“从源到汇”:褶皱冲断带-前陆盆地系统砂箱物理模型浅表作用研究

"从源到汇"理论完善了砂箱物理模型中地壳浅表构造-剥蚀-沉积耦合过程机制的理解,我国西部地区新生代发生了全球最为显著的构造-剥蚀-沉积作用过程,却少见相关浅表作用过程报道。本文系统阐述地壳浅表作用过程机理和挤压砂箱模型"从源到汇"过程的相似性机理,基于国内外以冲断带-前陆盆地系统相关浅表作用过程(即构造-剥蚀-沉积)为对象的砂箱物理模型研究结果,综述浅表构造-剥蚀-沉积耦合过程及其对褶皱冲断带系统形成演化的主要控制因素。"从源到汇"的浅表作用过程有利于褶皱冲断带-前陆盆地系统物质与能量的交换与互馈,剥蚀作用主要作用于褶皱冲断带后缘区域,有利于形成较窄的冲断带-前陆盆地体系;沉积作用不仅受控于造山带或褶皱冲断带源区剥蚀作用过程,还受控于沉积物路径过程等复杂因素,其主要作用于褶皱冲断带前缘与前陆盆地区域,较高的沉积物沉积作用有利于形成较宽的冲断带-前陆盆地体系。临界楔理论强调挤压增生楔形体前缘加积物质(输入)与楔形体表面剥蚀物质(输出)达到平衡后楔形体呈自相似性生长,即造山楔形体地表坡度与基底坡角之和趋于恒定,它们共同控制其褶皱冲断带-前陆盆地系统构造-剥蚀-沉积浅表作用过程及其时空范围。构造砂箱物理模型与褶皱冲断带系统"从源到汇"浅表剥蚀-搬运-沉积作用过程的标准变量/参数的一致性对比研究,是当前二者相结合的重点与难点之一,毫无疑问的是,对于"从源到汇"浅表作用过程天然实验室中典型褶皱冲断带/流域体系的构造砂箱物理模型模拟研究,将会持续不断地拓展和完善其理论体系格架与内容。     

龙门山褶皱冲断带沿走向差异剥蚀作用 ——砂箱物理模型的启示

褶皱冲断带-前陆盆地系统普遍存在浅表构造剥蚀-沉积作用及其相关耦合机制,从而具有复杂的三维空间构造变形特征与演化过程.本文基于青藏高原东缘龙门山褶皱冲断带-前陆盆地系统,通过沿走向变化的剥蚀-沉积作用砂箱物理模拟实验和野外地质调查等研究,揭示其沿走向变化的剥蚀-沉积作用,导致了褶皱冲断带大规模抬升剥蚀、断层多期活化与无...     

砂箱物理模型浅表底辟构造研究进展

地壳浅表存在不同形式和结构的底辟,膏盐底辟和泥岩底辟的生长导致上覆层系发生构造变形、破裂,常伴随油气等流体运移形成不同类型的油气藏或矿藏而备受关注。主要基于以自然底辟相关构造为研究对象的砂箱物理模型研究结果,系统阐述了地壳浅表底辟构造"实验-实例"互证相似性机理,综述了砂箱物理模型模拟所揭示的底辟构造形成过程与特征,并以巴西Santos和中国南海莺歌海含油气盆地底辟构造为例对比探讨了砂箱模型实验的可行性。通过"实验-实例"间具相似流变学特征的砂箱物理模拟研究,揭示出底辟形态与其成熟度、围岩与底辟物质黏度有关,被动底辟构造形态受控于底辟上升速率与沉积加积速率相对比值;底辟构造平面上具典型环带结构,其内部结构的复杂程度随构造走向或倾向发生变化,伴随底辟上升和侵位,其围岩发育各类伴生构造;膏盐底辟和泥岩底辟的物质流动特性、驱动机制及流动单元的差异导致其底辟形态、构造样式、地貌特征明显不同;底辟构造形成演化的主控因素是与重力、侧向应力及热作用相关的差异载荷作用,而浮力为次要因素,同时基底盐层起伏及地形坡度对盐流和盐上变形模式具有一定的影响。砂箱物理模拟能为底辟构造运动学和内部结构的解释提供较好的模型,能够有效再现从拉张被动大陆边缘体系到挤压褶皱冲断带-前陆盆地体系中底辟构造形成演化的四维过程,在与膏盐、泥岩(流体)底辟构造相关的深层、深水油气勘探中将发挥越来越重要的作用。     

