浙江江郎山丹霞地貌发育的年代与成因

江郎山位于华南褶皱系、江山-绍兴深断裂和保安-峡口-张村断裂带之间.白垩纪早期这两大断裂的拉张断陷导致峡口盆地的形成,随之主要有下白垩统永康群馆头组(K1g)、朝川组(K1c)和方岩组(K1f)在盆地中的沉积.白垩纪晚期上述两大断裂发生强烈挤压活动,峡口盆地逐渐隆升.新生代以来,峡口盆地在构造抬升中,产生大量张断裂和节理,加速了对岩体的切割,以及岩体被切割后的崩塌,导致了丹霞地貌的发育.江郎山丹霞地貌申报世界自然遗产的主要依据是其特有的壮观而独特的老年期孤峰-巷谷以及生动而逼真的象形石丹霞地貌特征、独特的地台活化现象与重要的岩石学科学研究意义以及该区特有的重要事件地层学和古生物学研究的科学意义.本文根据对江郎山亚峰垂直贯穿于丹霞地貌岩层永康群中辉绿岩脉标本K-Ar法的测年,揭示了当地峡口红层盆地抬升的时代为晚白垩世77.89±2.6Ma BP(K2),这也是我国目前丹霞地貌研究中所测得的可靠年代学数据.     

安徽齐云山丹霞地貌成因

齐云山丹霞地貌主要发育于中白垩统小岩组K₂x¹红色砂砾岩层中, 该区地貌发育主要受景德镇-祁门断裂带、江湾-街口挤压破裂带和开化-淳安褶断带三大断裂带控制。在白垩世该区经历了地块沉降, 成为陆上的断陷湖盆, 由此接受了巨厚的白垩系红层堆积。在新构造运动中, 该区经历了隆升过程, 巨厚的白垩系沉积物变成了海拔500~600 m的山体。白垩系红色砂砾岩在经历了垂直节理发育、风化破坏阶段及剥蚀搬运阶段后, 同时受岩性本身砂岩与砾岩在组分和结构上的影响, 差异性风化剥蚀显著, 因此形成了壮观的峰林、崖、洞、方山、城堡及天生桥景观。该区585 m、400 m和150 m处的三级裂点, 大致反映了该区新构造运动中三次主要的抬升过程。     

浙江江郎山丹霞地貌发育的年代与成因

article revealed the uplift age of red-bed basin to be 77.89±2.6 MaBP (K2) I.e. Late Cretaceous, and it is the first chronological datum of Danxia landform research in China.     

广东省丹霞地貌的地质构造背景和分区研究

广东省共有丹霞地貌 67 处,分布在 22 个断陷盆地中,主要受古近纪―新近纪抬升区、5 条北东向深大断裂和 1 条东西向深断裂控制,地层层位以丹霞组和南雄群为主,岩性以砾岩、砂砾岩、砂岩为主。古近纪―新近纪地壳升降运动控制了丹霞地貌在区域上的总体分布,大致以 22.5°N 为界线,以北为抬升区,发育丹霞地貌,以南为沉降区,不发育丹霞地貌;晚更新世以来的地壳升降运动,造成不同地区丹霞地貌的数量和规模有所区别：粤北、粤东北为抬升区,发育数量多、规模较大;粤中为沉降区,发育数量少、规模较小。深大断裂控制断陷盆地的分布,从而控制丹霞地貌具体的发育位置。根据地质构造背景和丹霞地貌发育特征,可将广东省划分为 4 个丹霞地貌发育区：粤北区、粤中区、粤东北区和粤西区。     

陕北丹霞地貌特征及国内外对比研究

通过野外考察,并结合地质资料和样品分析,对陕北丹霞地貌形成的地质构造背景、红层岩性、形态特征、演化过程等进行系统阐述,并与中国东南部湿润区及国外的典型丹霞地貌进行对比,总结其共性和差异。结果表明：陕北丹霞地貌形成的构造环境为大型内陆坳陷盆地——鄂尔多斯盆地,主要成景地层为洛河组紫红色中-细粒长石石英砂岩,形成于早白垩世的干旱沙漠环境,发育大型交错层理,其碎屑颗粒分选性和磨圆度较好,但结构松散,胶结程度较弱,颗粒表面有碟形撞击坑等典型风成砂岩特征。陕北丹霞地貌最显著的特征是顶部有第四纪黄土盖层,形成覆盖型丹霞,地貌发育总体上处于青年期,整体为高原-峡谷景观,发育密集的沟谷群和连续的丹霞崖壁,但孤立的单体地貌较少。陕北丹霞地貌演化过程可划分为早白垩世红层沉积-晚白垩世红层盆地构造抬升和古丹霞发育-古近纪以来间歇式抬升-第四纪黄土覆盖等4个阶段。国内外对比方面,陕北丹霞与中国东南部湿润区的丹霞地貌在构造环境,物质基础,地貌特征等方面差异较显著,但与美国西部的丹霞地貌存在许多相似性。     

