冻结技术在水土重金属污染净化与修复中的应用及进展

随着工业化进程的加快,水土重金属污染事件逐渐增多,对其治理与修复成为当前的迫切工作。冻结技术在治理修复污染水土时,其修复过程只向地层输入“冷量”,属于绿色修复技术,无二次污染风险,受到越来越多的关注。详细总结了冻结技术的修复机理,及其在污水、污泥、重金属污染土壤治理修复中的应用现状和最新研究进展。冻结修复机理是通过冰的自净作用和固-液相平衡原理来实现污染物的定向驱赶和富集,而黏性土壤颗粒的吸附和阻滞作用使单一技术对重金属污染土壤的修复难度增大,其他修复手段与冻结技术联合处理成为一种新的思路。利用冻结土体的低渗透性,还可有效降低污染物的迁移速度,封闭不同种类污染物,形成阻隔污染物扩散的冻结屏障。冻结修复技术在水土重金属污染净化及修复领域具有良好的应用前景。     

Characterization and treatability of a contaminated soil from an oil exploration zone

A crude contaminated soil, arising from an oil production zone in Tabasco, Mexico was studied. A sample of about 40 kg was dried and screened through meshes 10–100. Total petroleum hydrocarbons and 6 metals (Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, V and Zn) were determined to the different portions. For soil which passed mesh 10, six non-ionic, three anionic and one zwitterionic surfactant solutions (0.5%) were employed to wash the soil. Additional tests using surfactant salt mixtures and surfactants mixtures were carried out. Once the best soil washing conditions were identified, these experimental conditions were applied for washing the rest of the soil portions obtained (meshes 4, 6, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100). Total petroleum hydrocarbons values were in the range of 51, 550 to 192, 130 mg/kg. Cd was not found in any of the soils portions, and the rest of the metals were found at different concentrations, for every soil mesh. Treatability tests applied to the soils indicated that it is possible to get removals between 9.1 to 20.5%. For the case of a sodium dodecyl sulphate 1% solution, total petroleum hydrocarbons removal was as high as 35.4%. Combinations of sodium docecyl sulphate and salts, gave removal rates up to 49.5%. Total petroleum hydrocarbons concentrations for the whole soil were about 150,600 mg/kg. The higher the particle size, the lower the washing removal rate. The combined effect of particle size and total petroleum hydrocarbons concentration, determines the total petroleum hydrocarbons removal efficiencies. These facts are very important for designing an appropriate soil washing remediation process.     

An experimental study on the remediation of phenanthrene in soil using ultrasound and soil washing

A series of laboratory experiments were carried out in this study to investigate the remediation of phenanthrene contaminated soil using ultrasound and soil washing. The results indicated that ultrasound and soil washing could significantly enhance the remediation efficiency of each other. The performance of the combined ultrasonic and soil washing process was then investigated, and the impacts of four experimental variables including the initial concentration of phenanthrene in soil, sonication time, pH of washing solution, and washing flow rate were examined using an orthogonal experimental design method. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) of experimental results revealed that the initial phenanthrene concentration, sonication time and soil washing flow rate showed significant effects (P ≤ 0.05) on the remediation efficiency. A pseudo-first-order kinetics model was developed for describing the remediation process, and a maximum remediation efficiency of 69.5% was observed in the study after 20 min of treatment under the experimental conditions. Therefore, the results indicate that the combined ultrasonic and soil washing process could represent a promising technology for the effective remediation of phenanthrene contaminated soil.     

冻融循环对多年冻土区石油迁移影响试验研究

多年冻土区石油污染物迁移过程和特点、污染定量评价、防治和治理措施研发,都是目前寒区经济发展和能源开发迫切需要解决的重要课题.通过室内试验对土体温度场分布、水分分布和石油总量分布的监测分析,研究了冻融循环作用对迁移过程的影响机制.试验结果表明,冻融循环作用通过影响石油污染物本身的物理性质、土颗粒对石油污染物的吸附作用和土体内水相的分布和相状态,影响了石油污染物的迁移过程.原油黏度随温度的降低逐渐增加,使得原油在土体中的迁移能力降低.冻融循环是油水迁移的主要驱动力之一,随着冻融循环的增加,石油污染物和水分向上迁移并聚集,石油随土样高度增加逐渐减小,而水分随高度增加而增加且在一定的位置聚集.研究成果可为多年冻土区石油污染迁移过程和定量评价及防治治理提供重要基础和参考.     

