Water level changes in Lake Constance and their relationship to changes in macrophyte settlement in the outflows of Lake Constance Upper and Lower Lake

Since 2008, water level differences between Upper and Lower Lake Constance have increased after they decreased significantly in the 20th century. Questioning the causes leads to the hypothesis that the significant changes in the submerged macrophyte vegetation due to eutrophication and subsequent oligotrophication have played an essential role over the past decades. To clarify whether macrophyte vegetation is the cause of the changed water levels, the spatial distribution of Swiss pondweed Potamogeton helveticus (syn. Stuckenia helvetica) and the other submerged macrophytes was mapped in 2017. Swiss pondweed, in particular plays a key role as a perennial plant type in flow channels. Shoot densities and lengths of this species were recorded by diving. The investigations were supplemented by hydrodynamic modeling of the effects of macrophyte flow resistance on lake water level relationships.The results show that P. helveticus has indeed increased significantly over the past decade. The species colonizes the bottom of flow channels in the Seerhein up to 6 m deep with up to 1000 shoots per square meter and a length of up to 5 m, whereas in the previous decades it only occurred at the edges of flow channels as small stands with shoot lengths of less than 1 m. In the shallow water zones outside the flow channels, stoneworts in particular have spread in the Seerhein over the past decade. The hydrodynamic modeling supports the hypothesis that aquatic plants are the cause of the changed lake water level conditions and illustrate the related changes in the flow velocity field.     

淀山湖水量的初步研究

分析了淀山湖水量的主要补给来源及淀山湖水量受潮沙影响的泄流规律,并用1988年的实测资料研究枯水年型的淀山湖水量平衡。计算结果表明:淀山湖区在1988年降水稀少,但它可获取邻近河湖及长江等水体的水源补给,使湖水量达到年内基本平衡。     

太湖湖体水环境容量计算

针对太湖风生流的特点,提出考虑风向风速频率修正及污染带控制的水环境容量计算方法,建立了太湖水量水质数学模型,并结合水文水质资料对流场和浓度场进行模拟和验证.在控制单个污染带面积为1～3 km2,污染带总长度为湖岸线长度10%的基础上采用该方法进行计算,计算结果更可靠.太湖CODcr的水环境容量为132727 t/a,TN的水环境容量为7700 t/a.     

How water exchange and seasonality affect the eutrophication of Murchison Bay,Lake Victoria

Murchison Bay in the Northern part of Lake Victoria has for decades received a daily wastewater load of 0.2% of its volume from Kampala City, through the Nakivubo channel. In spite of this, the Water Treatment Works abstracts raw water from this bay and has been able to produce drinking water of sufficient quality for the capital. This study monitored various physical−chemical components within the bay during 2000−2003 to understand the processes responsible for the acceptable quality of raw water. Four sampling stations were located along a transect from the channel mouth towards the open lake.Resultsshowed that the wastewater did not accumulate in the bay, instead was already strongly diluted 2.5 km from the channel mouth. This caused an abrupt reduction in conductivity and the concentrations of the nutrients total phosphorus (Tot-P), orthophosphate (PO₄-P) and total nitrogen (Tot-N).Inshore−offshore exchange of water was mediated by flows from daily and sub-daily water level fluctuations and wind-driven currents. As a daily average, 2% of the Murchison Bay flowed in and out and the incoming wastewater was diluted 9.7 times.During the dry season from June to August (D2), when the weather was influenced by the south-east monsoon, the thermal stratification in the main lake disappeared and cooler and deoxygenated water from deeper depths entered the bay influencing its water quality.The daily flushing of water in and out of the bay due to water level variation was identified as the main factor diluting the bay water.     

太湖水污染控制的目标及设想

According to the social and natural conditions of Taihu Lake Basin, the planning objectives and some ideas for water pollution prevention in Taihu Lake and its surrounding river-lake system are proposed.     

