锯缘青蟹大颚器的显微和超微结构

采用组织切片和电镜技术,对锯缘青蟹大颚器的形态结构进行了观察.大颚器位于大颚肌几丁质腱的后侧基部.腺细胞胞质丰盈,质膜大量内陷和作不同程度的卷绕,内含大量具管状脊的线粒体和滑面内质网.卵巢成熟时大颚器腺细胞内线粒体增多,少数线粒体形态异样,高尔基体易见,散布的小管状滑面内质网(tSER)少,高度汇合的tSER增多,大小形状不同的空泡数量明显增加,且近质膜分布,质膜内陷和卷绕程度加剧.表明此时锯缘青蟹大颚器的合成与分泌能力增强,其生理功能与卵巢发育密切相关.     

拟穴青蟹MnSOD基因的克隆及表达分析

超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)可清除生物体内超氧阴离子自由基,有效地预防氧自由基对有机体的伤害。本研究从拟穴青蟹（Scylla paramamosain）的性腺中克隆了两种SOD基因的全长cDNA, 分别为线粒体型锰型超氧化物歧化酶基因（SpmtMnSOD）和细胞质型锰型超氧化物歧化酶基因（SpcytMnSOD）。SpmtMnSOD基因cDNA全长1 154 bp,编码218个氨基酸,含有16个氨基酸的靶向线粒体的信号肽;SpcytMnSOD基因cDNA全长1 184 bp,编码286个氨基酸,未发现信号肽序列。两种MnSOD均含有锰型SOD的标签序列,以及4个保守的锰离子结合位点。荧光定量PCR分析显示SpmtMnSOD和SpcytMnSOD均主要在代谢活跃或参与免疫的心脏、鳃、卵巢和肝胰腺等器官中表达;均在卵巢O6期（完全成熟期）显著高于其他卵巢发育阶段,在精巢发育过程中表达量低,且没有显著性差异,推测其主要参与卵巢成熟过程自由基的清除。在副溶血弧菌（Vibrio parahemolyticus）感染后,SpmtMnSOD的表达量在鳃中（12 h）有所增加（P<0.05）,SpcytMnSOD的表达量在肝胰腺（12 h）和鳃（3、12 h）中显著升高（P<0.05）;在肽聚糖（peptidoglycan,PGN）刺激后,SpmtMnSOD的表达量在肝胰腺中（3、6、12 h）显著上升（P<0.05）,SpcytMnSOD的表达量在肝胰腺（3、6、12 h）、鳃（6、24 h）和血（6、12 h）中均显著上调（P<0.05）;在聚肌苷酸胞苷酸（polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid, Poly I:C）刺激后,SpmtMnSOD的表达量在肝胰腺（6、12 h）、鳃和血（3、6 h）中均显著增加（P<0.05）,SpcytMnSOD的表达量在肝胰腺（12 h）、鳃（6、12 h）和血（3、6 h）中均显著增加（P<0.05）。推测这两种SOD参与了青蟹对外界环境的应激反应,对青蟹清除免疫应激产生的自由基起重要作用。     

An evaluation of artificial shelters in the artisanal spiny lobster fishery in Gazi Bay,Kenya

Two designs of artificial shelters were evaluated for use in the artisanal spiny-lobster fishery in Gazi Bay, Kenya. Both types of shelter were effective in aggregating the spiny lobster Panulirus ornatus in nearshore sea-grass beds. Lobsters aggregated at the shelters were caught by free-diving fishermen, using spearguns and hand nets. Mean lobster catches taken from the shelters ranged from 0,38 to 0,83 kg·trip^?1, around 50% of those taken farther offshore in natural reefs. No significant difference was found in the size or sex composition between shelter and reef-caught lobsters.     