Types and spatial combinations of Danxia landform of Fangyan in Zhejiang Province

The prominent types of Danxia landform in Fangyan include enclosed valleys, mesas, peaks, stone columns and grooves etc. Their spatial combinations have regular configurations along the northwest–southeast direction: typical grooves and caves are located in the northwestern Wufengshuyuan mainly; abundant fresh collapsed stones may be observed in central Jimingfeng and Taohuafeng; stone drums and stone columns are in the southeastern Shiguliao particularly; enclosed valleys are encircling joints of peaks and plains from three directions east, west, and south. Their spatial combinations reflect that the developments of Danxia landform have undergone stages of geomorphic cyclical erosion in the form of weathering, collapse, transportation, sedimentation and other processes, together with the “sculpture” of external forces mainly as tectonic uplift. The picturesque Danxia landform began its formation at that point. Danxia landform developed mainly in the strata of Fangyan Formation (K1f) caused by the alluvial fan-braided river phase of anterior fan in the late period of the Early Cretaceous. Regular patterns of weathering of stones and features of braided alluvial phase sediments may be verified by the analysis of three groups of experimental data. Danxia landform of Fangyan is a unique representative of the “adolescent” development type in the application of the World Natural Heritages status in China, by virtue of its outstanding universal aesthetic and scientific value.     

Danxia landform genesis of the Qiyun Mountain, Anhui Province

The Danxia landform of Qiyun Mountain is mainly developed on the red granule conglomerates named Xiaoyan Group (K2x1) of middle Cretaceous series, which is controlled mainly by three faulted zones, namely, Jingdezhen-Qimen faulted zone, Jiangwan-Jiekou compressional faulted zone and Kaihua-Chun’an folding faulted zone. During the Cretaceous period, this area firstly experienced massif subsidence to become a continental faulted basin, then having thick Cretaceous red sediments accumulated on it. In the supervened neotectonism, this area experienced an uplifting process, which made the thick Cretaceous sediments into a mountain with an altitude of 500-600 m. After undergoing the processes of vertical joint development, weathering, denudation and transportation, as well as evidently differential weathering and denudation influenced by lithology and structure between sandstone and conglomerate, the grand Danxia landscape consisting of peak forests, steep cliffs, caves, mesas, castellated peaks, natural bridges and so on formed. The three nick points located respectively at 585 m, 400 m and 150 m generally reflect the three dominated uplifting processes during the neotectonism.     

安徽齐云山丹霞地貌成因

According to the study of some local scholars (Peng Hua et al., 2000), over 400 sites of Danxia landform have been already discovered in China. Chen Guoda (1935), Zeng Zhaoxuan et al. (1978), Huang Jin et al. (1992; 1994; 1996) and Peng Hua et al. (1998; …     

Types and spatial combinations of Danxia landform of Fangyan in Zhejiang Province

The prominent types of Danxia landform in Fangyan include enclosed valleys, mesas, peaks, stone columns and grooves etc. Their spatial combinations have regular configurations along the northwest-southeast direction: typical grooves and caves are located in the northwestern Wufengshuyuan mainly; abundant fresh collapsed stones may be observed in central Jimingfeng and Taohuafeng; stone drums and stone columns are in the southeastern Shiguliao particularly; enclosed valleys are encircling joints of peaks and plains from three directions east, west, and south. Their spatial combinations reflect that the developments of Danxia landform have undergone stages of geomorphic cyclical erosion in the form of weathering, collapse, transportation, sedimentation and other processes, together with the “sculpture” of external forces mainly as tectonic uplift. The picturesque Danxia landform began its formation at that point. Danxia landform developed mainly in the strata of Fangyan Formation (K₁ f) caused by the alluvial fan-braided river phase of anterior fan in the late period of the Early Cretaceous. Regular patterns of weathering of stones and features of braided alluvial phase sediments may be verified by the analysis of three groups of experimental data. Danxia landform of Fangyan is a unique representative of the “adolescent” development type in the application of the World Natural Heritages status in China, by virtue of its outstanding universal aesthetic and scientific value.     

