地震动双规准速度反应谱研究

本文在统计了大量强震记录的基础上,分别研究了双规准加速度反应谱和双规准速度反应谱的特性,进行了对比分析,并分别得出了定量分析的结果。研究结果表明,双规准加速度反应谱在短周期段有很好的统一性,而双规准速度反应谱在长周期段的统一性较好,这种规律性对于认识地震动的特性、改进抗震设计反应谱具有重要的意义。     

Bi-normalized response spectral characteristics of the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake

To develop uniform and seismic environment-dependent design spectrum, common acceleration response spectral characteristics need to be identified. In this paper, a bi-normalized response spectrum (BNRS) is proposed, which is defined as a spectrum of peak response acceleration normalized with respect to peak acceleration of the excitation plotted vs. the natural period of the system normalized with respect to the spectrum predominant period, Tp. Based on a statistical analysis of records from the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake, the conventionally normalized response spectrum(NRS) and the BNRS are examined to account for the effects of soil conditions, epicentral distance, hanging wall and damping. It is found that compared to the NRS, the BNRS is much less dependent on these factors. Finally, some simple relationships between the BNRS for a specified damping ratio and that for a damping ratio of 5%, and between the spectra predominant period and epicentral distance for different soil types are provided.     

双规准化地震动加速度反应谱研究

本文提出了双规准反应谱的概念。在统计了美国西部大量强震记录的基础上,分别研究了规准反应谱和双规准反应谱的特性,并进行了详细的对比分析。研究结果表明,双规准反应谱比通常的规准反应谱有更好的规律性,这不仅有利于认识地震动的特性,还可使基于场地的抗震设计反应谱大大简化,更便于广大工程设计人员应用。     

抗震设计谱的发展及相关问题综述

抗震设计谱是地震荷载的表征和工程抗震设计的基础。首先对国内外抗震设计反应谱的发展、演变进行了阐述，指出现今反应谱理论以及在此基础上建立的抗震设计谱所取得的进展；总结了被广泛使用的各种抗震设计谱所存在的问题，指出了解决问题的可能途径，简要介绍了双规准反应谱的概念和统一设计谱的思想；探讨了抗震设计谱的发展趋势以及所涉及的新课题。     

结构地震弹塑性反应谱——损伤谱

首先,本文基于各国广泛使用的由Park和Ang提出的双参数损伤模型,研究基于损伤性能的弹塑性反应谱（损伤谱）的分析方法。其次,文中考虑结构极限状态设计,并通过自编DBDS程序,研究得到了损伤反应谱（简称“RD谱”）,尺。谱综合考虑了结构最大弹塑性位移和结构累积滞回耗能的耦合影响,更加合理地反映结构在罕遇地震作用下的弹塑性行为。第三,通过大量时程分析和拟合得到回归公式及其相关系数,研究成果可供抗震性能评估使用。最后,由本文提倡的RD谱和已有研究的Rμ谱做了定性比较分析,说明了考虑地震动持时的必要性和重要性。     

Damage-based inelastic response spectra for seismic design incorporating performance considerations

Modern seismic design allows a structure to develop inelastic response during moderate to severe earthquakes. The emerging performance-based design requires more clearly defined levels of inelastic response, or damage, to be targeted for different earthquake hazard levels. While there are a range of factors that could influence the level of damage and hence the performance, the design strength remains to be a fundamental design parameter that is inherently related to the structural performance. In this paper, the response reduction factor, which is a normalized form of the design strength, is investigated on a direct damage basis. The implications of the damage-based strength reduction factor (SRF), denoted as R_D factor, on multiple performance targets are discussed. A series of R_D spectra are generated from a large set of ground motions in different groupings to examine the effects of local site condition, earthquake magnitude and distance to rupture on the R_D spectra. The overall mean and standard deviation of the R_D spectra for different levels of damage are obtained, and simple empirical formulas are proposed.     