中国地下水污染修复方法和技术应用展望

[研究目的]:中国地下水污染调查和修复日益受到科学界的重视,了解和掌握地下水污染修复方法和技术有助于对污染场地进行科学修复.[研究方法]:本文在系统分析国内外地下水污染修复案例的基础上,对中国地下水污染修复现场实施的技术方法进行总结.[研究结果]:结合中国区域经济发展特征和地下水污染调查评价成果认为,复杂的水文地质条件...     

Evaluation of surfactant performance in in situ foam flushing for remediation of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane-contaminated soil

The aim of this study was to select the appropriate surfactant for the remediation of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane-contaminated soil using an in situ foam-flushing technique. The research investigated the performance of the nonionic surfactants polyethylene glycol octyl phenyl ether, polysorbate, and polyoxyethylene lauryl ether, as well as the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate, in foam static characteristics, solubility enhancement of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, adsorption loss onto soil, and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane desorption from contaminated soil using a foam-flushing approach. Considering the above four criteria, the overall performance suggested polyethylene glycol octyl phenyl ether should be selected for the remediation of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane-contaminated soil due to its better foamability and stability, relatively high solubilization ability for dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, and greatest contaminant desorption efficiency from soil via foam flushing. Results of the dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane desorption experiments showed that desorption efficiency of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane by different surfactants was largely influenced by foam static characteristics and solubility enhancement of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane rather than adsorption loss onto soil, which indicated that foam static characteristics and solubilization ability of surfactants were two key criteria for selection of high-performance foam surfactant.     

UTCHEM model application for prediction of crude oil removal from contaminated sand columns

Soil pollution by crude oil is a challenging environmental issue for oil producing countries. Several methods have been developed for remediation of the contaminated soil including washing with different detergents. In this work, we applied UTCHEM simulator model to the sand columns polluted by 10000 and 30000 ppm of crude oil which was treated with 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 wt% of a biological detergent, saponin. The results showed a good agreement between simulated and pilot study. The maximum remediation was 61% with a pH of 9 when we utilized 0.2 wt% saponin for the column contaminated with 30000 ppm of crude oil. 47% remediation was achieved with a pH of 9 when 0.1wt% of detergent was applied to the same column. Sensitivity analysis indicated an increase in remediation by increasing the pH with the optimum pH of 11. The best possible concentrations of surfactant solutions were 0.1 and 0.2 wt% for 10000 and 30000 ppm pollution, respectively, resulting in crude oil removal efficiencies of 69% and 72%, respectively. Simulation results also indicated that an increase in the permeability of the sand columns would also result in an increased remediation.     

Electrokinetic remediation of perchloroethylene-contaminated soil

One large group of persistent and toxic contaminants is the hydrophobic organic contaminants. Among them, perchloroethylene (PCE) has been recognized as a representative group of these pollutants with low solubility. This study reports on the effects of electrokinetic remediation with non-ionic surfactant on PCE-contaminated soil. The performance of electrokinetic process was investigated in the treatment of clay soil that artificially contaminated with two levels: 10,000 and 30,000 mg/kg PCE and 0.33 g/kg Triton X-100. A DC power supply with electric voltage (1 V/cm) was used for 8–16 days. A negatively charged soil surface resulted in a more negative zeta potential and greater electroosmotic flow toward the cathode. The PCE was measured after extraction using n-hexane and analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy instrument. The water content of soil was kept 25 % (w/w). Results were shown that PCE removal efficiency achieved was 74 and 89 % for 10,000 and 30,000 mg/kg PCE, respectively, for 16 days. Therefore, in this study, the integration of electrokinetic with non-ionic surfactant as a hybrid method was most effective for the remediation of PCE-contaminated soils.     

