卫河流域河流地下水流系统氮素运移的数值模拟

卫河是海河流域污染最严重的河流之一,该河如何影响附近浅层地下水的水质是长期受到重视但缺乏定量研究的关键问题。为探讨这一问题,利用Hydrus 2d模型模拟河流非饱和带氮素的迁移转化,以GMS软件中的RT3D模块模拟氮素在饱和含水层中的运移,将包气带底部淋滤出的污染物浓度定为饱和带溶质运移模型的上边界条件,首次实现了河流非饱和带饱和含水层氮素运移的联合模拟,得到河流线状污染源对浅层地下水的影响程度及范围。研究结果表明：由于吸附作用、硝化反硝化作用的存在,从河流上游到下游,包气带厚度加大,运移至含水层中的NH4-N、NO2-N浓度呈下降趋势,而NO3-N浓度则呈上升趋势。随着入渗时间的增长,进入饱和含水层中的NH4-N、NO2-N、NO3-N的浓度逐渐升高并最终保持稳定。污染的河流对浅层地下水的影响呈带状分布,污染物随入渗水流在包气带中垂直入渗;在饱和含水层中以水平运移为主,污染羽偏向地下水流动的方向,其影响距离不超过500 m。     

Assessing pollutions of soil and plant by municipal waste dump

Research is few in the literature regarding the investigation and assessment of pollutions of soil and plant by municipal waste dumps. Based upon previous work in seven waste dumping sites (nonsanitary landfills) in Beijing, Shanghai and Shijiazhuang, this study expounds the investigation and assessment method and report major pollutants. Using relative background values, this study assesses soil pollution degree in the seven dumping sites. Preliminary conclusions are: (1) pollution degrees are moderate or heavy; (2) pollution distance by domestic waste that is dumped on a plane ground is 85 m; (3) the horizontal transport distance of pollutants might be up to 120 m if waste leachates are directly connected with water in saturated soils; (4) vertical transport depth is about 3 m in unsaturated silty clayey soils. Furthermore, using relative background values and hygiene standards of food and vegetable this study assesses the pollutions of different parts of reed, sorghum, watermelon and sweet-melon. It is found: (1) in comparison with the relative background values in a large distance to the waste dumping sites, domestic wastes have polluted the roots and stems of reed and sorghum, whereas fine coal ash has polluted the leaves, rattans and fruits of watermelon and sweet-melon; (2) domestic wastes and fine coal ash have heavily polluted the edible parts of sorghum, water melon and sweet-melon. As, Hg, Pb and F have far exceeded standard values, e.g., Hg has exceeded the standard value by up to 650–1,700 times and Cd by 120–275 times, and the comprehensive pollution index is up to 192.9–369.7; (3) the polluted sorghum, watermelon and sweet-melon are inedible.     

A proposed analysis of saturation-dependent anisotropy for US Department of Energy (DOE) Hanford site soils

Technetium (⁹⁹Tc) spreads predominantly laterally through US Department of Energy Hanford site sediments. Lateral transport implies that at higher tensions, h, in the unsaturated zone, the effective hydraulic conductivity, K, may be strongly anisotropic. A modeling procedure has been developed to predict characteristics of the Tc plumes. The procedure consists of: (1) Adapting existing numerical techniques based on critical path analysis to calculate K(h), (2) Statistically correlating predicted K at various h values with texture, (3) Seeking value of h, for which anisotropy and horizontal K values are both sufficiently large to accommodate multi-kilometer horizontal spreading, (4) Predicting the distribution of K values for vertical flow as a function of system support volume, (5) Comparing the largest likely K value in the vertical direction with the expected K in the horizontal direction, (6) Finding the length scale at which the two K values are roughly equal, and (7) Comparing that length scale with horizontal spreading of the plume. Predictions of the typical value of h at which spreading is occurring compares well with inference. However, the length scale at which Tc transport in the unsaturated zone changes from predominantly horizontal to more nearly vertical appears underestimated.     

