The abnormal mantle and deep tectonic process in the southern region of North China Plain

ＴｈｅａｂｎｏｒｍａｌｍａｎｔｌｅａｎｄｄｅｅｐｔｅｃｔｏｎｉｃｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｉｎｔｈｅｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎｒｅｇｉｏｎｏｆＮｏｒｔｈＣｈｉｎａＰｌａｉｎＳｈｉ－ＹｕＧＡＯ（高世玉），Ｈｏｎｇ－ＸｉａｎｇＨＵ（胡鸿翔）ａｎｄＳｈａｎＤＩＮＧ（丁山）（Ｉｎ...     

Carbon dioxide exchange and the mechanism of environmental control in a farmland ecosystem in North China Plain

CO2 flux was measured continuously in a wheat and maize rotation system of North China Plain using the eddy covariance technique to study the characteristic of CO2 exchange and its response to key environmental factors. The results show that nighttime net ecosystem exchange (NEE) varied exponentially with soil temperature. The temperature sensitivities of the ecosystem (Q10) were 2.94 and 2.49 in years 2002-2003 and 2003-2004, respectively. The response of gross primary productivity (GPP) to photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) in the crop field can be expressed by a rectangular hyperbolic function. Average Amax andαfor maize were more than those for wheat. The values ofαincreased positively with leaf area index (LAI) of wheat. Diurnal variations of NEE were significant from March to May and from July to September, but not remarkable in other months. NEE, GPP and ecosystem respiration (Rec) showed significantly seasonal variations in the crop field. The highest mean daily CO2 uptake rate was -10.20 and -12.50 gC·m-2·d-1 in 2003 and 2004, for the maize field, respectively, and -8.19 and -9.50 gC·m-2·d-1 in 2003 and 2004 for the wheat field, respectively. The maximal CO2 uptake appeared in April or May for wheat and mid-August for maize. During the main growing seasons of winter wheat and summer maize, NEE was controlled by GPP which was chiefly influenced by PAR and LAI. Rec reached its annual maximum in July when Rec and GPP contributed to NEE equally. NEE was dominated by Rec in other months and temperature became a key factor controlling NEE. Total NEE for the wheat field was -77.6 and -152.2 gC·m-2·a-1 in years 2002-2003 and 2003-2004, respectively, and -120.1 and -165.6 gC·m-2·a-1 in 2003 and 2004 for the maize field, respectively. The cropland of North China Plain was a carbon sink, with annual -197.6 and -317.9 gC·m-2·a-1 in years 2002-2003 and 2003-2004, respectively. After considering the carbon in grains, the cropland became a carbon source, which was 340.5 and 107.5 gC·m-2·a-1 in years 2002-2003 and 2003-2004, respectively. Affected by climate and filed managements, inter-annual carbon exchange varied largely in the wheat and maize rotation system of North China Plain.     

Study of thrust and nappe tectonics in the eastern Jiaodong Peninsula, China

Thrust and nappe tectonics have affected the eastern Jiaodong Peninsula, the easternmost terminal of the Sulu Ultra-high Pressure Metamorphic Belt. Four nappes have been mapped, named respectively the Shidao, Rongcheng, Mishan and Mouping nappes. The methods used included multi-scale struc- tural analysis and structural chronology analysis. These nappes define four deep level slip-thrust shear zones that were mainly active in the Mesozoic. The amount of ductile deformation decreases from the Shidao to Rongcheng to Mouping to Mishan shear zones, and shows an inverse relationship with temperature. 40Ar/39Ar chronological analysis and the chronological results of former workers reveal four movement steps defined by the development of thrusts and nappes in the late Triassic (210-180 Ma), extensional movement from the Jurassic to early Cretaceous (180-130 Ma), slip-thrust movement in the Early Cretaceous (130-120 Ma), and extensional movement since the Late Cretaceous (120 Ma). The order of boundary shear zone motion in the period of slip-thrust movement during the Early Cre- taceous (130-120 Ma) was along the Shidao, Rongcheng, Mouping and finally the Mishan shear zone. This resulted in clockwise rotation of the nappes relative to block west to the Tan-Lu Faults. Because of the similar evolutionary history of the Tan-Lu Faults and the thrust and nappe structure in the eastern Jiaodong Peninsula, slip dislocation along the Tan-Lu Faults might have been absorbed by thrust and nappe tectonics in the Jiaodong area in the Mesozoic era, resulting in much less dislocation on the Tan-Lu faults in North Eastern China than that in south along the Jiaodong Peninsula.     

A Study on the Tectonic Characteristics of Shallow Faults in the East of Zhengzhou City

Study on fault activity is a fundamental part of earthquake prediction and earthquake relief in big cities.In the active fault exploration in Zhengzhou,the spatial distribution,geological features and activity of the Huayuankou fault,the Shangjie fault and the Xushui fault were determined using the seismic prospecting method.New understanding about the characteristics of the faults was gained.This provides reliable basic data for future earthquake forecast and earthquake relief work in Zhengzhou.In addition,we proposed some ways to identify fault activity through analyzing the characteristics of the activity of a fault and raised an effective method for exploring active faults in big cities and exploring concealed faults in regions covered with thick overburdens.     