我国土壤中铜的污染现状与修复研究进展

铜是动植物必需的微量营养元素,但过量的铜会严重影响动植物的生长。近年来,随着工农业的迅速发展,土壤铜污染已成为重要的土壤环境污染问题之一。土壤铜污染不仅降低土壤环境质量,而且影响植物、土壤微生物、土壤酶活性等的平衡稳定发展,并威胁农产品质量安全。文中综述现阶段我国土壤铜污染的来源、污染现状,分析了土壤铜污染的特点及对土壤生态系统的危害,介绍土壤铜污染的预防方法,分析并总结目前用于治理土壤铜污染的修复技术原理、适用性及其国内外研究与发展动态,进一步提出未来我国土壤铜污染修复技术有待深入研究的相关问题,以期为我国土壤铜污染的研究和修复治理提供参考。     

利用体外方法评估不同淋洗剂对土壤中砷的淋洗效果及其健康风险

土壤砷污染已成为我国严重的环境问题,淋洗法是修复土壤砷污染较为有效的手段之一。文中以砷污染土壤为研究对象,运用2种环境友好的淋洗剂KH2PO4和草酸进行振荡淋洗实验,探究两种淋洗剂对不同砷污染土壤的淋洗效果,在此基础上,通过2种不同的体外方法 (physiologically based extraction test,PBET;in vitro gastrointestinal,IVG),探索其生物可给性及对人体的健康风险。结果显示,KH2PO4和草酸对土壤中砷有不同程度的去除,草酸对土壤砷的去除率较高,平均去除率为54.3%。运用PBET方法得到的土壤砷的生物可给性高于IVG方法,KH2PO4淋洗后土壤砷的生物可给性高于草酸。与草酸相比,KH2PO4淋洗会在一定程度上增加土壤砷的健康风险。不同in vitro方法对不同淋洗剂修复后效果有不同的评估结果,应该根据不同的淋洗剂选择较为保守的体外方法来评估淋洗后土壤的生物可给性及健康风险。     

土壤修复过程中重金属形态的研究综述

重金属污染土壤的修复是现阶段污染土壤治理中的难点之一,在土壤修复过程中对重金属的形态研究已在多个领域中开展,并且在重金属形态及其与生物有效性和毒性等研究领域取得了一定的成果。本文综述了现阶段在污染土壤修复过程中对重金属形态研究的主要领域,分析研究重金属形态的必要性,总结出土壤修复过程中重金属形态方面应当从重金属在土壤与植物中的存在形态入手,研究重金属元素在不同界面间的迁移转化规律,通过阻断重金属元素在污染源、土壤、生物之间的传递链条,以阻止重金属对生物体造成危害,从而为土壤重金属污染的治理修复提供理论基础。     

Enhanced biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using nonionic surfactants in soil slurry

The effect of nonionic surfactants on the solubility and biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the aqueous phase and in the soil slurry phase, as well as the fate of these surfactants, were investigated. The PAH solubility was linearly proportional to the surfactant concentration when above the critical micelle concentration (CMC), and increased as the hydrophile–lipophile balance (HLB) value decreased. Substantial amounts of the sorbed phenanthrene in the soil particles were desorbed by non-ionic surfactants into the liquid phase when the ratio of soil to water was 1:10 (g/ml). Brij 30 was the most biodegradable surfactant tested, showed no substrate inhibition up to a concentration of 1.5 g/l, and was definitely used as a C source by the bacteria. Naphthalene and phenanthrene were completely degraded by phenanthrene-acclimatised cultures within 60 h, but a substantial amount of naphthalene was lost due to volatilization. The limiting step in the soil slurry bioremediation was bioavailability by the micro-organisms for the sand slurry and mass transfer from a solid to aqueous phase in the clay slurry.     

Development of a two-stage washing and biodegradation system to remediate octachlorinated dibenzo-<Emphasis Type="Italic">p</Emphasis>-dioxin-contaminated soils