滆湖氮、磷平衡研究

通过１９９２￣１９９３年千岛湖水质、底质、生物和污染源调查,对其水环境质量和污染物输入作了综合评价。结果表明,千岛湖水质状况良好;但局部水域水质污染逐年加重,湖泊已属中营养状态。非点源输入量占入湖污染总量的９５％,其中５０％来自上游安徽来水。建立了对流扩散模型并进行水质预测,提出了千岛湖水环境保护对策。     

太湖水质及其保护

Lake Taihu, the third largest fresh water lake in China, with a surface area of 2 338 km², is located in the Changjiang River Delta, the most advanced economic zone in China. During the last two decades, the rapid economic development of local agriculture and industry both in the urban and rural areas of the region has made great advances. Great quantieis of pollutants have been discharged into the lake, its nutrient content has increased continuously, and phytoplankton blooms have occurred in some areas. Water quality protection in Lake Taihu is very important because of its close relation with economical development and people''s daily life. It is urgent to have comprehensive pollution control in Lake Taihu. Based on water quality monitoring data in Lake Taihu from 1987 to 1994, the dynamic variations of water quality and eutrophication trends have been analyzed, showing obvious spatial and temporal variations. The main water quality factors were compared with the standard for drinking water and indicate considerable change with the seasons. Some basic strategies to protect water quality and prevent eutrophication are discussed.     

鄱阳湖泄流能力分析

鄱阳湖近年低枯水位频繁发生,引起了人们广泛的关注.鄱阳湖作为吞吐型湖泊,通过狭长的湖口水道与长江自然相通,其水力特性直接影响着长江与鄱阳湖的相互作用关系.基于水力学方法,提出湖泊泄流能力的概念,并采用湖泊水文观测数据,研究了鄱阳湖的泄流能力特征及其近年的演变过程.结果表明,2000s之前鄱阳湖泄流能力基本维持不变,之后迅速提高,近年开始趋于稳定.泄流能力的显著提高改变了鄱阳湖与长江相互作用的水力特性,从而影响了鄱阳湖的水量平衡,加剧了近年枯水情势.研究表明,大规模采砂是鄱阳湖泄流能力变化的主因,应加强鄱阳湖采砂管理.     

春季巢湖水温和水体叶绿素a浓度的变化关系

根据2007年3-6月的巢湖逐时气象观测资料和水环境监测资料,分析了水体叶绿素a浓度、水温和气温的时间变化规律以及相互之间的关系.结果表明:水温日变化幅度小于气温日变化幅度,多项式拟合决定系数较高,为0.81;水温与水体叶绿素a浓度逐时变化关系不稳定,线性拟合决定系数变化范围为0到0.91,平均为0.35;水温日平均与...     

东太湖水环境现状及保护对策

根据2002年4月至2003年4月东太湖的水质监测结果,分析了东太湖的水质现状、空间分布特征及变化趋势．其中TN变化范围0．57-3．91mg／L,平均值1．61 mg／L,NH4 -N变化范围0．01-0．42mg／L,平均值0．14mg／L,NO3--N 变化范围0．044-0．549mg／L,平均值0．16mg／L,而TP平均值为0.103mg／L,与以前的调查结果相比,TN、TP和NH4 -N 均明显增加,CODMn有所下降,水质状况总体较差,但不同水域因其影响因子不同,水质亦有明显差别,湖心区水质最好．目前,东太湖水体总体上处于中富营养状态,部分湖区已达到富营养状态．最后根据东太湖水环境的现状,提出一些措施和建议．     

兴凯湖水环境状况及其保护对策

兴凯湖是中、俄界湖.监测统计数据显示,1994-1998年,大兴凯湖CODMn为5.42mg/L,BOD5为1.59-2.91mg/L,TP为0.35mg/L,已达中一富营养水平;2009年监测报告显示,大兴凯湖CODMn平均为4.09mg/L,氨氮平均值为0.466mg/L,水质由Ⅱ类标准下降到Ⅲ类,有进一步退化趋势...     