关于改进我国抗震设计反应谱的探讨

本文回顾了地震反应分析理论发展的三个阶段,指出反应谱理论仍然是许多国家现阶段抗震设计的理论依据,我国规范也主要采用反应谱法进行抗震设计分析。进一步讨论了反应谱与抗震设计反应谱的联系和区别。把我国《建筑抗震设计规范(GB50011—2001)》中有关地震影响系数分别与ISO 3010:2001(E)和美国的建筑抗震设计规范中的地震影响系数做了对比,发现我国规范有些地方考虑得还不够全面,还需要不断地完善。提出在抗震设计中运用地震动参数代替地震烈度来进行计算能更好地反映工程实际情况。     

Effect of site amplification on inelastic seismic response

The available models for eff ective periods of site and structure are reviewed in context of frequency tuning in the inelastic seismic response of soil-structure system. The eff ect of seismic intensity and ductility demand, on the eff ective periods, is investigated, and inelastic site amplifi cation is shown to be strongly correlated to the normalized eff ective period. Two non-dimensional parameters, analogous to the conventional site amplifi cation factors in codes, are defi ned to quantify the inelastic site amplifi cation. It is shown that the inelastic site amplifi cation factor (i.e. ratio of constant ductility spectral ordinates at soil site to those at rock outcrop) is able to represent the site eff ects more clearly, as compared to the inelastic site amplifi cation ratio (i.e. ratio of inelastic spectral ordinates at soil site to the corresponding elastic spectral ordinates at rock outcrop). Further, the peak in the amplifi cation factor corresponding to the eff ective site period diminishes rapidly with increasing ductility demand.     

摩擦摆隔震结构地震反应谱的计算分析

探讨了摩擦摆基底隔震结构的地震反应谱规律。采用上部结构-摩擦摆两质点模型并利用系统振动微分方程，计算绘制了设计参数(质量比、摩擦系数、滑道半径)不同取值下上部结构的绝对加速度、侧向位移和基底水平滑移反应谱。结果表明：摩擦摆系统对刚度较大的上部结构具有良好的隔震效果。摩擦系数对上部结构的加速度反应、层间水平侧移和系统滑移均有较大的影响，质量比的影响次之．而滑道半径仅对系统滑移有较为显著的作用。     

Consistent floor response spectra for performance-based seismic design of nonstructural elements

The achievement of adequate performance objectives for buildings under increasing seismic intensities is not only related to the performance of structural members but also to the behavior of nonstructural elements. The need to properly design nonstructural elements for earthquakes has been largely demonstrated in the last few years and has become an important objective within the earthquake engineering community. A crucial aspect in the proper design of nonstructural elements is the definition of the seismic demand in terms of both absolute acceleration and relative displacement floor response spectra. In the first part of this study, relative displacement and absolute acceleration floor response spectra were computed for four reinforced concrete moment-resisting archetype frames via dynamic time-history analyses and were compared with floor response spectra predicted by means of two recent simplified methodologies available in the literature. It was observed that one of the existing methodologies is generally unable to predict consistent absolute acceleration and relative displacement floor response spectra. An improved procedure is developed for estimating consistent floor response spectra for building structures subjected to low and medium-high seismic intensities. This new procedure improves the predictions of a relative displacement floor response spectrum by constraining its ordinates at long nonstructural periods to the expected peak absolute displacement of the floor. The resulting acceleration and relative displacement response spectra are then consistently related by the well-known pseudo-spectral relationship over the entire nonstructural period range. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology was appraised against floor response spectra computed from nonlinear time-history analyses.     

用双向反应谱比法估计地形对结构反应的影响

基于汶川地震发生时自贡市西山公园地形影响台阵的加速度记录,利用双向反应谱比法分析了山脊地形对单自由度体系结构反应的放大效应,结果表明:(1)水平向结构反应在结构自振频率小于1Hz的低频段放大效应不明显;在1～ 10Hz频段山顶放大效应最大,最大值达3.25,对应频率为6.25Hz;在10 ～ 20Hz频段,各台站放大效应趋于平稳,靠近山顶的7号台站放大效应最明显,最大值为2.3,对应频率为16.7Hz.(2)结构反应的最大放大系数有随高度的增加而增大的趋势,且在1 ～ 10Hz频段这种趋势比较明显.(3)与其它场地效应估计方法相比较,该方法能够体现地形效应对结构反应的影响,从而更有利于研究建筑结构震害的分布.     