拟穴青蟹(CA)n微卫星DNA 多态性引物筛选

利用FIASCO (Fast Isolation by AFLP Sequences Containing repeats) 技术建立拟穴青蟹Scylla paramamosain基因组文库, 并与生物素标记的(CA)15 寡核苷酸探针杂交, 联合磁珠富集法构建拟穴青蟹微卫星富集文库。测序194 个阳性菌落, 分析其中的150 条序列, 结果表明: 两碱基重复类型占90%以上, 其中重复拷贝数在30 以上的占27.45%; 含微卫星座位189 个, 其中完美型146 个、非完美型28个和复合型15 个。设计125 对引物扩增一个拟穴青蟹野生群体(含20 个个体), 其中的19 对引物能稳定扩增且片段大小基本符合理论长度。遗传变异分析表明, 17 个位点表现出高度多态性, 16 个位点显著偏离Hardy-Weinberg 平衡(P<0.05), 4 组两两位点间存在连锁不平衡现象(P<0.0026, 经Bonferroni 法校正), 7 个微卫星位点可能存在无效等位基因。若排除混合微卫星位点的引物对以及扩增位点PIC (polymorphism information content)值在0.5 以下的引物对, 则13 对引物能用于拟穴青蟹群体遗传学等研究。     

Occurrence of gonadtropins like substance in the thoracic ganglion mass of the mud crab, Scylla paramamosain(Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura)

The identification and localization of vertebrate follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in crustaceans may further elucidate the regulation mechanisms in arthropod repro-duction.Using immunocytochemical staining techniques,this study has localized vertebrate FSH-like and LH-like substances in neurons in the subesophageal and thoracic ganglia from the thoracic ganglion mass (TGM) of Scylla paramamosain (Crustacea:Decapoda:Brachyura).Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has shown that the concentrations of both FSH-and LH-like sub-stances increased markedly in the TGM during the vitellogenic stage compared with that in the previtellogenic stage.These results indicate that substances resembling the vertebrate FSH and LH are present in S.paramamosain,and they may be involved in the development of the ovary as well as in ovulation.     

Genetic diversity and differentiation of mud crab Scylla serrata populations from southeastern China

The genetic diversity and differentiation of 6 mud crab Scylla serrata populations from southeastern China are investigated using allozyme electrophoresis. The mean number of alleles per locus population is 1.3 ± 0.1; the percentage of polymorphic loci per population is 27.3; the observed heterozygosity ranges from (0.195±0.083) to ( 0.241±0.090) and the expected heterozygosity ranges from ( 0.105±0.043 ) to ( 0.131±0.047 ). The coefficient of gene differentiation among populations is low (Fst =0.032), indicating that only 3.2 % of the total genetic diversity comes from inter-population, while the remaining 96.8 % comes from intra-population differences. The genetic distance among populations is 0.000-0.008 (the average is 0.002). Gene flow among the populations is large (Nm = 7.56).Genetic structure is very similar among 6 Scylla serrata populations.     

生物胺对锯缘青蟹精巢发育的调控作用

采用活体注射和体外培养方法,以精巢指数、精巢生精小管的成熟节段比例和促雄腺B型细胞比例为量化指标,观察3种生物胺对雄性锯缘青蟹生殖神经内分泌的调控作用.活体注射实验表明:5-HT组锯缘青蟹精巢发育和促雄腺分泌活动具有显著的促进作用;DA组精巢发育受到抑制,但促雄腺细胞的分泌活动不受影响;OA组与同步对照组差异不显著.离体实验表明:5-HT刺激了脑和胸神经团的分泌活动,从而促进促雄腺分泌活动;OA和DA对脑和胸神经团分泌活动没有明显影响.视神经节的生殖内分泌活动几乎不受3种生物胺的影响.本实验首次报道了体外条件下生物胺对雄性甲壳动物生殖神经内分泌的调控作用,支持了5-HT首先刺激脑和胸神经团分泌GSH,再通过促雄腺活动从而促进精巢发育的观点.     

