城市降水径流的污染来源与排放特征研究进展

综述了城市地表径流污染的成因、来源和排放特征的研究.城市降水径流污染来自3个方面:降水、城市地表和排水系统.其中,城市地表和排水系统是城市降水径流污染的主要来源.在具合流制排水系统的城市,20%~60%的径流污染(SS、COD和BOD₅)来自排水系统.在一次降雨过程中,城市降雨径流污染的排放一般存在初期冲刷效应,径流中污染物浓度的峰值一般提前于径流的峰值.但是由于影响初期冲刷效应的因素多而随机,使得初期冲刷出现的频率和程度存在明显的差异,而且很难建立初期冲刷与降雨特征和流域特征的通用关系.     

无锡市城区降雨特征对径流污染的影响分析

选择无锡市沈巷小区、广丰三村、槐古豪庭三个经过雨污分流改造的排水区(以下简称"排水达标区")作为研究区域,对2014年7月1日至9月23日13次降雨事件中研究区域的降雨径流排水过程进行水质水量同步监测,分析了无锡城区主要地表径流污染物类型,比较了降雨特征(降雨历时、降雨量、降雨强度和前期累计晴天)与污染物次径流平均浓度EMC的相关性大小,选取典型降雨事件,研究了降雨径流初期冲刷效应。结果分析表明:虽然排水达标区已经完成雨污分流改造工程,但降雨径流污染仍然很严重,主要污染物为COD、NH3-N、TP;降雨强度与EMC有显著的正相关关系,其余降雨特征与EMC的相关性不明显;降雨初期的降雨强度对初期冲刷效应的影响较大,降雨初期雨强大,则初期冲刷效应明显。     

城市次降雨径流污染负荷计算方法

城镇地表径流污染是地表水体污染的主要原因,也是城镇河流的主要污染源之一,其识别和控制是目前城市水环境治理的重要内容。沙河是长江的二级支流,流经宜昌市某区,水体水质较差。以该区为研究对象,将其分为不同下垫面,通过监测次降雨不同时段各种下垫面地表径流中污染物浓度,建立地表径流污染物负荷估算方法,估算地表径流中污染物负荷量,为城市非点源污染削减和城市河流污染治理提供依据。     

营口地区夏季降雨径流下的水质污染过程及特征分析

结合室外观测试验方式,对营口地区城市主要监测点的降水径流所产生的污染物变化特征进行分析。试验结果表明:居民生活区下污染物指标最大,其中氨氮浓度最高,达到水质标准限值的2. 5倍,其次为绿化带地区,其浓度最高的污染指标为总磷,达到水质标准限值的1. 4倍,交通干道区域污染程度最低,基本处于标准限值范围内。各区域总磷和氨氮相关系数达到0. 6以上,其他污染指标相关程度较低。在径流形成初期,各区域污染物总体浓度偏低。     

城市地表灰尘径流冲刷过程模拟

为弥补当前描述城市地表灰尘径流冲刷过程的指数衰减模型偏于经验、物理力学机制认识不足的问题,考虑到地表灰尘的泥沙物质属性,基于泥沙科学、从泥沙运动力学角度研究地表灰尘的径流冲刷过程与模拟方法。通过比较发现,地表灰尘径流冲刷指数衰减模型与河道冲刷条件下输沙调整的滞后响应模型具有一定的相似性。基于上述比较结果,参考河道冲刷条件下输沙调整的滞后响应模型方程,针对地表径流汇流的延时效应及不平衡输沙特点,并考虑地表灰尘颗粒的非均匀性及分组冲刷过程,对地表灰尘径流冲刷指数衰减模型进行了改进,建立了地表灰尘的分组不平衡冲刷模型。结合广东东莞牛山工业园区地表灰尘径流冲刷过程的实测资料,对模型进行了应用比较。结果表明:相比指数衰减模型,分组不平衡冲刷模型模拟地表径流灰尘浓度值与实测值变化趋势更为符合,确定性系数与纳什效率系数由0.15与0.59升至0.73与0.70,模拟效果进一步提高。研究结果有助于促进地表灰尘径流冲刷过程模拟由经验分析向具有物理基础的模拟方法转变。     

滇池径流雨水处理的新方法

滇池是我国目前污染最严重的湖泊之一,经过多年治理,滇池水质仍没有得到根本性好转,滇池治理的形势依然十分严峻.对城市生活污水进行集中处理、控制工业废水达标排放是治理滇池污染的重要措施.然而,滇池周围农田里施放了大量的氮肥、磷肥、农药和杀虫剂,雨水径流将大量氮、磷、有机污染物及农药、杀虫剂带入滇池,加速了滇池的富营养化.只有彻底治理滇池径流雨水污染,才能有效地控制滇池水体富营养化.     