几条地震波的归一化时-频反应谱分析

时-频反应谱是地震动幅值、频谱和持时三要素构成的空间三维谱.基于此,本文提出归一化时-频反应谱定义与计算方法,计算三条典型地震波的归一化时-频反应谱,对比分析表明:不同地震记录的时-频反应谱的幅值在时间和周期两个轴上的分布差别很大,具有不同时-频反应谱的地震波可能对结构地震响应产生不同影响;对12层钢筋混凝土框架结构模型进行弹塑性时程分析,通过结构地震反应、结构损伤曲线与输入地震动的归一化时-频反应谱对比,发现结构最大反应并不一定是造成结构倒塌的直接原因,用结构弹性阶段反应最大值进行抗震设计存在一定局限性,从而证明归一化时-频反应谱可有效用来分析地震动特性和结构破坏机理.     

Evaluation of reduction factors for high-damping design response spectra

High-damping response spectra are essential tools for the assessment and design methods based on the equivalent elastic structure concept. They are also often used for the analysis and design of structures with seismic isolation or energy dissipation systems. Many formulations of the reduction factors have been proposed and included in seismic codes to estimate high-damping response spectra from their 5% damping representation. They are reviewed in the present paper. The accuracy of each of them in estimating the maximum elastic response of structures with viscous damping ratios greater than 5% is assessed by comparing exact and approximate displacement response spectra for three different damping levels, namely 10, 20 and 30%, respectively. The comparison is referred to more than 120 ground motion records, relevant to earthquakes with magnitude between 6 and 8, epicentral distance ranging from 1 to 100 km and Peak Ground Accelerations (PGA’s) greater than 0.1 g. The comparison between exact and approximate response spectra is carried out for both single earthquakes and groups of earthquakes with similar magnitude and epicentral distance. The drawbacks of using the same damping reduction factor to estimate both maximum displacement response and design seismic forces are also addressed.     

Development of duration‐dependent damage‐based inelastic response spectra

A simple relationship is proposed in this paper to construct damage‐based inelastic response spectra including the effect of ground motion duration that it can be used for damage control in seismic design of structures. This relation is established for three groups of ground motions with short‐duration, moderate‐duration, and long‐duration ranges. To develop the model, the duration effect is included in the cyclic ductility of structures by an energy‐based method, and then strength reduction factors are computed based on this modified ductility (named ). The strength reduction factors were calculated for 44 stiffness‐degrading oscillators having vibration periods between 0.05 and 4.0 s, four ultimate ductility capacities, and five damage levels subjected to 296 earthquake records. The results showed that ductility capacity, damage level, and ground motion duration are effective parameters in the energy dissipation of structures, which affect the spectra. The values of short‐period oscillators (e.g., low‐rise structures) under short‐duration records are generally greater than those under moderate‐duration and long‐duration records. Residual analysis has been made in terms of magnitude and distance to examine the validity of the proposed simple expression. Finally, the introduced spectra were compared with three previously published proposals. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

不同阻尼比反应谱的转换关系

不同阻尼比的反应谱的转换关系在我国各类抗震设计规范中有重要应用。以大崎顺彦的转换关系为数学模型,以包含可靠长周期信息的260条基岩记录为基础,进行统计分析,得到新的0.04—10 s的不同阻尼比反应谱的转换关系。新转换关系弥补了4—10 s的长周期部分,并首次考虑了距离对强震持时的影响,可以应用于阻尼比连续变化的反应谱的转换。先对0.04—4 s内的数据回归出结果,与大崎顺彦的结果作对比。然后,再对0.04—10 s内的数据回归出结果,再与大崎顺彦的结果作对比。与大崎顺彦的结果虽有差异,但随阻尼比、震级的增大而基本趋于一致。新的转换关系将为《核电厂抗震设计规范》、《建筑抗震设计规范》、《电力设施抗震设计规范》等相关规范的制订和修改提供参考。     

