Basic thoughts and practice of China''s regional development planning in new period

1BriefRetrospectionofRegionalDevelopmentPlanningsincethe1980sRegionaldevelopmentplanllingistheproductofregionalproduchvityandregionaleconomythatdevelopedintocertainhistoriansstage.Itisakindofoverall~gementtowardsfutllfCdevelopmentofeconomy,societyandscienceandtechnologywithinaceftainperiodofbineacinalicitedSPatialscope.AlthoughChina'sregionaldevelopmentplanningbeganintheaddandlate1950s,itdidnotgetfatdevelopedunhlthe1980salongwidlthegi'adualdeepeningofreformsandopening-uptotheoutSideworld.I…     

全球化背景下的区域可持续发展问题探讨

世界经济进入全球化时代的两个突出特征就是贸易自由化和生产国际化，贸易自由化在许多方面与可持续发展的目标相背离，国际贸易依赖于化石能源的支持，并倾向于将成本外部化来获得比较优势，贸易自由化促进了经济流量的增加，有加速自然资本消耗的倾向；通过自由贸易可以暂时缓解区域发展的资源压力。但会因此而导致局部问题的扩大化。生产国际化过程促进了国际贸易并加速国际资本流动，加深了地球资源环境压力；跨国公司在全球化生产过程中追逐成本外部化，并通过在海外生产基地传播了大量生产-大量消费-大量废弃的线性模式，对全球生态系统恶化负有责任；跨国公司以追求利润最大化为目标，对东道国区域经济的带动能力是有限的，在分析全球化背景下的区域可持续障碍因素基础上。本文最后指出了全球化背景下的我国可持续发展的战略思考方向。     

中国区域可持续发展状态及类型划分

可持续发展的内涵就是人口、资源和环境的相互协调 ,目的是谋求社会和经济的持续发展。区域作为可持续发展的载体 ,在实施可持续发展战略中占据重要地位 ,它具有明显的区域性、复杂性和相对性等特征。影响区域可持续发展的主要因素有经济发展状况、社会发展状况、资源环境状况和可持续发展能力 ,据此 ,本文建立了区域可持续发展状态评价指标体系 ,对中国 31个省市区的可持续发展状态进行了评价 ,按照评价结果 ,全国共分为 6种不同类型 ,并得出中国区域可持续发展状态大体呈从沿海→沿边→中部→中西部递减的结论     

区域可持续发展中的环境伦理案例分析:不同社会群体责任

环境伦理是对人与自然之间道德关系的认知,在区域发展中构建可持续发展的环境伦理观是实现人与环境协调的核心内容。从区域发展的案例入手,从哲学层面分析区域发展中人与环境产生冲突的原因,构建区域可持续发展环境伦理观,明确不同利益主体应承担的环境伦理责任与义务,是实现可持续发展的必要内容。本文对云南省林浆纸一体化工程进行环境伦理探讨,分析了桉树种植的土地资源、生态效应、纸浆生产的环境影响、经济效益、利益流向等一系列问题;从环境伦理角度对林浆纸工程进行分析,提出了可持续发展环境伦理观建立和环境伦理规范,认为在利益冲突的形势下,应该遵循"非人类中心"的环境伦理准则,贯彻人地和谐的自然观,综合考虑生态安全原则、综合效益原则、公平原则、共赢竞争原则,采取综合思维方法,构建可持续发展的环境伦理观;分析不同社会团体在区域可持续发展建设中的环境伦理责任,提出了决策者群体、企业家群体、媒介群体、科学家群体、公众群体等在环境伦理意识、环境伦理责任、环境伦理义务等方面所应起到的作用。     

区域可持续发展中的环境伦理问题

全世界面临着人口、资源、环境和发展等一系列问题和严重挑战。当前要实施全面、协调、可持续的科学发展观,贯穿其中的主线是树立正确的环境伦理意识,协调处理好人与自然的关系,促进区域可持续发展。人类是地球自然界的一部分,只有以全球整体利益为出发点处理环境与发展问题,才有较大的安全性和包容性。应当以尊重自然及其内在价值为基础来规范人类的实践活动,构建新时代的文明发展模式。环境伦理与可持续发展观在形成和社会功能上有密切的联系。要实施可持续发展战略,必须十分重视环境伦理的研究、教育和实践。实现人与自然和谐的可持续发展是政府和社会公众的共同责任。环境伦理在区域可持续发展中涉及的应用领域很广,要重视地球系统科学知识的宣传普及,提高公民和决策者的环境意识与可持续发展的伦理观念。     