不同坡度缓冲带滞缓径流及污染物去除定量化

利用构建的东风港缓冲带现场试验基地和设计的径流流量测定装置,模拟上海地区农业面源污染物浓度和典型单次降雨历时及降雨量,对不同坡度缓冲带滞缓径流和农田氮磷污染物去除能力开展定量化试验研究。结果表明:相同植被缓冲带,坡度越小,其滞缓径流和土壤水力渗透的能力越强,19 m长的2%坡度缓冲带径流初始出水时间比5%坡度缓冲带延长了7.3 min,两者的渗流水量比值达到1.74;不同坡度缓冲带渗流氮磷污染物去除量显著高于径流,2%、3%、4%和5%坡度缓冲带对于氮磷污染物的渗流去除量与径流去除量的比值分别为2.32、2.15、1.82和1.64;坡度的变化对缓冲带净化面源氮磷污染物效果的影响显著,坡度越小,缓冲带渗流水量越大,其氮磷污染物的总去除率和单位面积去除负荷也越高,2%坡度缓冲带对氮磷污染的总去除率和单位面积污染去除负荷分别是5%坡度的1.56倍和1.66倍,2%坡度缓冲带对TN、NH₃--N、TP的单位面积去除负荷均最高,分别达到0.661 g/m2、0.672 g/m2和0.044 g/m2。     

城市地表径流-灰尘-污染物输移研究进展

城市地表"径流-灰尘-污染物"作为一个三相介质系统,相互作用机理十分复杂。分别从城市地表灰尘颗粒对不同种类污染物的吸附效应及时空分布规律、地表(坡面)降雨径流特性及过程模拟、地表径流-灰尘-污染物协同输移与削减等方面,总结与分析了现有的研究进展。从本质上来看,城市地表灰尘可视为由不同粒径泥沙颗粒组成的综合体,有必要基于泥沙运动力学理论加强对地表径流中灰尘颗粒运动规律的研究,并以灰尘颗粒对不同污染物的吸附、沉淀作用为纽带,探讨"径流-灰尘-污染物"的协同输移与削减机制。其中,如何有效扩展城市调查样本容量,比较研究不同下垫面径流动力特性,并从径流能量或功率角度出发,研究不同粒径灰尘颗粒的分组起动与输移规律,并建立在径流输送过程中的挟沙力方程,将是今后需要深入研究的问题。     

城市地表径流-灰尘-污染物输移研究进展

城市地表"径流-灰尘-污染物"作为一个三相介质系统，相互作用机理十分复杂。分别从城市地表灰尘颗粒对不同种类污染物的吸附效应及时空分布规律、地表（坡面）降雨径流特性及过程模拟、地表径流-灰尘-污染物协同输移与削减等方面，总结与分析了现有的研究进展。从本质上来看，城市地表灰尘可视为由不同粒径泥沙颗粒组成的综合体，有必要基于泥沙运动力学理论加强对地表径流中灰尘颗粒运动规律的研究，并以灰尘颗粒对不同污染物的吸附、沉淀作用为纽带，探讨"径流-灰尘-污染物"的协同输移与削减机制。其中，如何有效扩展城市调查样本容量，比较研究不同下垫面径流动力特性，并从径流能量或功率角度出发，研究不同粒径灰尘颗粒的分组起动与输移规律，并建立在径流输送过程中的挟沙力方程，将是今后需要深入研究的问题。     

雨水花园对暴雨径流的削减效果

雨水花园能够有效地蓄渗雨水径流、降低城市发展对水环境的不利影响.根据在西安市开展的一项连续4年对雨水花园入流与出流水文过程的监测研究,分析了雨水花园对暴雨径流的削减效果,并根据花园内土壤入渗率及颗粒组分随时间的变化,讨论了雨水花园运行效果的可持续性.结果显示:蓄水深度为15 cm,汇流比为20:1的试验用雨水花园,在4年监测的28场降雨中,仅有4场暴雨径流汇入雨水花园后发生溢流,且溢流量很小;试验期内,有2年未发生溢流,雨水径流全部入渗;最多的1年发生溢流3次,但年径流削减率仍高达96.8%;导致雨水花园发生溢流的均为短历时高强度暴雨.研究中还发现,雨水花园土壤入渗率在4年运行期内没有显著变化,一直稳定在2.4 m/d左右,花园内表层土壤砂粒含量由7.36%增加到20.55%,而粉粒和黏粒的含量则相应降低.可见,研究区雨水花园能够显著减少暴雨径流,且入渗性能稳定,具有良好的应用前景.     