The Flat Dilatometer Test in an Unsaturated Tropical Soil Site

The site characterization of unsaturated soils is well stablished based on laboratory tests, which are expensive and time-consuming. In-situ testing methods, such as the flat dilatometer test (DMT), are an alternative to the traditional approach of drilling, sampling, and laboratory testing. The literature on DMT interpretation is well established on saturated and well-behaved soils. Only few studies deal with DMT interpretation in unusual soils, and little is known about the influence of soil suction on this test. This paper presents and discusses the influence of soil suction on four DMT campaigns carried out in an unsaturated tropical soil site, also incorporating the soil suction influence on the DMT interpretation. Soil suction was estimated by the soil–water characteristic curve (SWCC) and water content profiles. The water content profiles range from 11.3 to 19.7% which corresponds to a suction range estimated by SWCCs mostly between 6 and 200 kPa. Soil suction significantly influenced DMT data up to 5 m depth at the studied site (the unsaturated active zone) increasing the intermediate DMT parameters. The average horizontal stress index (K_D) was equal to about 1.7 and the average dilatometer modulus (E_D) was about 4.7 MPa in the active zone and practically doubled their values due to in situ soil suction. The estimated peak friction angle (?) was 20–30% higher due to soil suction influence on DMT assuming the soil behaves as a sand like material. Soil suction must be considered to assess the behavior of the investigated soil by the DMT. The suction influence should be incorporated in the effective stress and this approach considerably improved the site characterization of the studied site.

     

土坡失稳的有效降雨量研究

降雨易引起花岗岩残积土边坡失稳。在分析降雨对边坡土体含水率影响的基础上,通过饱和度和含水率的关系推求出土体从非饱和过渡到饱和的有效降雨量。结果表明：对土质边坡,并非所有的降雨都会引起边坡的失稳,降雨入渗使边坡土体从非饱和向饱和状态发展,当边坡土体饱和度达到一定程度的时候易产生边坡失稳;土坡存在饱和区和非饱和区的临界深度,降雨对边坡的影响即为使得该深度以上的土体从非饱和过渡到饱和的过程,须采取不同的抗剪强度来计算处于临界深度上下两部分土体的稳定状态。研究结果对确定土坡失稳的降雨量阀值、进一步认识滑坡失稳机制,对滑坡的预测预报具有理论及实际意义。     

3-D crustal structure of the extensional Granada Basin in the convergent boundary between the Eurasian and African plates

Three-dimensional P and S wave velocity models of the crust under the Granada Basin in Southern Spain are obtained with a spatial resolution of 5 km in the horizontal direction and 2 to 4 km in depth. We used a total of 15407 P and 13704 S wave high-quality arrival times from 2889 local earthquakes recorded by both permanent seismic networks and portable stations deployed in the area. The computed P and S wave velocities were used to obtain three-dimensional distributions of Poisson's ratio (σ) and the porosity parameter (V_p×V_s). The 3-D velocity images show strong lateral heterogeneities in the region. Significant velocity variations up to ±7% in P and S velocities are revealed in the crust below the Granada Basin. At shallow depth, high-velocity anomalies are generally associated with Mesozoic basement, while the low-velocity anomalies are related to the neogene sedimentary rocks. The south–southeastern part of the Granada Basin exhibits high σ values in the shallowest layers, which may be associated with saturated and unconsolidated sediments. In the same area, V_p×V_s is high outside the basin, indicating low porosity of the mesozoic basement. A low-velocity zone at 18-km depth is found and interpreted as a weak–ductile crust transition that is related to the cut-off depth of the seismic activity. In the lower crust, at 34-km depth, a clear slow V_p and V_s anomalous zone may indicate variations in lithology and/or with the rigidity of the lower crust rocks.     