Spatial pattern,harvesting and management of the artisanal fishery for purple clam (Amiantis purpurata) in Patagonia (Argentina)

The purple clam Amiantis purpurata supports a small-scale fishery in Patagonia by two modalities: (i) hand gathering along the beach (intertidal zone); (ii) diving fishery in the subtidal zone. In the first case, the influence of the fishermen's behavior (serial depletion of patches, degree of organization, economic threshold) on the catch per unit effort (CPUE) was analyzed. Harvesting processes in subtidal portions of populations were described matching the spatial distribution of abundance, derived from pre- and post-harvest surveys (1995 and 2005), and from temporal patterns of CPUE. Concentration profiles were used to establish an economic threshold; only 16.4% of the clams were dispersed in unprofitable areas. Reduction of density is in accordance with absence of recruitment during two decades. A management scheme was proposed with operative short-term management actions and strategic long-term components to avoid recruitment overfishing.     

Global trade in fish and fishery products: An overview

Global trade in fishery products plays a significant role in shaping the harvesting and use of fish, and therefore will be an important part of a transition to sustainable fisheries. This article provides an overview of global trade flows in fish and fishery products as well as future trends affecting the sector. It then moves on to review trade policy measures applied in major producing and importing countries, including tariff, non-tariff measures, and fisheries subsidies. It ends with an overview of recent developments in international frameworks governing trade in fish and fishery products at the global, regional and national levels.     

两次卵巢发育成熟拟穴青蟹卵巢与肝胰腺营养成分比较分析

为比较第一次和第二次卵巢发育成熟拟穴青蟹卵巢和肝胰腺营养成分的差异.作者选取一次卵巢发育成熟和二次卵巢发育成熟的拟穴青蟹(Scylla paramamosain)各5只,对其卵巢和肝胰腺的常规营养成分、氨基酸和脂肪酸含量进行检测和分析,比较两次卵巢发育青蟹卵巢和肝胰腺主要营养成分的异同,并对其营养价值进行的分析和评估....     

Enzyme variation in marine and estuarine populations of a mud crab,Macrophthalmus hirtipes (Ocypodidae)

Protein and enzyme variation in 2 populations of the mud crab Macrophthalmus hirtipes (Jacquinot, 1853) (Ocypodidae) from 1 marine and 1 estuarine habitat were investigated by poly‐acrylamide gel electrophoresis. A survey of 24 loci revealed that 22 were common to both populations; 20 were monomorphic and 2 were highly polymorphic. Two alleles were detected for each of the polymorphic loci, esterase‐2 (EST‐2) and ester‐ase‐3 (EST‐3). The frequencies of the EST‐3 alleles were similar in the 2 populations. However, the frequencies of the 2 EST‐2 alleles in the estuarine population were significantly different from those for the marine population. Expression of 1 locus, esterase‐4 (EST‐4) was confined to the estuarine population. Two alkaline phosphatase loci (AKPH‐1 and AKPH‐2) were detected in the estuarine population, but only AKPH‐1 was found in the marine population. EST‐4 and AKPH‐2 were neither sex nor age specific. These interpopulational genetic differences may reflect differences in environmental conditions measured between the 2 habitats.     

Linking fishery management and conservation in a tropical estuarine lagoon: biological and physical effects of an artisanal fishing gear