前陆褶皱冲断带冲起构造发育特征:基于砂箱构造物理模拟实验研究

冲起构造广泛发育于挤压逆冲构造体系和走滑构造体系,具有极其重要的油气勘探价值,因而备受关注。砂箱模拟模型已经被证明是强大的可视化工具,用来模拟不同岩层中复杂的构造现象。基于相似初始砂箱构造模型条件下不同挤压速率(0.3 mm/s、0.1 mm/s、0.005 mm/s)变形过程,揭示出褶皱冲断带发育过程中的典型两类冲起构造：叠加冲起构造和单一冲起构造,它们对于褶皱冲断带演化过程及其油气勘探具有明显不同的重要性。砂箱物理模拟实验揭示楔形体扩展变形序列对前陆褶皱冲断带冲起构造发育类别具有重要控制作用,即褶皱冲断带前缘以前展式扩展变形为主,主要发育单一冲起构造;后缘以后展式扩展变形为主,主要发育叠加冲起构造。     

岩石圈动力学过程砂箱物理模拟研究进展

自20世纪中叶以来,基于地质构造过程自相似性的砂箱物理模拟实验为岩石圈动力学过程研究提供了独立有效的手段。基于以自然界岩石圈深部变形过程为研究对象的砂箱物理模拟实验研究结果,系统阐述岩石圈动力学变形过程的“自然原型—实验模型”间相似性机理,综述砂箱物理模拟所揭示的岩石圈动力学过程机制与特征,并以坎塔布里亚构造带和扎格罗斯—伊朗高原为实例,对比探讨了岩石圈变形过程与砂箱模拟实验之间的耦合性,以期为同行研究提供参考与借鉴。砂箱物理实验模型与自然原型之间相似性机理,强调二者具有流变学和几何学上非牛顿流体连续介质相似性,才能实现低惯量流动下（Reynolds数Re<<1）动力相似性。砂箱物理模拟实验通常使用干颗粒材料、（非）线性黏性流变学材料、黏弹性材料等构建多层物质结构模型,代表岩石圈双层、三层和四层结构模型。基于砂箱物理模拟实验装置及其实验过程中是否有外部动力和物质等加入,岩石圈动力学砂箱物理模型大致分为3类：系统能量物质守恒的内动力驱动模型、开放系统的外动力驱动模型和内外动力混合驱动模型。砂箱物理模拟研究表明,岩石圈动力学变形过程主要受控于岩石圈多圈层耦合性及其能干性（即弹性...     

天山南麓库车晚新生代褶皱-冲断带

库车褶皱冲断带位于天山南麓,由近东西走向的多条构造带组成。三叠系暗色泥岩、侏罗系煤层、古近系库姆格列木组膏盐层和新近系吉迪克组膏盐层构成库车褶皱冲断带的区域性主滑脱面。褶皱冲断带底面由北向南逐渐抬高。褶皱冲断带主体发育盖层滑脱-冲断构造(薄皮构造),基底卷入型冲断构造(厚皮构造)见于北缘的根带。新生界膏盐层之上构造变形以滑脱褶皱为特色,之下以冲断构造为特色。库车褶皱冲断带是印度-亚洲碰撞远程效应下,(南)天山晚新生代造山过程的产物。褶皱冲断带构造变形的动力来源主要是造山楔向塔里木盆地推进所形成的挤压构造应力。褶皱冲断带构造变形的起始时间为约23Ma,构造变形具有阶段式加速的特点,已经识别出约23Ma、约10Ma、5~2Ma和1~0Ma共4个变形加速期。褶皱冲断带的演化过程为前展式,褶皱冲断带前锋向南推进的同时,后缘持续变形。     

南天山库车褶皱冲断带构造几何学和运动学

印度板块与欧亚大陆的汇聚作用和持续碰撞使中亚内陆沿天山、昆仑山、阿尔金山发生变形,山脉前沿发育褶皱冲断带。南天山库车褶皱冲断带中段库车河地区发育3～4排东西走向的逆冲(掩)断层和相关褶皱,逆冲(掩)断层由北向南扩展,断层和褶皱的形成时代自北向南逐渐变新,北部山前带的变形发生于前中新世,南部秋立塔克背斜带和亚肯背斜带的变形时代为上新世(5.2±0.2Ma)。通过构造几何学和运动学分析,作者提出了库车褶皱冲断带的构造变形方式和演化模型。     