A parsimonious distributed model for simulating transient water flow in a high-relief karst aquifer

A mathematical model of a highly heterogeneous functioning karst aquifer is described. The aquifer is in a high-relief karst massif and, as is common for such locations, data are scarce and there are no borehole, piezometer or pumping-test data. The scarcity of data in this case required a parsimonious approach to ensure that the level of complexity of the model was commensurate with the amount, type and quality of the available data. Parsimony also requires the model to include the minimum essential components that account adequately for the data, which in this and similar cases are the functional dualities of the karst system: duality in recharge, flow and discharge. The model is three-dimensional (3D) in the sense that the aquifer is discretized into 3D voxels, although the flow is one-dimensional (1D) and vertical in the vadose zone, and horizontal and two-dimensional (2D) in the saturated zone. The parsimonious model was designed by coupling a 1D unsaturated gravity-driven flow along the vertical (along each column of voxels that discretize the aquifer) and a 2D unconfined Darcy flow in the saturated zone. In the context of this type of aquifer, preferential recharge through the network of karst conduits implies a rapid rise in the water table, the location and extension of which are model parameters. The karst springs are simulated by drains. The methodology, which is completely general, is illustrated by application to the karst aquifer in the Sierra de las Nieves mountains in southern Spain.     

基于原位双环、试坑浸水试验和数值模拟反演的Q3黄土饱和渗透系数对比研究

为准确获取原状Q3黄土的竖向和水平饱和渗透系数,进行了原位、室内试验测试以及数值模拟反演,并应用大型试坑浸水试验检验了所获饱和渗透系数的可靠性。进行了不同内径尺寸的原位双环入渗试验,获取了竖向饱和渗透系数,并应用室内试验测试了竖向和水平饱和渗透系数以及持水曲线;应用COMSOL软件对双环入渗试验进行数值模拟,检验了所测饱和渗透系数的可靠性,利用正交试验获得了最优的竖向和水平饱和渗透系数取值,并利用反演结果对试坑进行数值模拟,将其水分入渗情况与实测值对比。研究结果表明：在现场进行双环入渗试验时选取较大内径的双环获得的竖向饱和渗透系数更为合理。针对双环入渗试验,数值模拟反演所得最优饱和渗透系数在竖向上接近于原位试验所得竖向饱和渗透系数、水平向上接近室内所测水平向饱和渗透系数,竖向饱和渗透系数比水平向饱和渗透系数更加显著地影响水分入渗过程。通过对大型试坑水分入渗情况的验证,检验了反演所得最优饱和渗透系数的可靠性。     

基于FLAC3D平台的边坡非饱和降雨入渗分析

为研究降雨入渗条件下三维边坡渗流场的变化过程,在全面研究FLAC3D软件渗流分析模块功能及算法的基础上,通过编写FISH函数完善了FLAC3D软件的非饱和渗流计算功能。基于降雨入渗机制的分析,编写了降雨入渗及停雨出渗边界的FISH函数,实现边坡三维降雨入渗过程的模拟。通过降雨条件下算例边坡的饱和非饱和渗流场变化过程的数值计算,研究了降雨入渗引起的边坡暂态饱和区变化过程,并与已有研究成果进行对比分析,从而验证了自编FISH函数实现边坡三维非饱和渗流计算结果的正确性。研究成果表明,文中提出的边坡三维非饱和降雨入渗分析是可行的,同时也为三维边坡非饱和渗流场的研究提供了一条有益的途径。     

一种用于突发性场地污染模拟的解析模型

为了及时有效地应对各种突发性环境污染事故,有必要开发一种简单实用、适于各类型污染物的场地污染数学模型。通过污染事故发生后污染物在包气带、饱和带迁移转化的概化,建立了污染物运移的自由入渗模型以及降雨入渗模型并给出各自相应的解析解。无降雨时,考虑污染物在重力作用下随包气带向下渗透的作用,建立一维垂直入渗模型。有降雨时,考虑污染场地（包气带）中污染物迁移和转化的对流作用、扩散作用及挥发、生物降解、吸附、根系吸收等作用,建立包气带剖面二维溶质运移模型和饱和带平面二维溶质运移数学模型。建模过程中,假定降雨量的平均分布及土壤质地、水力参数以及有机物成分、种类均相同,同时假定污染物与多孔介质间的作用为线性吸附,植物根系对污染物的吸附遵循一级动力学。基于模型的解析解,实现案例的模拟计算。模拟结果表明：该模型具有适用范围广、模拟高效快捷等优点,能够较准确预测污染发生后污染物在土壤中的动向、到达饱和带的时间以及饱和带中污染物的迁移情况。     

