Gold and tin of fluid-magmatic systems： causes of combination-separation of concentration elements

The aim of the investigation is to reveal possible causes of isolation and co-occurrence of the economically significant concentrations of gold and tin. Comparative analysis of the different-rank factors that influenced migration and concentration of these elements show that different geochemical properties of Au and Sn are responsible for isolation of their big concentrations giving rise to independent metallogenic provinces, zones, and ore nodes. These differences resulted in individualization of the element migration ways to the level of ore concentration within the fluid-magmatic columns. Three main factors influenced the Au and Sn migration activity: different patterns of metal connection with the melt structure, different relation with oxygen, and different relation with other strong oxidizers. By the moment when ore-bearing fluid became isolated from magmas, the metallogenic signature of the melts, contrasting in redox-potential, had already been defined that was confirmed by the fact that tin ores associate predominantly with the granitoids of ilmenite series and gold ores with those of magnetite series. The fluid-magmatic systemswith an intermediate degree of the melt reduction-oxidation may be considered the potential producers of the combined metal concentrations. In these cases, the combined concentrating of tin and gold is plagued by an opposite direction of the oxidation-reduction reactions when their most common minerals are formed: the main migration form of Sn+2 must be oxidized (with cassiterite portioning) , and the forms of Au+ or Au+3 must be reduced (with native gold portioning) . Probably, because of this the combined tin and gold concentrations are dominated by one of the metals with a tendency of accumulation in different-stage mineral complexes.     

Reconstruction of protoliths of metamorphic rocks and tectonic setting of Wolegen Group

Parametamorphic rocks from Arong County in southeastern Inner Mongolia- Daxinganling district are regarded as Proterozoic in age, belonging to the Wolegen Group and composed of volcanoclastic and sand- stone in origin, and have been disputed in tectonic setting. Because of the stability in metamorphism, the rare earth elements indicate the features of their protoliths. The authors integrated the petrologic methods with the geochemical parameters which include ЕREE, ЕLREE/NHREE, δCe, δEu, La/Yb, Sm/Nd, Th/Sc and the standard values of chondrite. The results show that the protoliths of Wolengen Group may be a group of volcanoclastic and continental margin clastic rocks, and their tectonic setting is the continent island arc.     

Analysis of Social Integration Models of Tourism Labor Migrants——A Case Study of Jiuhua Mountain of Anhui Province,China

The grounded theory of qualitative methods was applied to researching the social integration of tourism labor migrants in the Jiuhua Mountain of Anhui Province, China. The research was conducted based on the in-depth interviewing of 15 samples, open-consultation and the analysis of secondhand data. The integration models of tourism labor migrants in the Jiuhua Mountain were formed through four processes including theoretic sampling, coding-analysis, cross-tabulation and contextualization. The result shows that modes of production and life styles decide self-integration orientation of tourism labor migrants in the Jiuhua Mountain. Cultural differences are fundamental dissimilarity between tourism labor migrants and natives. There are three kinds of integration models including rapid, free and gradually advancing integration. The differences among different types of migrants＇ integration models are remarkable. Taking the working integration as the abscissa and taking the life integration as the coordinate, an ＂S＂ model of integration matrix appears in the gradually advancing integration of intermediate and high administers from the working to the life which should be paid special attention to.     

Changes of taxonomical composition of Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous palynofloras of Bureya Basin,Russia

The changes of taxonomical composition of the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous palynofloras are revealed,in the upper stream of Bureya River in Bureya Basin.The palynofloras are dominated as follows:the Berriasian one by ferns(Cyatheaceae,Dicksoniaceae,Osmundaceae),Classopollis and bisaccate pollen;the Valanginian-Hauterivian one by ferns(Cyatheaceae,Dicksoniaceae),Ginkgocycadophytus and bisaccate pollen;the Barremian one by ferns(Cyatheaceae,Dicksoniaceae);the Aptian one by ferns(Cyatheaceae,Dicksoniaceae,Gleicheniaceae) and Ginkgocycadophytus;and the Albian one by ferns(Schizaeaceae) and bisaccate pollen.In the Albian the floral diversity raises with the angiosperms appearing.     