Information coming from fishery monitoring, surveys and experimental fishing with participation of fishers was employed to determine the impact of an artisanal gear, ‘boliche’, on the biodiversity of the Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta (CGSM), an estuarine lagoon on the Caribbean coast of Colombia. Fishery monitoring (catch data) included landings before (1968 and 1978) and after (1994–1996) the introduction of the boliche in the CGSM (1985), whereas surveys were conducted seasonally during 1993–1994. Fishing experiments involved evaluating different mesh sizes and the short-term effect of physical disturbance by the boliche. Monitoring suggested potential trophic effects of this fishing gear: the catch of large, long-lived, carnivorous species declined after the introduction of the boliche in the CGSM, whereas catch rates of smaller, shorter-lived, and lower trophic level species increased. Surveys revealed that the boliche retained 41 species. The by-catch made up 62% of the total catch and the remaining 38% involved the three target species Eugerres plumieri, Mugil incilis and Cathorops spixii. Selectivity experiments showed that 2.5 in. stretched mesh size gill nets caught more species than the 3.0-in. mesh. The smaller mesh also increased the risk of a critical reduction in the spawning stock of target species (notably E. plumieri); a situation that could affect the fish community if mesh sizes lower than 2.5 in. were intensively used. Suspended particulate matter significantly increased after fishing activity, with higher resuspension on mud-shells and mud substrata, whereas dissolved oxygen showed no appreciable changes after fishing operations. Notwithstanding, the activity of the boliche would generate sediment resuspension between 382 and 470 t day⁻¹, which could lead to potential cascade impacts on water quality. We propose a framework of redundancy in management measures in order to simultaneously reach management and conservation goals.     

History,effort distribution and landings in an artisanal bottom longline fishery: An empirical study from the North Atlantic Ocean

Commercial fishing data were used to reconstruct historical spatio-temporal patterns of fishing effort and landings in the bottom longline fishery of the Azores. Key events during an important 15-year period were charted, through fisher interviews together with GIS analysis. While effort distribution varied over time, the prevailing pattern was a shift in focus from eastern to western areas and from shelf/slope to offshore banks and seamounts in response to policy measures (e.g. banning bottom longline inside 3 NM, public aids for modernization of the fleet) and reduced fishing yields. Areas 12–50 NM from shore represented the most vital fishing grounds in terms of fishing effort and production. Declining landings of the major demersal species, in recent years, indicate that present catch levels are not sustainable and further measures need to be taken in order to sustain fisheries resources. Knowledge of fleet behavior and the distribution of fishing effort, particularly in patchy environments, provide valuable insights into the impacts of past management decisions and help predict the outcome of new policies both in this region and elsewhere.     

锯缘青蟹视神经节免疫细胞化学研究

采用兔抗哺乳类血清,应用链霉菌抗生物素蛋白-过氧化物酶免疫细胞化学技术,观察了锯缘青蟹视神经节中5羟色胺、胰高血糖素、神经肽Y和生长抑素免疫阳性细胞和神经纤维的形态和分布,结果发现,视神经节的4个神经髓均有5羟色胺免疫阳性细胞,除X器检出1个较大型阳性细胞外,其余均为小型细胞.视外髓、视内髓和视端髓都具有胰高血糖素免疫阳性细胞,视端髓的神经髓质阳性染色深,X器中阳性细胞成群分布,窦腺免疫阳性反应强.神经肽Y免疫阳性细胞在视神经层和视外髓为小型阳性细胞,在视内髓和视端髓检出较大型阳性细胞,另有小型阳性细胞散布于X器中.生长抑素免疫阳性细胞分布于4个神经髓,数量少.4种免疫阳性物的特异性分布模式,可为其不同的神经生理作用提供形态学证据.     

Participatory artisanal fisheries management in islands: Application to the Canary Islands (Spain)

Socio-economic development of small-island fishing communities is greatly dependent on local coastal and marine resources. However, illegal fishing and aggressive practices in insular ecosystems lead to over-exploitation and environmental deterioration. Moreover, a lack of scientific data increases uncertainty and prevents the adequate monitoring of marine resources. This paper focuses on the integration of local fishing communities into decision-making processes with the aim of promoting artisanal fishing on the Island of Tenerife (the Canary Islands), as a way to preserve the marine ecosystem and socio-economic development of traditional cofradias (fishers' organisations). A qualitative methodological framework, based on participatory problem-solution trees and focus groups, was used to identify the main factors impeding the sustainable development of the artisanal fishing sector on the island and to elaborate collective proposals with policy implications. The fishing community involved identified four main issues that are maintaining an unsustainable island fishery: 1) Over-exploitation; 2) Poor self-management of cofradias and commercialisation problems; 3) Fisher individualism and low co-management strategies, and 4) Illegal fishing increase vs. artisanal fishing decline. Results show the required policy enhancements to tackle them and the need to adapt regulations to the local situation.     