水资源可持续利用规划耦合模型与应用

介绍了水资源可持续利用规划耦合模型和应用实例。从数学形式上看,它是多目标优化模型,目标函数选用自由度较高并具竞争性的系统状态指标;约束条件应该包括各相关子系统的状态模拟方程,使模拟与优化实现耦合。在研究实例中,选用了GDP和COD排放量指标来表征研究区的经济发展和环境状况,约束条件主要包括水资源系统模拟模型和宏观经济系统扩大再生产—投入产出耦合模型。由于水资源可持续利用规划决策是半结构化的决策问题,开发决策支持系统辅助决策有助于提高决策的科学性和有效性。     

Environmental ethics and regional sustainable development

The scientific environmental ethics plays a key role in the recognition of the human- environment interactions. Modern environmental ethics is the philosophical re-thinking of modern human race environmental behavior. The development of environmental ethics theory, as well as its application in reality, determines the viewpoints of environmental ethics. Sustainable development implies harmony on human-environment interactions and inter- generation responsibility, with emphasis on a harmonious relationship among population, resources, environment and development, so as to lay a sustainable and healthy foundation of resources and environment for future generations. The harmonious society construction in China that is raised by the Chinese central government should be covered by environmental ethics. The connotation of open environmental ethics includes a respect for nature, care for the individual human race, and respect for the development of future generations, which means giving consideration to natural values, individual and human race benefits and welfare across generations. The role of environmental ethics in regional development consists of cognition, criticism, education, inspiration, adjusting, legislation and promoting environmental regulations. The major problems in regional development are extensive resource exploration, fast population growth, irrational industrial structure, unfair welfare distribution and the twofold effects of science and technology development. The formulation of environmental ethics that aims at regional sustainable development, can not only harmonize the relationship of population, resource, environment and economic development, but also guide behavior selection, push social and political system transformation, strengthen the legal system, and raise environmental awareness of the public.     

Regional identity as a driver or a barrier in the process of regional development: A comparison of selected European experience

The article contributes to the ‘new’ European regionalism by discussing the role that regional identity can play in regional development. It is based on the concept of ‘regional identity’ as the keystone of the institutionalization of the region and as consisting of two intertwined and complementary components: the regional consciousness of the inhabitants and the identity of a region. Through the heuristic study of relevant scholarly articles, the authors critically discuss six case studies from European countries dealing with the relationship between regional identity and regional development and published in the first decade of the new millennium. To date, research has examined the role of regional identity as both a successful and unsuccessful driver in regional development. From the case studies, a third possible role of regional identity is identified: regional identity as a barrier to regional development. Further, the article discusses the relationship between these three roles and attempts to identify factors causing the differentiation of the effects of regional identity in the context of regional development.     

环境伦理与区域可持续发展(英文)

The scientific environmental ethics plays a key role in the recognition of the human-environment interactions. Modern environmental ethics is the philosophical re-thinking of modern human race environmental behavior. The development of environmental ethics theory, as well as its application in reality, determines the viewpoints of environmental ethics. Sustainable development implies harmony on human-environment interactions and inter-generation responsibility, with emphasis on a harmonious relationship among population, resources, environment and development, so as to lay a sustainable and healthy foundation of resources and environment for future generations. The harmonious society construction in China that is raised by the Chinese central government should be covered by environmental ethics. The connotation of open environmental ethics includes a respect for nature, care for the individual human race, and respect for the development of future generations, which means giving consideration to natural values, individual and human race benefits and welfare across generations. The role of environmental ethics in regional development consists of cognition, criticism, education, inspiration, adjusting, legislation and promoting environmental regulations. The major problems in regional development are extensive resource exploration, fast population growth, irrational industrial structure, unfair welfare distribution and the twofold effects of science and technology development. The formulation of environmental ethics that aims at regional sustainable development, can not only harmonize the relationship of population, resource, environment and economic development, but also guide behavior selection, push social and political system transformation, strengthen the legal system, and raise environmental awareness of the public.     