Spatial distribution of integrated impact index of mega-event—A case study of Expo ′99 Kunming

Taking the affinity between events and media as a conceptualization base, a total of 1032 related news reports of Expo ＇99 Kunming, gathered from the internet data bank of China INFOBANK from 1992 to 2003, are used as data sources. After classifying them with a communication research method--the content analysis, a data bank for SPSS is set up, and a mathematic model called the Integrated Impact Index of Expo ＇99 Kunming is constituted. With the model, the spatial distribution of the total integrated impacts of Expo ＇99 Kunming on the regions or cities with different regional scales is analysed quantitatively. The conclusions are： 1） the Expo ＇99 Kunming made obvious inte- grated impacts on the regions or cities of every scale, especially in the venue city and the region--Kunming City and Yunnan Province; 2） it had corresponding impacts on other provinces; 3） the spatial distribution of Integrated Impact Index had a disaggregation with both plane extension and spotted decentralization; and 4） there was a distance decay law in all three scales of regions （Kunming City, Yunnan Province and the whole China）, which incarnated the spatial extension law of the integrated impact of a special mega-event.     

Influence of Information Technology on Social Spatial Behaviors of Urban Residents ——Case of Nanjing City in China

Taking Nanjing as a case, the paper explains the spatial behavior differences existing in the information technology use among different groups of residents and households, by virtue of analyzing the survey data of urban households in the 11 districts of Nanjing, from the social, spatial, life and other non-technical angles. Also it makes various analyses and evaluation quantitatively and qualitatively on the social and spatial effect of information technology. The results show that the new technology is changing the social spatial behaviors of urban residents. New behavioral spaces of urban family such as telecommuting, email and QQ have begun to emerge. With the help of Internet, the communication scope of families has expanded greatly, and more new forms of publicizing community information have begun to emerge. Telecommunication contact forms have been developing swiftly, and their frequencies of con- tact have been increasing dramatically.     

Analysis of runoff characteristics in midstream of Yinma River

To use the water resources reasonably in the midstream of Yinma River is of great significance to Changchun City which is short of water. With the runoff data of physical measuring, the paper analyses the characteristics surface rtmoff of the area, by means of the groundwater flow numerical simulation, and represents the characteristics of the groundwater runoff in the area. Based on combination analyses of the two runoffs, the authors point out the problem of the water resources use in this area and bring forward a resolution of conjunctive regulation and storage of the surface water and groundwater.     

Effects of salinity, light and temperature on growth rates of two species of Gracilaria （Rhodophyta）

Effects of temperature, salinity and light intensity on growth rates of Gracilaria lichenoides and G. tenuistipitata var. liui Zhang et Xia were tested. Eight to ten levels of each factor were first tested separately. The best growth rate was obtained under the conditions of 32°C, 30 and 240 μmol/(m²·s) for G. lichenoides, and 24°C, 20 and 200 μmol/(m²·s) for G. tenuistipitata, respectively. Then a uniform design was used to evaluate the optimal combinations of the three factors. The best conditions for the highest daily specific growth rates (% increase in wet weight) are determined to be 31.30°C, 32.10, and 287.23 μmol/(m²·s) for G. lichenoides (16.26%/d), and 25.38°C, 21.10, and 229.07 μmol/(m²·s) for G. tenuistipitata (14.83%/d), respectively. Supported by the 908 Special Program (908-02-04-07), the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program, No. 2006CB400608), and K. C. Wong Magna Fund in Ningbo University     