A two-stage system for octachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD)-contaminated soil remediation was developed. Soil washing using emulsified oil (EO) was applied in the first stage for OCDD extraction followed by the second stage of bioremediation using P. mendocina NSYSU for remaining OCDD biodegradation. The major tasks included (1) determination of optimal soil washing conditions for OCDD extraction by EO, (2) evaluation of feasibility of OCDD biodegradation by P. mendocina NSYSU under aerobic cometabolic conditions using EO as the primary substrate, and (3) assessment of the effectiveness of OCDD removal using the two-stage system. During the soil washing stage, EO with two different oil-to-water ratios (1:50 and 1:200) and pore volumes were tested with initial soil OCDD concentration of 21,000 µg/kg. Results indicate that EO could effectively improve the solubility and desorption of OCDD in soils. Up to 74% of OCDD removal could be obtained after washing with 60 PVs of EO and dilution factor of 50. After the soil washing process, enriched P. mendocina NSYSU solution was added into the reactor to enhance the aerobic biodegradation of remaining OCDD in soils. P. mendocina NSYSU could use adsorbed EO globules as substrates and caused significant OCDD degradation via the aerobic cometabolic mechanism. Approximately 82% of the remaining OCDD could be removed after 50 days of operation, and P. mendocina NSYSU played important roles in OCDD biodegradation. Up to 87% of OCDD was removed through the EO washing and biodegradation process. The two-stage system is a potential technology to remediate dioxin-contaminated soils.     

高效耐盐碱石油烃降解菌筛选及降解特性研究

为探究长庆油田污染土壤中微生物对石油的降解特性,在该油田多个油井附近采集了10处含油污染土壤进行石油烃降解菌的筛选、分离及降解实验。通过对筛选出的四株石油烃降解菌株5-5、5-X、9-2、10-3进行革兰氏染色、菌落形态观察、生化理化试验及16S rDNA测序,鉴定出这四株菌株分别为醋酸钙不动杆菌（Acinetobacter calcoaceticus）、不动杆菌（Acinetobacter sp.）、蒙氏假单胞菌（Pseudomonas monteilii）和乳酸不动杆菌（Acinetobacter lactucae）。14 d降解实验结果显示,这四种菌株对总石油烃的降解率分别为50.92%、51.27%、78.30%和44.39%;尤其菌株Pseudomonas sp.9-2表现出优异的降解性能,且对不同组分石油烃（正构烷烃、异构烷烃及芳烃）的降解率分别达到了94.65%、69.73%和59.07%,对长链正构烷烃也体现出了较好的降解性能。另外,抗逆性试验结果表明菌株Pseudomonas sp.9-2对pH和盐度的耐受范围分别为5.0~10.0、0.5%~6.0%,表明该菌株对盐碱环境具有较好的适应性,可用于盐碱石油污染土壤的微生物修复研究。     

纳米零价铁地下水修复技术的最新研究进展

纳米零价铁（NZVI）是粒径在1～100nm之间的铁颗粒,它的比表面积和反应活性远远大于普通铁屑和铁粉,可以直接注入到含水层的重污染区,形成一个高效的原位反应带,灵活、高效、低成本地治理地下水污染。NZVI不仅可以降解各种卤代烃,还可以降解部分不含卤族元素的有机污染物,吸附或降解地下水中的重金属离子和多种无机阴离子。NZVI地下水修复技术在发达国家已经得到工程应用并正在迅速推广,原位场地因素对NZVI地下水修复效果的影响是今后该领域重要发展方向。NZVI在含水层中的有效分散和运移是今后NZVI用于地下水修复的主要突破点。     

矿山水土污染与防治对策研究

矿山水土环境污染是采矿活动引发的主要环境地质问题之一。我国矿山数量众多,水土污染比较普遍,尤以金属矿山最为严重,矿山水土污染防治是今后开展国土空间生态保护修复的重要内容。基于全国矿山地质环境摸底调查成果资料,对矿业活动不同阶段的水土污染风险以及不同矿山的水土污染类型、特征和污染物迁移演化规律等进行了研究。分析指出:矿业活动过程包括勘探、建矿、开采、洗选、冶炼等多个阶段,而水土污染风险贯穿于矿业活动全过程,不同阶段的污染风险不同;矿产资源开发造成的水土污染物类型、特征因开采的矿产类型不同而不同,呈现出特征污染物与矿体母岩的高度相关性;矿山及其周边污染物的迁移作用受污染物自身的物理化学性质和外界环境条件的影响,在矿山长期持续开采条件下矿山水土污染物存在累积效应,而矿产资源集中开采区的污染物扩散表现出叠加效应。通过对某典型水土环境污染案例的分析研究,初步证实了上述推断。根据我国矿山水土环境污染多发性和复杂性的特点,建议今后开展矿山水土污染防治工作应区分不同类型矿山、不同地质环境条件、不同污染物特征、不同污染程度,采取分类施策、系统修复、标本兼治的对策,以实现矿山环境明显改善。     