Discussion of Some Problems in the Research into the Seismotectonics of Strong Earthquakes on the North China Plain

The tectonic characteristics and research problems of five earthquakes with M≥7.0 on the North China Plain over the last 300 years are addressed in the paper, including the cognition that there were no ground fractures in the 1966 Xingtai earthquake, the question caused by the thrust activity of the seismic fault of the Tangshan Earthquake and the discussion of the seismotectonic environment of the 1830 Cixian earthquake and the 1937 Heze earthquake. The author thinks that the main reason for the problems in research of strong earthquake tectonics in the region is that the status of activity of the main tectonics during the Late Quaternary are unknown. This affects the founding of discrimination criteria for seismotectonics of strong earthquakes on the North China Plain. Discriminating the Holocene active faults from the large number of faults is the most effective method for seismic hazard assessment in the area in future.     

Gravitational effect of water circulation in the northwest Yunnan

ＧｒａｖｉｔａｔｉｏｎａｌｅｆｆｅｃｔｏｆｗａｔｅｒｃｉｒｃｕｌａｔｉｏｎｉｎｔｈｅｎｏｒｔｈｗｅｓｔＹｕｎｎａｎＭｉｎ－ＹｕＪＩＡ；（贾民育）Ｓｈａｏ－ＡｎＳＵＮ；（孙少安）Ａｉ－ＭｉｎＸＩＡＮＧ；（项爱民）ａｎｄＤｏｎｇ－ＺｈｉＬＩＵ（刘冬至）（...     

The heterogeneous characteristics of crust-mantle structures and the seismic activities in the northwest Beijing region

Introduction Zhangjiakou-Bohai seismic zone is a major active seismic zone that passes through the north-ern part of North China. Zhangjiakou-Beijing area, the northwest part of North China, is located at the intersection position of Yanshan, Taihangshan uplift, and Shanxi down-faulted zone, and the geological structures in this area are extremely complicated. Many researchers in the geoscience circle always pay close attention to this region because Yanqing-Huailai region is located in th…     

Influence of the modified global ocean tide model with local tides of East and South China Seas on load gravity in China and its neighbor area

Introduction With the development of science and technology, the accuracy of gravity measurement is im-proved. The gravity observation with FG5 gravimeter has reached accuracy of μ magnitude. And the high accurate superconducting gravimeter can detect the tiny signal of 10?2 μ magnitude in frequency domain. With the high-accuracy gravity observation on Earth′s surface, the Earth′s tidal parameters can be determined precisely. And the observations can also be used to invert the struc-ture…     

Recent Crustal Stress Field and Dislocation Along Seismic Faults in the East China Region

INTRODUCTIONThere exist many methods for studying recent crustal stress field.One of the most commonmethodsis to use focal mechanismsolution data of earthquakes to deduce the recent crustal stressfield.The method is simple and feasible and the data obtained is reliable.Yan Jiaquan,et al.(1979)usedthe method to study the recent tectonic stress field in China and its adjacent areas andgave a rough configuration and regional characteristics of the stress field.Li Qinzu(1980),WeiGuangxing,e…     

Study on the Method of Short-Term Synthetic Earthquake Prediction in the North China Region

Based on the extraction and calculation of the short-term seismic precursory information magnitude from the 114 major precursory observations in the North China region, and together with consideration of factors such as geological structure, seismicity, crustal thickness, and in particular, the current geodynamics of the region, the authors studied the time-space evolutionchara cteristics of the short-term earthquake precursory information magnitude and its relationship with earthquakes and proposed the index and method for the short-term synthetic prediction of earthquakes with Ms ≥ 5.0 in the North China region. The inspection through Rvidue shows that the method is effective to a effective to a certain extent for earthquake prediction.     

重庆及邻近地区地震烈度衰减关系分析与确定

根据重庆及邻近地区的地震烈度资料，通过回归分析得到了重庆及邻近地区地震烈度衰减规律。这些研究可供重庆及邻近地区进行地震危险性分析和抗震规划时使用。     

重庆及邻近地区地震烈度衰减关系分析与确定

利用海南岛及邻区17次地震的42条等震线数据,通过最小二乘法回归分析得到海南岛及邻区地震烈度衰减关系;这些资料符合海南岛历史和近代地震震害分布的地域性特点,可进一步应用于地震安全性评价、震害预测和快速评估损失等工作。     

江苏及邻区地震烈度衰减关系

地震烈度衰减关系由于受震源性质、传播介质特性以及近地表场地条件的影响,存在较强的区域性差异。收集1937—2015年发生在江苏及邻区的59个地震数据,利用长轴可转向方法得到120条等震线长短轴半径,采用椭圆烈度衰减模型,用多元稳健回归方法将等震线数据进行拟合,统计得到本地区地震烈度衰减关系,并与汪素云等的研究及实际地震等震线数据进行比较,结果表明,本文结果与实际资料拟合程度较好,且在地震震级M_S < 6.0及震中距小于300 km时具有较强的可靠性。     

江淮地区地震烈度衰减关系的研究

地震烈度衰减关系具有较强的地区性,这是由于不同地区的震源特性、传播介质和场地条件的不同而引起.研究区(北纬29°～35°,东经114°～120°)位于华北地震区和华南地震区之间的过渡地区,地震活动性总体水平不高,烈度衰减关系有其自身的震源特性、传播介质和场地衰减特性等.本次工作重新挑选震例,对研究区的地震烈度衰减规律进行了统计回归分析,并与该地区已有的地震烈度衰减关系进行认真的比较分析.     