STUDY ON THE SPATIAL PATTERNS OF LAND-USE CHANGE AND ANALYSES OF DRIVING FORCES IN NORTHEASTERN CHINA DURING 1990-2000

Land-use change is an important aspect of global environment change. It is, in a sense, the direct result of human activities influencing our physical environment. Supported by the dynamic serving system of national resources, including both the environment database and GIS technology, this paper analyzed the land-use change in northeastern China in the past ten years (1990–2000). It divides northeastern China into five land-use zones based on the dynamic degree (DD) of land-use: woodland/grassland — arable land conversion zone, dry land — paddy field conversion zone, urban expansion zone, interlocked zone of farming and pasturing, and reclamation and abandoned zone. In the past ten years, land-use change of northeastern China can be generalized as follows: increase of cropland area was obvious, paddy field and dry land increased by 74.9 and 276.0 thousand ha respectively; urban area expanded rapidly, area of town and rural residence increased by 76.8 thousand ha; area of forest and grassland decreased sharply with the amount of 1399.0 and 1521.3 thousand ha respectively; area of water body and unused land increased by 148.4 and 513.9 thousand ha respectively. Besides a comprehensive analysis of the spatial patterns of land use, this paper also discusses the driving forces in each land-use dynamic zones. The study shows that some key biophysical factors affect conspicuously the conversion of different land-use types. In this paper, the relationships between land-use conversion and DEM, accumulated temperature (⩾10°C) and precipitation were analysed and represented. We conclude that the land-use changes in northeast China resulted from the change of macro social and economic factors and local physical elements. Rapid population growth and management changes, in some sense, can explain the shaping of woodland/grassland — cropland conversion zone. The conversion from dry land to paddy field in the dry land — paddy field conversion zone, apart from the physical elements change promoting the expansion of paddy field, results from two reasons: one is that the implementation of market-economy in China has given farmers the right to decide what they plant and how they plant their crops, the other factor is originated partially from the change of dietary habit with the social and economic development. The conversion from paddy field to dry land is caused prmarily by the shortfall of irrigation water, which in turn is caused by poor water allocation management by local governments. The shaping of the reclamation and abandoned zone is partially due to the lack of environment protection consciousness among pioneer settlers. The reason for the conversion from grassland to cropland is the relatively higher profits of farming than that of pasturing in the interlocked zone of farming and pasturing. In northeastern China, the rapid expansion of built-up areas results from two factors: the first is its small number of towns; the second comes from the huge potential for expansion of existing towns and cities. It is noticeable that urban expansion in the northeastern China is characterized by gentle topographic relief and low population density. Physiognomy, transportation and economy exert great influences on the urban expansion. Foundation item: Under the auspices of Knowledge Innovation program Key Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (KZCX-2-308). Biography: LIU Ji-yuan (1947 - ), male, a native of Shanghai Municipality, professor, Director General of Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, the Chinese Academy of Sciences. His research interests include environment and resources, remote sensing and geography.     

前期印度洋海温异常对中国春季降水的影响

为了进一步认识印度洋海温的异常变化与中国降水的关系,采用SVD分析、相关分析及合成差值分析讨论了前期冬季关键区海温的异常变化对中国春季降水影响的差异,探讨了产生这种影响的原因。结果表明:前期冬季关键区海温的异常增高(降低),会造成后期春季中国华北往南到华中、华东、华南东部及西北的新疆地区的降水明显增多(减少),西南的四川、贵州及华南的广西等地降水会有所减少(增多)。与关键区冷年相比,在关键区的暖年,环流形势反映出东欧槽显著减弱,北方气压显著降低,蒙古高压明显减弱,冷空气南下更为明显,而华南东部、华中、华东及华北一直被较为显著的南风气流控制,海洋的暖湿气流向中国内陆输送更为显著,使得东部及中部大部分地区水汽较为充沛,形成大面积的降水。     

西北地区生态环境建设中水资源可持续开发与管理的认识

西北地区水资源短缺，生态环境相当脆弱。随着西北地区大规模生态环境建设的实施，原来水资源的供需矛盾更为明显，处理好西北地区有限水资源中经济用水和生态用水的比例关系具有重要的意义。就西北地区的生态环境建设中水资源可持续开发和利用提出几点认识。     

山东巨野龙固煤矿地表水体范围提取设计及演变分析

高潜水位煤矿区开采后极易形成的积水区,对其进行提取设计以及演变分析具有重要科学意义。本研究基于Landsat系列影像数据,利用遥感云计算平台GEE,采用水体指数法提取巨野龙固煤矿2001—2020年的水体面积变化,同时与GSW数据集提取的水面进行辅助验证以及利用Sentinel-2数据监督分类提取水体进行精度验证,然后对其演变进行分析。结果表明：研究区20年来水体范围一直在呈稳定增长的趋势,2001—2014年呈缓慢增长趋势,2015—2020年呈现出迅速增长的趋势,造成矿区水体范围面积在2015年迅速扩大的原因主要为煤矿开采活动。     