Zoobenthos of Lake Uluabat,a Ramsar Site in Turkey,and Their Relationship with Environmental Variables

The numerical and proportional distributions of zoobenthos in lake Uluabat, which is located in the Northwestern part of Turkey and having international importance according to the Ramsar Convention, were determined from August 2004 to July 2005 at monthly intervals (except for December 2004, January and February 2005) at 12 different stations. Thirty‐three taxonomic groups were recorded. It was found that the zoobenthos consisted of 35.6 % Oligochaeta, 27.7 % Nematoda, 12.3 % Chironomidae larvae, 10.7 % Gastropoda, 3.6 % Ostracoda, and 10.1 % Varia by numbers (Bivalvia, Ceratopogonidae, Hirudinea, Odonata, Ephemeroptera, Asilidae, Hydraacarina, Hemiptera, Argulidae, and Gammaridae). The average number of invertebrates was 160 individuals for 33 taxa at the 12 different stations. Also some environmental parameters of the lakewater were analyzed (temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, NO₂–N, NO₃–N, NH₃–N, PO₄^–3, fecal coliform, and total coliform). The relationships between the dynamics of the Oligochaeta and the physicochemical variables were supported by the Pearson correlation index and the canonical correspondence analysis (CANOCO). It was found that the relation between the average number of P. hammoniensis and P. albicola (p < 0.05, r = 0.590 and 0.593, respectively) and L. hoffmeisteri (p < 0.01, r = 0.777) was directly proportional while the relation between the average number of some taxa Trichodrillus sp., Rhyacodrilus coccineus, Nais communis, N. variabilis, and N. barbata and NO₃–N (p < 0.05, r = –0.685) was inversely proportional.     

南水北调东线调度对南四湖水质的影响

南水北调东线一期工程2013年通水,必将对南四湖水质产生重大影响.借鉴既有成功理论方法,建立南四湖三维水力调配和水质模型,并经实测值验证.利用该三维模型,模拟南水北调东线一个完整调水期中的南四湖常规、干旱调水工况调度运行过程,分析南四湖上级湖、下级湖的水力和水质变化规律,提出加强和改善南水北调东线调度管理的措施和建议,既可充分发挥南水北调工程效益,又可改善南四湖水质.     

五大连池水质现状及近30年前后变化

2012—2013年春、夏、秋季,对五大连池11个采样点的水质变化进行研究,分析湖水水质现状,比较30年前后湖泊的水质变化并评估五大连池富营养化程度.结果表明,五大连池不同部分、季节、年份的水质参数指标波动剧烈,可能是受水产养殖及氮、磷浓度变化影响,2池和3池浮游生物量及叶绿素a浓度明显较低;同1980s相比,水质变化较大,一些指标显示水质已趋向好转,但5池却接近重度富营养化,说明近几年的还湿、迁居等保护措施初见效果,但整个湖泊水质恢复需要漫长过程.     

基于水平衡模型的呼伦湖湖泊水量变化

针对北方寒旱区呼伦湖水位下降、水面萎缩的现象,根据气候特征,利用月水量平衡模型探究湖泊水文过程并揭示其变化规律.在此基础上,利用不同气候条件下各水平衡项对于湖泊水位的影响程度确定水位升降的直接原因.基于1963-1980年间水位的实测数据,根据水量平衡原理及其他辅助计算判断出湖泊与周边区域存在着地下水的交换,且具有一定的规律性,即历年11月至次年3月期间的累积降雪融化渗入土壤中形成浅层径流补给湖泊,而7、8月份湖泊补给周边草原.基于以上规律,根据周边坡面汇流、地下水与湖泊交换量的年内变化特征,利用水平衡方程式推算湖泊1981-2008年逐月水位变化,并与其他研究成果比较,吻合度较高.不同气候条件下,径流量对于湖泊水位的影响程度最为突出,是水位变化的主控因子.     