南北地震带地区地震烈度衰减关系研究

收集了我国南北地震带地区1970年~2012年的85次地震事件的烈度等震线资料,建立了震中烈度与震级之间的经验关系,利用长轴和短轴椭圆模型拟合得到了该地区的地震烈度衰减关系。同时还搜集整理了近年来基于我国各地区的地震资料,研究得到的地震烈度衰减关系,并将其中与南北地震带存在地域重合的研究结果与本文结果进行对比分析。该研究结果能够较好地反映南北地震带地区的地震烈度衰减规律,对该地区的地震灾害快速评估具有一定的参考意义。     

川滇及其邻区中强地震烈度衰减关系适用性研究

本文选取川滇及邻区作为研究区域,根据地震构造环境和震害分布特点,将该地区分为西南地区和盆地地区,选取该地区6级以上的典型历史震例,将其数字化得到等震线数据,通过对这些数据的统计回归分析,分别建立两个区域的地震烈度沿长轴与短轴的衰减关系、各烈度面积与地震震级的关系、破裂长度与震级的关系.同时,综合利用上述关系建立不同的地...     

河北及邻区地震烈度衰减关系研究

地震震动的衰减关系在地震区划和工程场地的安全性评估过程中是不可或缺的。利用河北及周边区域历史地震的等震线资料,运用统计回归的分析方法,得到统计回归方程及地震烈度衰减关系,与其他烈度衰减关系进行对比分析,并与地震应急指挥技术系统软件及地震烈度分布资料进行对比,从而得到适用于河北及周边地区的地震烈度衰减关系。     

基于衰减关系的城镇烈度发生概率快速估计

震后快速产出的震动烈度分布是地震应急救援非常有效的依据, 通常由烈度与地震动参数的经验关系给出. 有台站的场点, 地震动参数可以直接由台站数据给出确定性的结果; 而无台站的场点, 地震动参数只能由衰减关系给出估计值. 目前我国台站覆盖有限, 且难于实时获取, 快速生成的地震动参数主要依赖于地震动衰减关系, 再依据烈度与地震动参数的经验关系, 输出确定性的震动烈度分布. 由于衰减关系本身存在着不确定性, 将其估计值用于生成确定性的震动烈度分布是不准确的. 而且实践证明, 震动烈度与实际调查烈度存在差异. 鉴于此, 从衰减关系模型中的ε出发, 提出了场点(城镇)遭遇不同烈度的概率计算方法: 利用衰减关系的估计值与衰减关系的标准差, 构造峰值加速度(PGA)变化的对数正态分布, 然后以烈度分档对应的PGA范围, 计算震区各城镇遭遇不同烈度的概率及各城镇抗震设防烈度被超越的概率. 具体以1966年3月8日河北邢台M_S6.8地震为例, 说明了此方法的可行性, 认为以概率形式给出城镇可能遭遇的烈度在表述上更为合理, 并建议将场点(城镇)遭遇烈度的概率表达方法用于震害快速评估.     

中国各省区地震烈度衰减关系模型甄别

收集整理全国22个省、5个自治区、4个直辖市的烈度衰减关系资料,得到182个烈度衰减关系公式,与现用地震快速评估系统、“十五”评估系统中烈度衰减关系参数进行对比,可知:(1)北京、上海、河北、吉林、甘肃、福建、江苏、海南、贵州、安徽、湖南、浙江、黑龙江、宁夏、天津、广西、辽宁、山东、江西、广东、陕西等地区的烈度衰减关系具有优化性;(2)四川、云南、内蒙古等省区地域性广,地震频发,沿用已有烈度分区结果;(3)新疆、青海、西藏、内蒙古中部、重庆、湖北、河南、山西等地有多个衰减公式,依次甄别,优选适用对应区域的衰减关系公式,以达到优化参数的目的,为震后影响场快速预估提供科学依据。     

美国西部地震烈度衰减规律

在国家和地区地震动区划和重大工程的地震安全性评价工作中，区域地震动衰减规律的确定是重要环节，而借用法是目前常用的建立区域地震动衰减的方法。我国借用法通常都把美国西部作为参考地区，但一般都采用调整美国学者已有烈度衰减规律的办法确定美国西部烈度衰减规律。本文讨论美国西部已有烈度衰减规律，并直接采用美国西部烈度调查资料建立烈度衰减规律，结果可供我国工程地震工作者参考。