泰山地区第四纪冰川探讨

简述了泰山地区的地质背景概况,对比分析了国内外学者的研究成果、理论及分歧原因,实地考察了泰山地区角峰、刃脊等冰川地貌,并取样品进行热释光年龄分析显示其年代为(30.54±2.59)kaB.P.,相当于末次冰期主冰期中的Paudorf-Stillfried间冰阶时段。并从地貌特征与遥感数字2个方面分析研究,发现了一些冰川遗迹的信息,为泰山地区第四纪冰川研究提供了一定的佐证。     

LAND RESTORATION IN CHINA

China has a land area of 9.6 million km2, 65% of the total land area of the world. Only 14.2% is cultivated at present, 0.5% is under fruit trees, 34.8% is in grazing. 17.2% is under forests, 2.6% is used for industry, communication and urban purposes, and 3.5% is covered by water. Of the remaining 27.2%, much is high and barren desert, or under permanent snowfields, or not yet used, or unable to be used with available technologies. Land resources have not been properly developed in some parts of China, owing to the pressure from population growth and other socioeconomic problems. For China as a whole, land restoration has made great progress. One solution is to increase the crop land area through reclamation.     

中国陆表水空间展布及动态变化分析

陆表水是维持人类生存的重要资源之一,而中国是水资源严重匮乏的国家之一。因此,掌握中国陆表水的空间分布及其变化状况对合理利用水资源、提高人们节约用水意识等具有重要作用。利用全球首套空间分辨率为30m的全球地表覆盖数据(Globe Land30))中的2000年和2010年两期数据,首先采用重分类的方法提取出我国2000年和2010年的内陆地区水体数据,再根据我国的主要流域和等降水量线数据,统计出各流域及各降水区域的水域面积、水域率数据,并对其动态变化进行分析。结果表明,我国水资源分布不均,呈现明显的南多北少、东多西少的态势。从2000到2010年,我国的陆表水水域面积趋于减少,其中以长江流域水域面积的减少最为明显。     

THE HYDROLOGICAL EFFECT UNDER HUMAN ACTIVITIESIN THE INLAND WATERSHEDS OF XINJIANG, CHINA

I INTRODUCTIONNatllral environment and water transform in theworld have changed faster and faster under the effect ofhuman activities. The study on effect of human activities to hydrological processes, and its extent and tendency has been more and more important as one of theresearch projects of hydrology in the world (RAI et al.,1998, BASS et al., 1998, WANGet al.,, 1998; HILLet al., 1998; LIU, 1997). It became one of the mainresearch program of international Hydrological Decade(…     

SEAWATER INTRUSION TYPES AND REGIONAL DIVISIONS IN THE SOUTHERN COAST OF LAIZHOU BAY

The southern coast of Laizhou Bay, Bohai Sea, is one of the areas in China most seriously impacted by seawater intrusion. Based on the sources of intruding waterbedies, seawater intrusion can be divided into two types: intrusion of saline water derived from modern seawater, and intrusion of subsurface brine and saline water derived from paleo-seawater in shallow Quaternary sediments. There are some distinct differences in their formation, mechanism and damage. The subsurface brine intrusion is a special type, which can cause very serious disaster. The coastal landform and the Quaternary hydrogeological environment are predominant factors in the classification of seawater intrusion types. Various coastal environments in different coastal sections result in three types of intrusion: seawater intrusion, saline groundwater intrusion, and mixed seawater and saline water intrusion, in the southern coast of Laizhou Bay, which can be divided into four areas: the sea-water intrusion area in the northern Laizhou City coast, the mixed seawater and saline groundwater intrusion area in the Baisha River-Jiaolai River mouth plain area, the mixed seawater and saline groundwater intrusion area in the Weihe River mouth plain area northern Changyi county coast, and the saline ground-water intrusion area in the northern Shouguang plains.     

Study on the sustainable development of wetland resources in the Ussuri / Wusuli River basin

1 INTRODUCTION The Ussuri / Wusuli River watershed is located in the southeast part of Heilongjiang Province of China, which joins remote regions of Russia. The watershed consists of approximately 26 000 000 ha, which is about two thirds of the watershed ecosystem in Russia, one  third in China. The Ussuri River forms part of the border between Russia and China, the shared border stretches more than 1100 km. Khanka/Xingkai Lake lies within both China and Russia. Its total area …