对应地震反应谱的当量功率谱密度函数的数值算法

提出根据地震反应谱曲线求解当量功率谱密度函数曲线的一种数值算法,为结构随机地震反应分析中确定和计算地面运动功率谱密度提供依据。在相对位移谱与结构相对位移响应峰值的均值之间建立联系;在现有迭代方法的基础上,对算法公式作进一步的推导和整理,将迭代计算转变为线性方程组的求解计算,进而避免迭代方法的不收敛。通过对数值计算结果的分析发现,由于规范反应谱曲线存在斜率突变,采用本文算法计算出的功率谱密度曲线在规范反应谱曲线的两端和分段转折点处会出现倍周期分岔甚至混沌现象。为此建议适当增加低频范围内离散频率点的数目,且采取整体光滑的反应谱曲线,从而提高计算结果的稳定性。     

基于砌体结构破坏损伤的地震烈度物理标准研究

为了研究基于砌体结构破坏的地震烈度物理标准,将15个地震动参数按属性(峰值、频率、持时和能量)分成4类,将地震记录按地震动三要素(峰值、频率、持时)分成3组,求出每组记录作用下砌体结构的延性系数,计算出各个参数值和延性系数的相关系数,比较分析这些相关系数发现地震动峰值加速度、有效峰值加速度、地震动输入能量和滞回耗能都能表征地震动对砌体的破坏势,并且这4个参数都和烈度有很好的相关性,可以作为烈度的物理标准。     

921台湾集集地震灾害最严重地区的烈度评定

根据9.21台湾集集大地震过后南投县、台中县、台北县和苗栗县这四个主要受害地区的建筑物震害,参考不同的评定烈度标准综合确定出这四个地区的地震烈度,然后又计算出四地区的地震动峰值加速度、峰值速度、峰值谱加速度、峰值谱速度以及峰值谱位移的平均值。将这些均值分别与地震烈度进行基于最小二乘法的线性回归,发现这些地震动参数均值除峰值谱位移外都和烈度有很好的相关性,相关系数均在0.95以上,这说明研究评定的这四个地区的地震烈度是正确合理的,可以加以推广并应用于其它地震研究工作中。同时由于地震烈度是描述地震破坏后果的物理概念,地震动参数和烈度间的良好相关性也说明地震动参数和建筑物震害有很大的关联性,能够体现对结构的潜在破坏势。     

不同地震水准反应谱之间的关系和罕遇地震作用设计反应谱的确定

不同地震作用水准的设计反应谱长期以来一直采用各水准谱形完全一致的假定。这与地震危险性分析的一般结论不符。《建筑抗震设计规范》(GB50011-2001)对此作出了修订。本文基于设计反应谱的三参数标定模型推导了罕遇和多遇地震作用设计反应谱的关系，指出两者谱值之比在高频、中频和低频段分别对应于峰值加速度、速度和位移之比。引入地震动衰减规律进行了罕遇和多遇地震作用设计谱关系的近似估计，提出了基于多遇地震作用设计谱确定罕遇地震作用设计谱的调整方案，验证了现行规范将反应谱特征周期适当延长以得到罕遇地震作用设计谱的做法的合理性。     

Constant‐ductility response spectra for sequential earthquake and tsunami loading

Simplified approaches for examining structural system response under sequential earthquake and tsunami loading are helpful for understanding response trends. To aid understanding, nonlinear (constant‐ductility) response spectra are developed for elastoplastic single degree of freedom systems subjected to seismic loads followed by hydrodynamic tsunami loads. The forcing function is composed of long‐duration earthquake motion concatenated with a range of tsunami hydrodynamic forces that are proportional to the pseudo‐spectral acceleration produced by the earthquake motion. The constant‐ductility spectra are thus constructed for scenarios where the loading imposed by one hazard is not dominant over the other. The spectra and basic intensity measures indicate that the amplification of response for sequential earthquake and tsunami loading over the earthquake only case is most significant for systems with long natural periods and high‐ductility capacity under seismic loading. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.