Assessing pollutions of soil and plant by municipal waste dump

Research is few in the literature regarding the investigation and assessment of pollutions of soil and plant by municipal waste dumps. Based upon previous work in seven waste dumping sites (nonsanitary landfills) in Beijing, Shanghai and Shijiazhuang, this study expounds the investigation and assessment method and report major pollutants. Using relative background values, this study assesses soil pollution degree in the seven dumping sites. Preliminary conclusions are: (1) pollution degrees are moderate or heavy; (2) pollution distance by domestic waste that is dumped on a plane ground is 85 m; (3) the horizontal transport distance of pollutants might be up to 120 m if waste leachates are directly connected with water in saturated soils; (4) vertical transport depth is about 3 m in unsaturated silty clayey soils. Furthermore, using relative background values and hygiene standards of food and vegetable this study assesses the pollutions of different parts of reed, sorghum, watermelon and sweet-melon. It is found: (1) in comparison with the relative background values in a large distance to the waste dumping sites, domestic wastes have polluted the roots and stems of reed and sorghum, whereas fine coal ash has polluted the leaves, rattans and fruits of watermelon and sweet-melon; (2) domestic wastes and fine coal ash have heavily polluted the edible parts of sorghum, water melon and sweet-melon. As, Hg, Pb and F have far exceeded standard values, e.g., Hg has exceeded the standard value by up to 650–1,700 times and Cd by 120–275 times, and the comprehensive pollution index is up to 192.9–369.7; (3) the polluted sorghum, watermelon and sweet-melon are inedible.     

某油田地下水污染特征及其机理分析

在对某油田石油类污染物分布特征研究的基础上,对其进入地下水的途径进行分析。研究表明,除石油类外,CODMn、Cl-、NO3-N和TDS具异常变化,这些异常变化已成为石油类污染的参考指标。含水层污染程度主要以严重污染和中度污染为主,下段含水层中的石油类污染物的浓度明显高于上段含水层。地下水遭受污染的途径类型分为地表渗透型和优势通道渗漏型,但地表渗透型污染对研究区地下水的威胁性相对来说较小。由构造活动、地下水开采引发的地裂缝形成的优势通道渗漏型污染是地下水污染的主要途径。     

发扬地学学科优势,形成具有国土资源部门特色的土壤修复理论与技术体系

岩石圈是土壤重金属元素的根本来源,是其迁移转化和生物-地球化学循环的场所,也是重金属元素的最后归宿,因此地质学、岩石学、矿物学和地球化学在重金属污染土壤修复中具有基础性的重要指导意义。国土资源部门已经在土壤重金属调查、溯源和风险评价上发挥了重要作用,还可以在探索研究灾害链的组成、影响因素和阻断途径的基础上,形成有地学特色的修复理论和技术。目前,国土资源部门的修复理论研究成果主要集中在缓变型地球化学灾害理论和地球化学工程学方面,在所属研究机构已经形成了若干种土壤修复剂,通过小试、中试和典型示范,验证了这些修复剂具有优异的修复性能与效果,是落实"土十条"和生态文明建设的一支重要力量。     

Application of bioremediation in oil contaminated soil

The long-term oil exploitation in oil fields has led to pollution of surrounding soil, creating a serious ecological problem. In order to promote and improve the application of microbial remediation in oil contaminated soil, experiment is carried out in polluted area in Zhongyuan Oilfield. In the experiment, indigenous microorganisms and other physical and chemical methods are employed, ryegrass is grown, and environmental factors in soil are regulated to degrade the oil and treat the polluted soil. Results show that when the average oil content in the soil is about 523.08 mg/kg, 65 days’ remediation through plants and microorganisms could help bring the oil content down to 74.61 mg/kg, achieving a degradation rate of 85.74%; through salinity treatment, salt content in soil is reduced by 62.93-82.03% to 399-823 mg/kg from previous 2.22 g/kg. Through this experiment, the bioremediation method is improved and its effectiveness and feasibility are testified. The result has been applied in Zhongyuan Oilfield and has brought fair ecological and economic benefits, providing technical support to the treatment of contaminated soil of the same kind, and offering some insights to the treatment of soil contaminated by other organic pollutants.