不同变形速率下前陆褶皱冲断带的发育特征——基于砂箱物理模拟实验研究

构造模拟实验是研究和模拟自然界地质构造现象、变形特征、成因机制和动力学过程的一种物理实验方法。本文基于砂箱构造物理模型高、中、低速7组不同单向挤压速度的构造模拟实验,揭示不同变形速率下砂箱物质变形的几何学、运动学及其演化特征,探讨不同变形速度(尤其是不同量级速度)对前陆褶皱冲断构造变形的重要性。高速单向挤压变形过程中(0.4~0.1mm/s),砂箱模型中石英砂体后缘构造加积强烈,砂体变形主要以楔形体向前扩展变形为主,其构造样式主要表现为前展式叠瓦冲断构造。中速挤压变形过程中(0.05~0.005mm/s),砂体后缘加积相对较弱,构造变形样式主要为砂箱楔形体前缘先形成(前展式为主)逆冲断层,当达到临界楔形体后,反冲断层发育并与前展式逆冲断层构成冲起构造,构造样式上表现为叠瓦构造与冲起构造的无序叠加。低速挤压变形过程中(0.002mm/s),砂箱物质构造样式以典型冲起带为主。由于砂箱模拟过程的时效性,即如何在最有效时间内获得最全面而复杂的演变过程,通过本次系列实验,我们建议将此有效挤压速度设定为0.05~0.005mm/s范围内,可以先后清晰而全面的获得高速和低速挤压下砂体的变形过程和构造样式。     

褶皱冲断带物理模拟实验研究进展

褶皱冲断带油气资源丰富,统计表明全球探明油气储量约14%分布在褶皱冲断带。自从1815年地质学家第一次以模拟实验的方式验证了褶皱形成于岩层遭受水平挤压变形的二百多年来,针对褶皱冲断带的物理模拟实验研究无疑是最卓有成效的研究领域方向之一。本文从追溯早期模拟实验先驱,到近二十年来国内外相关研究进展综述,着重分析和评述物理模拟实验研究对于前陆褶皱冲断带构造理论发展的主要贡献。强调造山带临界楔体理论以及基底滑脱层强度、流体超压和变形岩层内聚强度等对构造变形过程的控制作用。主要介绍的实验性标志成果有：(1)褶皱冲断带构造变形的生长规律;(2)褶皱冲断带的构造变形机制;(3)褶皱冲断带中构造变形的主控因素。我们的目的是提供引人入胜的物理模拟实验研究成果,吸引更多现在和未来的研究人员理解和重视物理模拟工作,借助日益进步的实验装置和技术方法,促进盆地构造研究在学科发展道路上,一步步实现从定性走向定量、从二维走向三维、从几何学和运动学走向动力学的飞跃。     

龙门山褶皱冲断带扩展生长过程——基于低温热年代学模型证据

基于多封闭系统低温热年代学特征的浅部地貌构造模型重建在揭示褶皱冲断带-前陆盆地系统形成演化过程中受到越来越广泛的重视与应用。青藏高原东缘龙门山地区多封闭系统低温年代学年龄总体上具有逐渐从冲断带前缘、由SE向NW至高原内部减小趋势,且走向上由NE向SW也具微弱减小趋势;龙门山褶皱冲断带热年代学年龄变化范围明显大于高原内部,揭示出盆-山过渡带新生代加强的褶皱冲断剥蚀浅表作用。基于龙门山区域低温热年代学和褶皱冲断带-前陆盆地系统稳态冲断剥蚀热模型,揭示出青藏高原东向扩展速率约为5～10 mm/a,抬升剥蚀速率为0.4～1.0 mm/a和龙门山褶皱冲断带缩短速率为0～15 mm/a,它们与现今地质学和大地测量学特征具有较好的一致性。因此,青藏高原东缘由西向东的多封闭系统热年代学年龄特征反映出新生代稳态的高原东向扩展生长过程,即龙门山褶皱冲断带冲断扩展和浅表剥蚀作用耦合过程。     

基于粒子成像测速(PIV)技术的褶皱冲断构造物理模拟

本文设计完成了三种双滑脱层模型的物理模拟实验,并运用粒子成像测速(PIV,Particle Image Velocimetry)技术计算出实验过程中各阶段模型剖面上的速度场分布,进而对褶皱冲断带的运动学过程和变形机制进行讨论。实验结果表明,双滑脱层模型中,基底滑脱层控制了整体的构造样式,浅部滑脱层决定局部的浅层构造。笔者等将实验结果与龙门山褶皱冲断带南段双滑脱体系构造进行了比较,验证了这一结论。PIV分析显示,逆冲断层的产生经历一个平行层缩短的变形过程。该过程在塑性层上、下具有明显差异,塑性层上的变形传递得更快更远。当缩短进行到一定阶段,断层开始发育,发生初始破裂,断层下盘的变形消失,应变集中在断面上,断层上盘沿断面同步逆冲。     