中国丹霞地貌空间格局

1 IntroductionD anxia landform ,a kind of im portantscenic landform ,has its unique function in shape-m akingand scenery-constructing.It is distributed throughout m ost parts of China (H uang, 1999, 2003;Figure 1). It has m uch value in tourism for its re…     

Comparative studies of Danxia landforms in China

Danxia geomorphology originates from China. This paper studies the spatial distribution and differences in characteristics of Danxia landforms. Based on relevant research and investigations, three congregated areas of Danxia landform in China are discussed in this paper. They are the southeast area (including Jiangxi, Fujian, Zhejiang, Hunan and Guangxi provinces), the southwest area (the transitional zone of Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and Sichuan Basin) and the northwest area (including Longshan mountain and along the banks of the Huanghe River and its anabranches). Not only the conditions of geology and geography of the three areas but also the differences of Danxia landforms of the three areas are analyzed. The Danxia landscape, characterized by upright-shaped peaks, Danxia mesa, stone wall, cave and vertical cave, "Danxia natural bridge", "a narrow strip of sky" and so on, often presents in the southeast area. The landscape of southwest area is characterized by Danxia escarpment faces and waterfalls. In the northwest area, the Danxia landscape has the traits of arid areas simultaneously, for example, mud-coating type, columniation type, board type, moreover, it is greatly different between these environmental factors such as the microclimate, water, wind, and the loess cover. Finally it explores the causes which lead differences in landform and also explains the landform formation process and its mechanism with reference to the rates of crustal uplift, the tectonic red-basin, and the external processes including working of running water, weathering, biogenic, gravity in each area of Danxia Landforms in China.     

中国丹霞地貌空间格局

通过分析中国丹霞地貌的空间分布格局,把我国丹霞地貌划分东南、西南和西北三大集中分布区。主要研究了三大丹霞地貌集中分布区的景观异质性。东南区 (包括浙、闽、赣、粤、湘、桂等省区) 多发育临溪丹霞峰林、丹霞赤壁、一线天、天生桥等景观;西南区 (云贵高原与四川盆地过渡带) 以赤壁与急流瀑布相伴为主要景观特色;西北区 (包括陇山周围、河湟谷地) 则呈现出特有的干旱区丹霞地貌景观,区内由于自然条件的复杂性,如小气候及流水作用,黄土盖层成分及其存在与否的差异性,区内景观异质性显著。从三区的构造运动上升速度、降水强度、植被等生物作用、河川过程以及黄土作用等地质地理、气候条件、生物、理化等内外动力作用,分析了形成这种景观差异性的原因、形成机理和过程。     

浙江方岩丹霞地貌发育的年代、成因与特色研究

方岩丹霞地貌在大地构造上隶属于华南褶皱系构造单元,该单元在燕山运动时期,由于太平洋板块俯冲入欧亚板块之下,促使大陆边缘地壳重新活动.晚侏罗世末至早白垩世,本区构造应力场由晚侏罗世的北西-南东向挤压,转为早白垩世的北东-南西向挤压和北西-南东向的拉张,发育了永康早白垩世断坳盆地,在盆地中沉积了下白垩统永康群馆头组(K1g)、朝川组(K1c)和方岩组(K1f)地层.中生代晚期永康盆地逐渐隆升,结束了红层沉积,遭受侵蚀,方岩地区丹霞地貌密集围谷、密集方山和廊穴等青年期的地貌特点表明该区大规模的抬升发生在较近的地质年代.     

丹霞地貌与岩溶地貌旅游景观之比较研究

对丹霞地貌与岩溶地貌的旅游景观进行系统比较,揭示两者在发育条件及分布特点、自然及人文旅游景观方面的相似性与差异性.在发育条件上,两者的岩性、构造环境和主要外营力均存在显著差异;另一方面,两者的发育又都依赖于一定的水热条件和密集的节理裂隙.在空间分布上,两者发育最典型的地区均在我国南方亚热带、热带湿润区;其中,东南地区尤以丹霞景观见长,西南地区更以岩溶景观取胜.自然景观方面,丹霞景观与岩溶景观在类型、外形、组合上有较多相似之处;两相比较,岩溶风景胜在山奇洞奥,而丹霞风景则胜在赤壁丹崖.人文景观方面,丹霞地貌     

徐霞客对我国丹霞地貌旅行考察的贡献--纪念徐霞客逝世360周年

丹霞地貌是一种具有很高景观美学价值和科学研究价值的地貌类型,在我国分布范围较广,现代地质地理学家对其进行了深入而系统的考察研究。而我国明代著名的旅行家和地理学家徐霞客,早在360多年前便对丹霞地貌进行过多方面的观察和描述,并留下宝贵的文字资料。这充分展示了丹霞风景地貌在我国研究的古老历史,也预示着丹霞风景地貌进行现代旅游开发的广阔前景。     

