted to study the development of the water channel near the F₁₃ fault and the nonlinear process from seepage stage to inrush stage. The result reveals the water inrush is likely caused by activation of faults under combined influences of high crustal stress and high hydraulic pressure.     

冀中坳陷斜坡带奥陶系潜山油气成藏条件分析

研究工作依据实际资料和新的地质认识,对冀中坳陷文安斜坡和杨村斜坡奥陶系潜山带的构造格局及古潜山油气藏的形成条件进行了剖析。该区发育有正向和反向正断层,奥陶系地层形成一个地垒状潜山带,上覆石炭—二叠系地层,具有新生—古生—古储—中堵的成藏条件。石炭—二叠系煤系和下第三系泥岩为供烃源;不整合面、断面及北西向断裂为供油通道。油气成藏的主力因素储层的发育明显受白云石化、岩溶和构造破裂作用的控制,喜马拉雅期的岩溶作用是由活动断层导入岩溶水而得以进行的,因此,孔隙、裂隙相对富集的岩层与活动断层的匹配是潜山储层形成的关键地质条件。潜山古风化壳并不是制约储层发育的唯一因素。对该类储层的评价应构造分析与地层分析相结合。储集条件影响了油气的富集,长期活动的大断裂控制了油气的分布。     

新疆陆相沉积型铀矿、煤矿的勘查和采矿次序探讨

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