国外区域发展规划的全新审视及对中国的借鉴*

从100年来国外区域发展规划总体演变历程入手,提出了国家“高度指令+强制干预”体制下、“统一领导+总体协调”体制下和“不统不控+政策当先”体制下区域发展规划的三大生成模式,认为国家政治经济体制的变革主宰着规划的命运,作为特定时期政府一项重要职能的规划的局限性在所难免。中国在区域发展规划中必须重视计划与市场的适度结合,公众参与与政治参与的有机协调,建立健全规划中的立法管理体系,并注重对生态环境和可持续发展问题的研究。     

区域发展规划风险生成与经营理论及应用

风险型区域发展规划 (简称风险规划 )是面向新世纪我国市场经济条件下为根治规划编制与实施病理 ,最大限度地提高规划编制与实施质量以及实施的经济、社会和生态环境效益而推行的新兴规划生成与经营形式。本文从风险规划的概念界定与兴起缘由入手 ,尝试探讨了风险规划的竞标、契约、盲审、决策、保险、营销、保值和增值等生成与经营模式 ,为确保风险规划顺利运行 ,建议建立风险规划立法保障制度、风险规划投资基金制度、风险规划公众征询与听证制度和风险规划执业制度。最后以珠江源头第一县沾益县经济社会发展规划为例 ,分析了沾益县风险规划生成与经营的具体过程。     

“城市区域”主义下的中国区域治理模式重构——珠三角城际铁路的实证

中国的区域治理模式长期以来呈现出阶段性演化的特征。特别是近些年,传统省-市分层设权的权力组织关系被动态的、反复连续性的博弈所取代。本研究借助政治经济学与人文地理学关于“国家空间再中心化”及组织社会学者的“行政发包制”理论,立足区域基础设施项目,即“珠三角城际铁路网”展开实证,系统分析其规划、建设及运营过程。并聚焦其中的事权与财权动态演变过程,解析省政府的角色定位和省市关系的演变等两大关键问题,揭示中国城市区域治理重构的内在逻辑。研究发现：一方面,省政府的角色定位由“分包商”和“协调者”逐渐转变为协调与发展并重的新角色定位;同时,省市关系由结构化的“行政发包”转化为多轮协商的动态博弈连续体。     

Evolution of new regional development interventions in New Zealand: An analysis of the first year of the Provincial Growth Fund

Regional development has evolved in response to shifting local and global priorities. These shifts have transformed both the way we think about regions, their role and how that shapes the outcomes and benefits that might occur from engaging in regional development. Key debates centre around the ability (or desirability) of regional development interventions to unsettle path dependence and “lock‐in” created by past approaches and to create opportunities for alternative development futures and to provide choices between sectoral‐based investments to support economic activity in contrast to a more place‐based approach to regional development. This paper overviews the dynamic nature of regional development to offer reasons for its recent resurgence by highlighting the key debates about the purpose and function of regions and what regional development can or should do. We then discuss the New Zealand context specifically and use the first year of Provincial Growth Fund investments to reflect on how the processes, objectives and goals reflect particular interpretations of the meaning and purpose of regional development. We conclude that a strong adherence to a growth imperative has the potential to reinforce path dependencies at the expense of alternative development pathways.     

辽宁区域海洋经济布局机理与可持续发展研究

通过对辽宁海洋资源的评价,海洋经济发展、海洋产业部门结构和海洋产业布局特点等的分析,并根据海域资源差异、区域海洋经济结构差异、海洋产业分布状况等,划分出辽宁渤海海洋经济区和黄海海洋经济区。探讨了区域海洋经济区的形成与区域海洋经济布局机理。采用定性与定量相结合、从定性到定量的研究方法,应用层次分析法确定辽宁海洋经济区的发展方向与重点海洋产业部门,提出了辽宁区域海洋经济可持续发展的对策和措施     

Revisiting sustainable development: Russian cultural and scientific traditions and the concept of sustainable development

The World Summit on Sustainable Development (26 August–4 September 2002), held in Johannesburg on the tenth anniversary of the first Earth Summit, provides the opportunity to reflect on the meaning of the sustainable development concept. This paper uses the case study of the Russian Federation to explore the relationship between official interpretations of sustainable development and alternative understandings concerned with the betterment of humankind, which draw on Russia's cultural and scientific heritage. It is suggested that there is much to be gained from reopening the sustainable development debate to incorporate such cultural particularities, both at the national and international levels.     