国内外红层与丹霞地貌研究述评

在中国丹霞地貌走向世界,开始一个新的发展阶段的时候,回顾并评述国内外红层和丹霞地貌的研究进展十分必要。国内在该领域的研究长期集中在红层特性、工程地质、丹霞地貌特征及发育的基本问题等方面,但对红层的地质和地貌融合研究不足,对不同红层的岩性差异及其在外动力条件下的地貌表现和地貌发育过程缺乏深度研究;国外还没有红层地貌和丹霞地貌的专门研究,学者们主要关注红层形成的地质背景,有关红层地貌的研究多分散在砂岩地貌中,但其在微观、定量、实验研究方面值得借鉴。本文认为当前有关红层和丹霞地貌的研究大多为单因子研究,缺乏系统的思想方法,各学科研究存在多张皮的问题。提出应明确红层和丹霞地貌的学科归属,深化基础研究,加强各学科之间的融合,并推动国际交流和对比研究。     

美国西部红层地貌发育及与中国东南部丹霞地貌的对比

美国西部和中国东南部都是世界上中生代红层的主要分布区,形成了以赤壁丹崖为特征的地貌景观,具有很高的对比研究价值。通过地质资料分析和野外考察,对美国西部红层的分布和形成年代,地质构造背景,岩性和地貌特征等进行梳理,并和中国东南部丹霞地貌进行对比。结果表明：美国西部红层地貌和中国东南部丹霞地貌都是发育在红层基础上的侵蚀地貌,都有显著的红色陡崖坡,但受控于区域地质构造、物质基础、及主导外营力等因素的差异,两地具体的地貌特征并不完全一致。美国西部红层主要形成于三叠纪和侏罗纪,红层堆积的构造环境为大型弧后盆地,沉积环境复杂多变,以陆相为主,尤以风沙沉积最为典型,岩性以细砂—粉砂岩和泥岩为主,砾岩很少,主导外营力为流水下切,红层发育的地貌类型相对单一,总体以高原—峡谷景观为主。中国东南部丹霞地貌区的红层多形成于白垩纪,构造环境为内陆中小型断陷/拗陷盆地,沉积环境全部为陆相,以粗碎屑混杂堆积为主,主导外营力以流水冲刷侧蚀为主,发育的地貌类型较为多样,整体以簇群式峰丛—峰林景观为主。     

龙虎山丹霞地貌特征对道教文化传承之影响

在野外考察并总结前人成果的基础上,探讨了龙虎山丹霞地貌及其组合与道教文化传承的内在关系,结果显示：丹霞地貌宏观上“色渥如丹、灿若明霞”的颜色契合了道教崇尚紫色与红色的文化心理,碧水丹山“圆、柔、平、静”的组合形态符合道教天人合一、崇尚自然的思想理念;微观上枕山面水、俯临平原、左右丹山环卫的地貌组合特征符合道教“枕山环水面屏、气聚风藏”的风水理论;造型精美、形态逼真且种类丰富的微地貌为道教传说提供了丰富的自然原型。这些独特地貌及其组合使道教在龙虎山传承逾1 900 a,创造和传承了内涵丰富、底蕴深厚、影响深远的道教文化。     

丝绸之路中国段佛教石窟差异性及其与丹霞地貌的关系

作为佛教东传的主线,沿丝绸之路中国段留存了大量的佛教石窟,其分布与该区域丹霞地貌的分布大致重叠。由于各地区地质地貌条件以及岩性的差异,石窟在分布、形制以及艺术表现手法上也存在差异。本文以沿丝绸之路主线佛教东传的路线为基础,分别阐述丝绸之路天山北线、河西走廊、陇东、河湟谷地以及陕西彬县丹霞地貌区的佛教石窟以及敦煌石窟的特点,分析各地石窟形成自身特点的自然原因。文章分析了丝绸之路沿线石窟分布、形制以及艺术特色与丹霞地貌的内在联系,认为除宗教政治因素外,丹霞地貌是丝绸之路石窟分布的决定因素之一,也是石窟形制和艺术表现手法的重要影响因素。文章比较了其他类型地貌与丹霞地貌在开凿石窟方面的优劣,认为丹霞地貌拥有最适合开凿石窟的地貌形态与岩性。综上,文章认为丹霞地貌的存在是丝绸之路沿线出现大量佛教石窟的最重要的自然条件。     

徐霞客对我国丹霞地貌旅行考察的贡献——纪念徐霞客逝世360周年

丹霞地貌是一种具有很高景观美学价值和科学研究价值的地貌类型,在我国分布范围较广,现代地质地理学家对其进行了深入而系统的考察研究。而我国明代著名的旅行家和地理学家徐霞客,早在360多年前便对丹霞地貌进行过多方面的观察和描述,并留下宝贵的文字资料。这充分展示了丹霞风景地貌在我国研究的古老历史,也预示着丹霞风景地貌进行现代旅游开发的广阔前景。