Structural geometry and deformation mechanism of the Longquan anticline in the Longmen Shan fold-and-thrust belt,eastern Tibet

The 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake is a consequence of ongoing India-Tibet collision and reflects the growth of the Longmen Shan fold-and-thrust belt. In this paper, we present new constraints on the deformation mechanism of the Longmen Shan fold-and-thrust belt, by comparing the physical models to the example of the Longmen Shan fold-and-thrust belt. The result indicates that the deformation mechanism of the belt is mainly dominated by the pre-Sinian layer, whereas locally is controlled by the Lower Triassic layer, such as the Longquan anticline. In addition, we discuss the deformation style of the Longquan anticline various along strike, based on the seismic reflection data, interpretations of structural cross-sections and field observations, as well as physical modeling. The sandbox modeling suggests that the deformation of the central segment of Longquan anticline is likely controlled by higher displacement rate, higher erosion and lower sedimentation, which is in contrast with the southern and northern segment. Moreover, the structural geometry of the central segment of Longquan anticline is more complex than the end-member models of fault-related folds, which is mainly controlled by pure-shear wedge fault-bend fold and bounded by west-verging thrust fault.Combining the studies of the structural geometry, deformation mechanism, and previous studies, we infer that the Longquan anticline is active and potentially seismogenic. Therefore, a quantitative re-evaluation of seismic hazard in Longquan anticline and adjacent area directly beneath the densely populated Sichuan basin is urgently needed.     

柴达木盆地北缘反S形褶皱冲断带变形机制的物理模拟研究

阿尔金断裂走滑变形的侧向传递十分有限,难以解释柴达木盆地北缘反S形褶皱冲断带的形成。本文设计的一组具有不同性质基底条件的弧形边界砂箱实验表明:刚性块体边界形态控制了褶皱冲断带走向和构造格局,同时基底力学性质也有部分影响作用,因而可用“刚性块体弧形边界联合作用”来解释其形成,即:1)冷湖反S形褶皱冲断带的形成是赛什腾山前弧形边界与昆特依凹陷弧形边界联合作用的结果;2)鄂博梁反S形褶皱冲断带的形成是昆特依凹陷与一里坪凹陷弧形边界联合作用的结果;3)位于一里坪凹陷南侧、与阿尔金断裂左行走滑变形呈反牵引关系的褶皱冲断带则与该凹陷西南侧向南西突出的弧形边界有关。     

盆山地壳横向变化对挤压构造变形的影响——来自砂箱模拟实验的启示

前陆克拉通与造山带增生楔在地壳结构、力学性质等方面有明显的差异。挤压作用使盆山地壳横向变化通过构造变形表现出来。本文设计了具有深浅两个滑脱层"克拉通"与不同能干性的"造山楔"接触砂箱模型,通过模拟实验分析了盆山地壳横向差异变化对挤压构造变形的影响。实验结果表明,端部的挤压收缩位移由刚性的"克拉通"推挤相对软弱的"造山楔"使之形成挤压"冲起构造",而"造山楔"发生收缩变形的同时也斜向推挤刚性的"克拉通",并通过克拉通内部的滑脱层将收缩应变向克拉通内部传递。受不同深度滑脱层发育的影响,"克拉通"发育分层不协调收缩变形。在挤压作用下,随着"造山楔"与"克拉通"地壳在横向上能干性差异的增加,"造山楔"收缩形成的"冲起构造"幅度减小,而向"克拉通"侧向(斜向)挤压形成的"反冲构造"幅度增加,"造山楔"通过深层滑脱层向"克拉通"传递收缩应变的调节能力减弱,通过浅层滑脱层向"克拉通"传递收缩应变的调节能力增强。"造山楔"由深层过渡至浅层形成强变形带,由"克拉通"边缘至内部形成的深层冲断褶皱与浅层褶皱冲断组合过渡为深层褶皱与浅层的褶皱冲断组合,"克拉通"边缘的冲断带由深层的前展式楔状逆冲叠瓦扇构造向"克拉通"内部的浅层褶皱组合过渡。实验结果为理解中国西北部复杂山前冲断带构造的形成机制具有启示作用。     

Strain variation in fold-and-thrust belts: Implications for construction of retrodeformable models

Deformation in fold-and-thrust belts such as the Himalayas can be represented by the displacement vector field. The strain component of the displacement vector field across the fold-and-thrust belt varies from near zero in external thrust sheets to a significant part of the field in internal thrust sheets. In addition, strain exhibits three-dimensional patterns in parts of internal sheets, near fault zones, and in the overturned limbs of fault-related folds due to superposition of penetrative-strain producing deformation events. This paper examines superposition of these strain producing deformation events in some detail and points out situations in fold-and-thrust belts wherein the finite strain becomes three-dimensional. This suggests that the plane-strain assumption used in the construction of retrodeformable models of fold-and-thrust belt evolution breaks down in these situations and the models lose their validity. Therefore, current techniques used for construction of retrodeformable models in fold-and-thrust belts need to be modified and three-dimensional models which include three-dimensional finite and incremental strain data need to be constructed for an accurate study of the evolution of geometry and kinematics in fold-and-thrust belts.     