祁连山退化高寒草甸土壤水分空间变异特征分析

利用传统统计学方法和地统计学方法,对祁连山地区受到过度放牧影响而退化为以狼毒为优势种的高寒草甸的土壤水分垂直变异特征、水平空间异质性以及分布特征进行了系统分析. 结果表明：在垂直方向上,0~100 cm土壤水分含量随深度的增加而逐渐减少,土壤水分含量的变化速度随深度的增加也趋于减少;土壤水分分布的变异系数在浅层和深层土壤较大,在中层土壤较小. 在水平方向上,0~40 cm土壤水分具有中等空间变异性,其中10~20 cm土壤水分变异性主要受根系的影响,随机部分引起的变异性最大;而在其他土壤层,随着深度的增加土壤水分含量由随机部分引起的空间异质性程度减弱,由空间自相关部分引起的异质性程度增强. 整体上,土壤水分含量与微地形关系密切,与距离溪流的远近程度正相关,与高程分布负相关.     

刚性挡墙后非饱和土破坏模式及主动土压力计算

目前主动土压力计算方法多仅针对土体处于饱和或干燥状态,忽略了其从非饱和到局部饱和,或饱和到非饱和的渐变过程,进而导致计算结果失真。鉴于此,首先开展了一系列刚性挡墙非饱和砂土主动土压力模型试验,揭示了墙后土体的破坏规律：（1）墙后土体顶部出现了近似竖直裂缝,且其发展深度随墙面粗糙度和含水率的增加而变大;（2）墙土界面摩擦对塑性区形状影响较小,且在挡墙移动过程中,墙后土体塑性区形状始终近似保持为平面。在试验基础上,引入广义有效应力原理,基于极限平衡分析建立了考虑吸应力效应的非饱和土主动土压力计算方法,理论与试验实测值表明,所提方法相比其他方法,更接近于试验值。分析了各主要因素对非饱和土压力分布规律的影响,结果表明：主动土压力随有效内摩擦角值增加而减少,而界面摩擦角对其分布影响较小;相比于无吸力情况,考虑吸力时主动土压力更小;随着进气值增加,吸应力对主动土压力的贡献减少,最终趋于恒定。     

A numerical comparison of enhancing horizontal resolution (EHR) technique utilizing 2D resistivity imaging

The effectiveness of inversion apparent resistivity data to determine accurately the true resistivity distribution over 2D structures has been investigated using a common inversion scheme based on smoothness-constrained nonlinear least-squares optimization with enhancing horizontal resolution (EHR) technique by numerical simulation. The theoretical model generates in RES2DMOD software at specific distance and depth using Wenner, Wenner–Schlumberger, and pole–dipole arrays were inverted. The inversion model was compared with the original 2D model in RES2DINV software. The study model includes horizontal layering, vertical resolution, and horizontal two layers with different resistivity. Also, the response to variations in data density of these arrays was investigated. The study shows the best array suitable to be used in the survey was chosen for real data acquisition at the actual site. Subsequently, the results from borehole were used to verify the results of 2D resistivity imaging method with and without EHR technique. Saturated zone (0–40 Ω-m) was found scattered at the depth of 10–20 m. The borehole is located at 63 m at 2D resistivity imaging survey which shows at depth 10–20 m is sandy silt. Highly weathered sandstone was found at 6 m depth with resistivity value of 800 Ω-m and SPT N value of 20. The bedrock was found at 27 m depth with resistivity value of 3,000 Ω-m and SPT N value of 50. The application of 2D resistivity imaging with EHR technique indicate the ability of the proposed approach in terms of density, depth, and resistivity value of anomalous and layer in a computationally and numerically efficient manner and to exhibit good performance in the data inversion.     