Sizing first flush pollutant loading of stormwater runoff in tropical urban catchments

This study aimed at investigating the first flush phenomenon from residential, commercial and industrial catchments. Stormwater was grab sampled and the flow rate was measured during 52 storm events. The dimensionless cumulative pollutant mass and runoff volume were used to determine the runoff volume needed to transport 50 and 80 % of total pollutant mass. Almost all the constituents did not satisfy this first flush definition except for total suspended solids (TSS) in the commercial catchment. The averages first runoff volume required to remove 50 and 80 % of the total pollutant mass were 37 and 67, 35 and 65, and 36 and 64 % for the residential, commercial and industrial catchments, respectively. It seemed that less runoff is required to transport the same amount of pollutant loadings in tropical urban catchments than in temperate regions. BOD, COD, NH₃-N, SRP and TP consistently showed strong first flush effects in all catchments. The first flush strengths of TSS, BOD, COD, NH₃-N and TP in the commercial catchment were strongly correlated with total rainfall, rainfall duration, max 5 min intensity, runoff volume and peak flow, but not with antecedent dry days. Management of the first 10 mm runoff depth would be able to capture about half of the total pollutant mass in stormwater runoff that would otherwise goes to drains.     

Comparative zinc dynamics in Atlanta metropolitan region stream and street runoff

Zinc, major ion, and other trace metal (V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Cd, and Pb) concentrations were measured within 172 street and stream runoff samples in the Atlanta metropolitan region and in relatively undeveloped watersheds within the Georgia Piedmont and Blue Ridge Provinces. Peachtree Creek, draining a densely populated area of Atlanta, was the primary sampling location and samples were acquired under a wide range of hydrological conditions. Zinc concentrations within street runoff [median (Zn)_{urban street runoff}=905 µg/l] were significantly greater than zinc concentrations within storm runoff [median (Zn)_{Peachtree Creek}=60 µg/l], which were, in turn, greater than zinc concentrations within non-storm runoff [median (Zn)_{Peachtree Creek}=14 µg/l]. Zinc concentrations were not significantly greater within urban base flow than within non-urban base flow, indicating that the primary source of pollution is "event water" or street runoff. Zinc was the only heavy metal present in greater than "background" concentrations (i.e., >10 µg/l), which is likely the result of automotive pollution that is omnipresent within the study area. Analysis of storm alkalinity dilution trends indicate that simple mixing between polluted street runoff and groundwater cannot account for the zinc concentrations observed within storm and recession flows. A two end member mass balance model suggests that a large proportion of the zinc present in the street runoff is adsorbed and transported on surfaces of the suspended sediment. Adsorption is readily possible at the near neutral pH (~6.5) of turbid storm discharge.     

城区雨洪利用策略及雨洪滞蓄系统容量分析

台湾有将近80%的人口居住于城市地区,使得供水系统负荷增加、脆弱度提升,而城市化也导致径流量增加使得洪灾风险提高。拟整合供水、灾备用水和雨洪消减,并对雨洪滞蓄系统进行雨洪利用策略及容量分析研究。以台湾新北市秀峰国小为基地,规划雨水储留供水系统、渗透侧沟系统、生态池系统串联的雨洪滞蓄系统,建立多目标替代方案进行分析评估。采用绿色建筑设计方法结合合理化公式进行降雨径流演算。结果表明,在各替代方案下,系统需设置容量55~185m³,径流量削减率为26.5%~100%、洪峰削减率为15%~100%、供水率为5%~7.5%、灾备用水天数则从3d提升至19d。所提出的规划方法可以较小的设置容量达到雨洪滞蓄多目标利用效果。     

Assessing the impacts of rainfall intensity and urbanization on storm runoff in an arid catchment

In the past few decades, rapid urbanization has occurred in many regions of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia due to increasing population and urban development. Additionally, the effects of global warming on rainfall characteristics have been observed. This rapid change in urbanization and climate change has cause significant changes in the nature of land surfaces and rainfall patterns, which affect the runoff process and the amount of surface runoff during floods. This study investigated the effect of urbanization and rainfall intensity for Hafr Al-Batin watershed located in Saudi Arabia. For this purpose, a hydrologic model, HEC-HMS, was adopted to simulate the flow of different rainfall intesities and urbanization levels. Simulated results showed that for a 100-year storm, a 24-h duration, and an urbanization level of 80%, the peak flow was 213% higher than the estimated current peak and the runoff volume was 112% higher than the current runoff volume. These results show a strong linear correlation between the level of urbanization and both peak discharge and runoff volume. Furthermore, the results indicate that for short return periods, the peak flow is more sensitive to the level of urbanization compared to long periods.     