An analysis of fisheries exploitation and management practices in Sundarbans mangrove ecosystem,Bangladesh

Sundarbans mangrove of Bangladesh—a World Heritage Site has been providing a wide array of fisheries activities for a large number of coastal people. Over-fishing, particularly collecting Penaeus monodon postlarvae from mangrove and near-shore waters, due to increasing demand from shrimp farming, and over exploitation of plant and wildlife species are exerting increasing amount of stresses on the viability of this delicate ecosystem. A number of regulations have been enacted for the conservation of the resources and ecosystem, but yet to rigorously enforced. The initiative to institute a comprehensive fisheries management system by the recent Asian Development Bank supported “Sundarbans Biodiversity Conservation Project”, therefore, marks the beginning of a new era for sustainability of aquatic resources in the Sundarbans.     

The development of management options for the black land crab (Gecarcinus ruricola) catchery in the San Andres Archipelago,Colombia

Black land crab (Gecarcinus ruricola) populations and their dependent catchery in the San Andres Archipelago, Colombia, are under threat from overexploitation, habitat loss and degradation, and road-kill during annual spawning migrations to the sea. This article discusses the participatory approach used to define management of the species and describes the extensive involvement of local communities, particularly catchers and processors, in research and assessment of management options. Many options were considered. General support exists for continued use of closed areas and seasons in species management, in combination with the introduction of a new minimum size limit of 70 mm carapace width. Licensing receives some support, but the use of total allowable catches or quotas is universally rejected. Establishing a legally defined community-driven body, known as the Black Crab Conservation Unit, is seen as a crucial step in the management of the resource and has widespread support.     

盐度对拟穴青蟹幼蟹存活、生长和Na+/K+-ATP 酶活性的影响

研究了盐度(6、13、20、27和33)对拟穴青蟹(Scylla paramamosain)幼蟹生长发育和Na+/K+-ATP酶活性的影响。结果表明,盐度对拟穴青蟹幼蟹甲宽和体质量特定生长率、C3蜕壳间期、甲宽增量(C1至C2和C2至C3)及Na+/K+-ATP酶活性有显著影响(P<0.05),但对幼蟹存活率、C2蜕壳间期及C3至C4甲宽增量无显著影响(P>0.05)。盐度13处理组特定生长率最高、蜕壳间期最短,盐度6处理组特定生长率最低,但与盐度20、27和33处理组无显著差异(P>0.05),而盐度33处理组蜕壳间期最长;第一次蜕壳后盐度20处理组甲宽增量最大,后两次蜕壳盐度13处理组均是最大;盐度处理0.5、4、7和11 d时,Na+/K+-ATP酶活性分别表现为盐度6>13>20>27>33、6>13>27>20>33、6>13>20>27>33和6>13>33>20>27的趋势,低盐环境下Na+/K+-ATP酶活性的升高有助于拟穴青蟹幼蟹对低渗环境的适应。     

Assessment and management of the trochus fishery at West Nggela, Solomon Islands: An interdisciplinary approach

A proper understanding of the management status of small-scale subsistence and artisanal fisheries requires not only detailed sociocultural study, but comprehensive analysis of the state of the fished population(s), using rigorous stock assessment and other fisheries biology tools. In this article I describe several approaches taken to assess the artisanal trochus fishery at West Nggela. This includes stock density and other data, that demonstrate many reefs are overfished. I discuss the social and economic factors influencing the performance of the fishery. The importance of an understanding of property tenure is dealt with in some detail. An analysis of the various categories of fishers’ ecological knowledge about trochus is also presented, and discussed with respect to the categories of biological and ecological information considered by most fisheries biologists as essential to the assessment and management of a fishery.