基于富营养化阈值的松花湖水环境容量分析

通过对松花湖水体中浮游植物的绝对优势种——铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)单藻株生长与磷、氮定量关系的室内模拟研究,得出松花湖富营养化发生的阈值为：总磷浓度0．065 mg/L,总氮浓度0．843 mg/L．利用风险分析理论和蒙特卡罗随机模拟方法,在分析2002-2004年松花湖水体中总磷和总氮浓度实际分布规律的基础上,提出了计算湖、库总磷和总氮水环境容量的不确定性方法．通过对松花湖磷、氮水环境容量的计算,得出松花湖流域总磷和总氮的最大允许排放量为2123．78 t/a和7018．82 t/a,为了使松花湖富营养化发生的概率在0．001以下,总磷和总氮需要分别削减3208．34 t/a和18648．91 t/a．     

Monitoring the water balance of Lake Victoria, East Africa, from space

Using satellite gravimetric and altimetric data, we examine trends in water storage and lake levels of multiple lakes in the Great Rift Valley region of East Africa for the years 2003–2008. GRACE total water storage estimates reveal that water storage declined in much of East Africa, by as much as , while altimetric data show that lake levels in some large lakes dropped by as much as 1–2 m. The largest declines occurred in Lake Victoria, the Earth’s second largest freshwater body. Because the discharge from the outlet of Lake Victoria is used to generate hydroelectric power, the role of human management in the lake’s decline has been questioned. By comparing catchment water storage trends to lake level trends, we confirm that climatic forcing explains only about 50decline. This analysis provides an independent means of assessing the relative impacts of climate and human management on the water balance of Lake Victoria that does not depend on observations of dam discharge, which may not be publically available. In the second part of the study, the individual components of the lake water balance are estimated. Satellite estimates of changes in lake level, precipitation, and evaporation are used with observed lake discharge to develop a parameterization for estimating subsurface inflows due to changes in groundwater storage estimated from satellite gravimetry. At seasonal timescales, this approach provides closure to Lake Victoria’s water balance to within . The third part of this study uses the water balance of a downstream water body, Lake Kyoga, to estimate the outflow from Lake Victoria remotely. Because Lake Kyoga is roughly 20 times smaller in area than Lake Victoria, its water balance is strongly influenced by inflow from Lake Victoria. Lake Kyoga has been shown to act as a linear reservoir, where its outflow is proportional to the height of the lake. This model can be used with satellite altimetric lake levels to estimate a time series of Lake Victoria discharge with an rms error of about .     

基于多源数据分析维多利亚湖流域水储量变化

本文利用CSR发布的GRACE RL06时变重力场模型,结合两种水文模式、卫星测高、降雨和蒸散等多源数据,从多个角度综合系统地分析维多利亚湖流域2003-01—2017-06的陆地水储量变化.比较了正向建模方法和单一尺度因子对泄漏误差的改正效果,经对比采用正向建模方法在此流域效果更好.基于多源数据得出以下三点与此前研究不同的结论:(1)GRACE RL06版本数据探测到流域内的水储量在2003-01—2017-06呈增加趋势,球谐位系数和Mascon产品得到的变化速率分别为14.9 mm·a^-1和16.7 mm·a^-1,观测误差小于RL05版本的结果,RL05版本低估了流域水储量的变化速率;(2)2013-01—2016-02期间GRACE和测高探测到湖泊水量增长,而水文模式探测到流域内水储量减少,推测这一现象由大坝蓄水造成;(3)受El Ni1o事件影响,2016-03—2017-06流域降雨减少,流域水储量减少,GRACE球谐位系数和Mascon探测到的变化速率分别为-100.3 mm·a^-1和-129.7 mm·a...     

Water Quality and Phosphorus Budget of Mogan Lake,Turkey

Mogan Lake is the largest recreational area near Ankara, which is the capital city of Turkey. Increased macrophyte growth in the water body and the present levels of urban development within the catchment are reflected in declining water quality and aesthetic deterioation. A study of the water quality of the lake was undertaken to quantify the variation of phosphorus, nitrogen, and chlorophyll-a concentrations during ice-free seasons from 1992 to 1994. Its total phosphorus and chlorophyll-a concentrations indicate a meso-eutrophic status. The total phosphorus budget of Mogan Lake was measured for a period of 22 months. The estimation of nutrient loading using Dillon-Rigler nutrient budget shows that an artificial load caused too high phosphorus inputs. The management implications of phosphorus loading and budget are discussed.