Transfer of moisture through the unsaturated zone in the tropical forest using the neutron probe

Knowledge of moisture content is crucial in assessing spatial and temporal movement of water through the unsaturated zone. Moisture storage is also important for monitoring the soil water balance and for validation of water balance models. The purpose of this work was to determine and analyse moisture content profiles at point locations in the unsaturated zone of a lateritic soil around Nsimi, south of Cameroon. Neutron probe has been connected to a set of tensiometers in an area of 60 ha. A comparative study between a site covered with vegetation and a site uncovered was conducted to assess the influence of vegetation in the process of moisture transfers. The results showed that the spatial distribution of moisture profiles varied according to the site and the texture of the soil, with in general increasing of moisture from the surface horizon toward the deeper layers. The mean values of moisture varied fromθ_m = 0,397 cm³/cm³ on barren site, against 0 = 0,429 cm³/cm³ in vegetation. Values of suction were generally strong in surface and at depth, but weak in the intermediate layers.     

基于过程模拟的李官堡水源地地下水污染预警

基于过程模拟的地下水污染预警是基于包气带和饱和带过程模拟的耦合实现的,且融合了涵盖整个地下水系统的四个预警指标。选取浑河冲洪积扇的李官堡水源地为例,基于Hydrus-1D和Visual Modflow分别进行包气带过程模拟和饱和带过程模拟,针对潜层和承压层的复杂程度分别制定了各自的预警临界值;经分析可知,随着时间的推移,地表污染物持续进入到地下水中,污染晕范围不断扩大,地下水中最大浓度值和水源井浓度值也持续增加,且承压含水层的预警级别要高于潜水含水层;同时基于潜层和承压层中污染物最大浓度值与时间分别近似呈线性关系和指数关系可进行长时间尺度的预警;并提出了零级预警区和一级预警区管理措施以监测和预防为主,二级预警区、三级预警区和四级预警区管理措施以控制和监测为主。     

适用于斜坡降雨入渗分析的修正Green-Ampt模型

降雨入渗分析是预测降雨诱发滑坡的关键因素之一。Green-Ampt模型原理简单、使用方便,在浅层滑坡的降雨入渗分析中有很大的应用潜力,但该方法主要适用于初始含水率为均匀分布的情况。基于这一不足,推导了初始含水率为非均匀分布条件下降雨入渗深度和时间的关系,并给出了基于Runge-Kutta原理的数值解法。当初始含水率为均匀分布时,提出的方法可简化为文献中已有的Green-Ampt模型。当初始含水率为非均匀分布时, Richards方程预测所得的孔隙水压力分布图中土体饱和区和未受降雨影响的非饱和区之间存在一个较窄的过渡段,由新模型计算所得的湿润锋穿过这一过渡段,且靠近饱和部区的底部。总体而言,新方法计算所得的孔隙水压力分布与Richards方程求解结果类似。     

Heavy metals in freshly deposited sediments of the river Subernarekha, India: an example of lithogenic and anthropogenic effects

Heavy metal distribution patterns in river sediments aid in understanding the exogenic cycling of elements as well as in assessing the effect of anthropogenic influences. In India, the Subernarekha river flows over the Precambrian terrain of the Singhbhum craton in eastern India. The rocks are of an iron ore series and the primary rock types are schist and quartzite. One main tributary, the Kharkhai, flows through granite rocks and subsequently flows through the schist and quartzite layers. The Subernarekha flows through the East Singhbhum district, which is one of India’s industrialised areas known for ore mining, steel production, power generation, cement production and other related activities. Freshly deposited river sediments were collected upstream and downstream the industrial zone. Samples were collected from four locations and analysed in <63-μm sediment fraction for heavy metals including Zn, Pb, Cd and Cu by anodic stripping voltammetry. Enrichment of these elements over and above the local natural concentration level has been calculated and reported. Sediments of the present study are classified by Muller’s geo-accumulation index (I _geo) and vary from element to element and with climatic seasons. During pre-monsoon period the maximum I _geo value for Zn is moderately to highly polluted and for Cu and Pb is moderately polluted, respectively, based on the Muller’s standard. Anthropogenic, lithogenic or cumulative effects of both components are the main reasons for such variations in I _geo values. The basic igneous rock layer through which the river flows or a seasonal rivulet that joins with the main river may be the primary source for lithogenic components.     