黄河流域近期水沙变化及其趋势预测

针对黄河水沙近期发生显著变化的现象,利用黄河上中游干支流水文泥沙定位观测资料,综合"水文法"、"水保法"和数学模拟等多种方法,对黄河流域1997-2006年水沙变化情势进行了评估,分析了水沙变化机制,并预测了未来的变化趋势。分析表明,与多年平均相比,黄河河源区径流量年均减少43.90亿m3,其中降雨等自然因素的影响量占92.26%,人类活动影响量占7.74%;与1970年前相比,黄河实测径流量年均减少112.1亿m3,其中水利水土保持综合治理等人类活动作用占76.50%,因降雨影响占23.50%;实测输沙量较1970年以前年均减少11.80亿t,其中水利水土保持综合治理等人类活动的作用为49.75%,降雨的影响为50.25%;人类活动与降雨变化对水沙变化的影响差异较大,就黄河中游地区总体而言,人类活动的减水作用远大于降雨的影响,人类活动的减沙作用与降雨影响基本相当,不宜笼统说黄河中游水沙变化主要是人类活动所致或主要是降雨变化所致; 2050年以前黄河来水来沙量总体呈平偏枯趋势,但不排除个别年份或短时段仍会发生丰水丰沙的可能性。     

基于DRAINMOD模型的雨水花园运行效果影响因素

为研究雨水花园对暴雨径流水文调控效果受不同设计参数的影响,在试验研究的基础上,利用排水模型DRAINMOD分析了雨水花园长期运行效果受其蓄水层深度、汇流面积比以及降雨特征等因素的影响。模型测试结果显示,DRAINMOD可以较好地模拟雨水花园内部水文过程;长序列（1951—2007年）模拟结果发现,试验雨水花园对暴雨径流量削减率的年均值为18.5%,经介质净化的水量占雨水径流总量的76.1%;雨水花园蓄水层深度超过某一临界值后对其滞留效果没有影响;汇流面积比增大,排水量和溢流量均增大;在雨水花园内部增加30 cm反硝化作用蓄水层后,排水量下降了19.2%,雨水花园对径流量的削减率提高到33.5%。可见,增加内部蓄水层后雨水花园对水量削减和污染物浓度去除都具有积极作用。     

Sensitivity analysis of runoff hydrographs due to temporal rainfall patterns in Makkah Al-Mukkramah region,Saudi Arabia

Runoff peak and volume in flood studies are estimated relying on temporal rainfall distribution from various storm patterns. Usually, SCS distributions types (I, II, III, IA) are commonly used. Using these distributions in runoff calculations assume that the in situ temporal rainfall pattern typically behaves as the one described by the SCS-type distribution, which is due to cyclonic frontal storms and actually developed in temperate environment. To what extent such assumption is valid in the arid environment? How much the impacts of rainfall temporal patterns are reflected in runoff volumes and peaks? The aim objectives of the current study are to answer the above two questions and clarify the validity of aforementioned assumption and exemplify such effect. Real rainfall data collected from rain gauges of Makkah Al-Mukkramah region over a period of more than 20 years are utilized. Temporal rainfall patterns and their parameters are deduced. Many hydrological simulations are performed and comparisons, in terms of runoff volume and peak flows, are made to show the effects of the common rainfall storm patterns and the developed rainfall storm patterns in the region based on the current study. Results indicate that major bursts of the design rainfall storm pattern are located in the first time of the storm period in the two quartiles which is mainly due to convective rainfall type in thunderstorms unlike the commonly used by SCS types relying on frontal cyclonic storms. Makkah Al-Mukkramah temporal rainfall pattern does not behave as the “typical pattern” assumed by SCS distributions that are deduced from different environments. The impacts of the temporal pattern reflected as an overestimate in the runoff peak reached to 68 %. The developed hyetographs and tables presented in the current study are recommended to enhance economical and rational design practice in watersheds of Makkah Al-Mukkramah region.