区域可持续发展评价——以拉萨地区为例

本文依据区域可持续发展评价的理论模型和区域发展的目标体系 ,构建了拉萨地区可持续发展评价的指标体系 ,并对拉萨地区 4 0年来的发展历程进行了评价。评价揭示了拉萨地区社会经济发展水平不断提高、但自然环境对社会经济发展的支持能力却在持续下降的动态历程 ,并鉴明了人均耕地面积持续下降、草场退化、土地沙化、以生物质能源为主的能源消耗结构、居民收入差距增大、人口出生率高、人口文化素质较低等因素是拉萨地区发展的不可持续性因子。     

The role of local government in promoting sustainable urban agriculture in Dar es Salaam and Copenhagen

As a multifunctional activity and land use, urban agriculture supports a range of objectives, from urban greening to food security. However, it is often left out of urban policy. As a result of the highly contextual and cross-cutting nature of urban agriculture, there are relatively few comprehensive and formalized regulatory tools to draw from. Different cities around the world are now deciding how to fit urban agriculture into the urban agenda; however, in many places urban agriculture continues to operate in the absence of legitimization due to its relatively mobile and dynamic nature. This article looks at the importance of local and central governments in promoting sustainable urban agriculture. Through participatory action research, it examines the cases of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania and Copenhagen, Denmark to understand stakeholder interactions, as well as present and future barriers to the conservation of existing urban agriculture and future initiatives. The findings suggest that municipal recognition and institutional support for urban agriculture is an important component in increasing the sustainability of related initiatives. Local and central government plays a role in the legitimization and institutionalization of urban agriculture through the facilitation of multi-stakeholder processes, policy development and the conservation and allocation of land.     

An elephant in the planning room: Political demography and its influence on sustainable land-use planning in drylands

Two distinct, conflicting, land-use planning paradigms affect drylands: one seeking environmentally sustainable outcomes and one addressing political-demographic concerns. The environmental paradigm is relatively new and is couched in the lexicon of sustainable development, combating desertification and biodiversity conservation. These concerns proscribe planning principles that allow for human settlement in drylands while minimizing its environmental impact. The latter paradigm has a longer history, born in central governments’ desire to secure sovereignty over outlying regions. These concerns result in planning goals that conflict with environmental goals. The environmental paradigm encourages compact development and efficient land-use, while the political-demographic one encourages in-migration of ‘friendly’ populations and the establishment of a physical presence on a maximum amount of land. Using Israel’s Negev Desert and China’s Xinjiang region as case studies, we suggest that successful implementation of sustainable dryland management depends on recognizing the challenge presented by political-demographic planning motivations. As such, successful implementation of environmental planning requires resolution of existing political conflicts. Since drylands are characteristically geographic and demographic frontiers, they are ideal settings in which to study the conflict between environmental and political-demographic goals and they provide an opportunity to better understand how this conflict creates a barrier to sustainable development.     

可持续农业与农村发展研究述评

本文全面回顾了国内外可持续农业与农村发展研究的理论进展，从农业可持续发展（SAD），农村可持续发展（SRD）到两者的结合－－可持续农业与农村发展（SARD）。内容包括SAD、SARD概念的内涵与外延，评价方法及其区域研究。     

区域水资源与经济社会耦合系统可持续发展的量化分析

通过对水资源－生态环境－经济社会耦合系统互动关系的分析和对该耦合系统可持续发展模式的探讨,利用模糊优选模型将多个评价指标转化为单一指标,采用模糊隶属度描述可持续度来衡量复杂水资源系统可持续发展水平的评价方法,并结合辽宁省水资源开发与利用的实际情况,研究区域水资源可持续利用与经济社会协调发展的关系。研究结果表明,目前辽宁水资源系统可持续发展水平相对较低(全省水资源系统的可持续度仅为0.2456),尚有较大的开发潜力和提升空间。研究成果可为辽宁省水资源可持续利用及其管理提供定量的决策依据。