Diesel transport monitoring in simulated unconfined aquifers using miniature resistivity arrays

The principal aim of this study is to assess the scope of monitoring diesel plume migration in a scaled aquifer model with a miniaturised electrical resistivity array. Respectively 1000 and 500 ml of diesel were injected in both the unsaturated and water-saturated zones of a sand body overlying a clay aquitard, and diesel migration was monitored with a miniature electrode array and an off-the-shelf resistivity meter. Inverted time-lapse electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) data reflect downward and lateral spreading of the diesel plume away from the injection point in the unsaturated zone. Diesel was also imaged to spread upwards and laterally away from the injection point in the saturated zone, as controlled by capillary rise. In both cases later-time ERT images reflected preferential pooling of diesel on the water table, as well as vertical smearing of pooled diesel in response to simulated water-table fluctuations. Repeat fluid electrical conductivity (EC) and dissolved oxygen (DO) measurements validate the observed changes in bulk resistivity caused by both diesel injections. Artefacts introduced by 2D inversion of 3D contaminant transport were abound. Time-lapse ERT imaging of diesel transport is therefore inferred to be feasible and well-suited to complementing conventional techniques of intrusive site investigation, although time-lapse 3D or 4D ERT imaging is strongly advocated.     

Distribution Characteristics of Formed Region of Condensate in Slope Fractured Rock Mass

Taking a high and steep rocky slope in Jixianguan, Anqing city as the research object, combining with the temperature and relative humidity monitoring data within a depth of 4 m in the spring, summer, autumn and winter of the fractured rock mass, we divided the formed region of condensed water by studying the water vapor and heat migration in the fractured rock mass and the changing characteristics of supersaturated frequency of relative humidity. The results showed that the frequency of water vapor supersaturation in fractured rock increased gradually along its migration direction. In summer, from shallow to deep, the fractured rock mass is in the order of water vapor unsaturated zone, near-saturated zone and supersaturated zone and condensate is mainly formed in the deep; in autumn and winter, from shallow to deep, there are unsaturated zones of water vapor, supersaturated zone, near-saturated zone and unsaturated zone and condensate is mainly formed in the shallow part; in spring, the water vapor undersaturated zone, near-saturated zone and supersaturated zone are in order and the distribution range of condensate formed region is large.     

Chronological variations in concentrations and isotopic compositions of anthropogenic atmospheric lead in sediments of a remote subalpine pond

Lead concentrations decrease 4-fold in going from the surface of sediments in a mountain pond to relatively small values in layers 130 yr old. There is a corresponding change in the $\text{Pb}{}^{206}\text{Pb}{}^{207}$ ratio in the sediments from industrial-like values of 1.18 near the surface to natural values of 1.24 at depth. Concentrations of Ca, Sr, and Ba remain relatively constant with depth. The excess Pb is shown to be of eolian anthropogenic origin, through isotopic, chemical, and mass balance relationships with metals in aerosols, dry deposition, and precipitation. This proves that inputs of contamination Pb were nearly absent centuries ago in a remote non-domesticated subalpine canyon, but are present today in that ecosystem in amounts more than 20 times the natural inputs and are irrefutably linked with industrial sources. As a consequence of these inputs, present Pb concentrations have been elevated 5-fold in plants and 50-fold in animals above natural levels. These Pb contamination effects are being caused by present-day atmospheric concentrations of ~10 ng Pb/m³. The ecosystem studied here characterizes the vast remote non-domesticated regions of North America, and these findings indicate that such regions are highly polluted by industrial Pb aerosols.