The effects of post-orogenic extension on different scales: an example from the Apennine–Maghrebide fold-and-thrust belt, SW Sicily

ABSTRACT Many structures produced under one single deformation regime, namely extensional, contractional or strike-slip, exhibit remarkable geometrical analogies when analysed at different scales. By contrast, field examples that illustrate the scale effects on structures resulting from superimposed deformations, which were produced under different tectonic regimes, are rare. Yet the change from contraction to extension is known to occur often in the most thickened portions of the continental crust. The Apennine–Maghrebide fold-and-thrust belt of Sicily shows many examples of post-orogenic extensional deformations. Composite structures, resulting from late normal faults that offset folds and thrusts, are observed at four different scales, from regional to mesoscopic, in the south-western portion of Sicily and in the adjacent Isle of Favignana. The recognized analogies in the geometry of these composite structures may provide a key for the interpretation of the features of regional structures, whose deep geometry is often poorly constrained. Moreover, comparison of normalized displacements accommodated by contractional and extensional faults of different scales indicates that self-similarity is not unique to structures produced under single tectonic regimes.     

Thermotectonic evolution of the western fold-and-thrust belt, southern Uralides, Russia, as revealed by apatite fission track data

The Uralides, a linear N–S trending Palaeozoic fold belt, reveals an intact, well-preserved orogen with a deep crustal root within a stable continental interior. In the western fold-and-thrust belt of the southern Uralides, Devonian to Carboniferous siliciclastic and carbonate rocks overlay Mesoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic sedimentary rocks. Deformation in the Devonian, Carboniferous and Permian caused thick-skinned tectonic features in the western and central parts of the western fold-and-thrust belt. A stack of several nappes characterizes the deformation in the eastern part. Along the E–W transect AC-TS'96 that crosses the western fold-and-thrust belt, apatite fission track data record various stages of the geodynamic evolution of the Uralide orogeny such as basin evolution during the Palaeozoic, synorogenic movements along major thrusts, synorogenic to postorogenic exhumation and a change in the regional stress field during the Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous. The Palaeozoic sedimentary cover and the Neoproterozoic basement of the Ala-Tau anticlinorium never exceed the upper limit of the PAZ since the Devonian. A temperature gradient similar to the recent one (20 °C/km) would account for the FT data. Reactivation of the Neoproterozoic Zilmerdak thrust was time equivalent to the onset of the Devonian and Carboniferous collision-related deformation in the east. West-directed movement along the Tashli thrust occurred in the Lower Permian. The Devonian and Carboniferous exhumation path of the Neoproterozoic siliciclastic units of the Tirlyan synclinorium mirrors the onset of the Uralian orogeny, the emplacement of the Tirlyan nappe and the continuous west-directed compression. The five main tectonic segments Inzer Synclinorium, Beloretzk Terrane, Ala-Tau anticlinorium, Yamantau anticlinorium and Zilair synclinorium were exhumed one after another to a stable position in the crust between 290 and 230 Ma. Each segment has its own t–T path but the exhumation rate was nearly the same. Final denudation of the western fold-and-thrust belt and exhumation to the present surface probably began in Late Tertiary. In Jurassic and Cretaceous, south-directed movements along W–E trending normal faults indicate a change in the tectonic regime in the southern Uralides.     

论构造演化,有机物演化和成矿演化三者之关系：以拉日玛—邛莫金矿带为例

金矿化是一个复杂的地质作用过程,是多种地质作用密切配合所完成。四川若尔盖北部拉日玛-邛莫金矿带的形成,是地质构造从地壳浅部构造层次逐渐抬升至地表;岩石从脆-韧性变形演化到脆性变形;矿源层中的有机碳从低成熟度演化到高成熟度;岩石中的金从惰性金演化为活性金;地层中的金从初步富集演化形成金矿床。地质构造演化促使地层中的有机物演化,促使金的初步富集到形成金矿床。因此,构造演化、有机物演化、成矿演化三者密切相关。