青海地表水资源的变化及影响因子

通过分析近３８年青海省主要河流径流量及其流域降水、气温的变化趋势,着重研究了干旱气候对青海地表水资源的影响。结果表明,内陆河多为高山冰雪融水和雨水混合补给型河流,外流河多为以雨水补给为主的河流;青海地表水资源呈减少趋势,其减少趋势进入９０年代后尤为明显;气温和降水是影响青海地表水资源的主要气候因子,其中气温升高加剧了流域蒸发量的增大和干旱影响,减少了地表径流量;而９０年代以来降水量的减少特别是汛期降水量的减少直接影响到径流量的减少。     

干旱气候对青海地表水资源影响的研究

通过分析近38年青海省主要河流径流量及其流域降水、气温的变化趋势,研究了干旱气候对青海地表水资源的影响。结果表明,内陆河多为高山冰雪融水和雨水混合补给型河流,外流河多为以雨水补给为主的河流;青海地表水资源呈减少趋势,其减少趋势进入90年代后尤为明显;气温和降水是影响青海地表水资源的主要气候因子,其中气温升高加剧了流域蒸发量的增大和干旱影响,减少了地表径流量;而90年代以来降水量的减少特别是汛期降水量的减少直接影响到径流量的减少。     

博斯腾湖流域气候变化及其对径流的影响

利用博斯腾湖流域开都河、黄水沟和清水河的出山口水文站月径流量和气象站月平均数据，开展变化特征分析和径流变化对气候因子的响应研究。结果表明，博斯腾湖流域年际气候变化以气温上升为主，降水量增加趋势不显著；域内主要河流径流量持续上升。突变检验发现，三条入湖河流90年代之前径流量增加主要是域内降水量增加的结果，随后受气温上升导致冰雪消融加快也对径流量的增加有贡献。相关分析结果显示，博斯腾湖三条入湖河流年径流量变化主要受4月和7月降水因子影响。此外，开都河的径流变化还表现出对8月气温和降水的显著响应，同时开都河流域集水区冰川的面积和占比均大于黄水沟和清水河流域，这表明冰川融水补给对开都河径流的影响大于黄水沟和清水河。所建立的气候因子-径流量多元线性回归模型，能够很好的模拟开都河、黄水沟和清水河的径流变化过程，证明了博斯腾湖流域水文变化受气候因子的显著影响。     

湟水河流域水资源变化特征及其对气候的响应

利用1961-2005年湟水河流域9个气象台站气温、降水等地面观测资料及湟水河(民和)流量资料,研究湟水河流域气候变化及其对地表水资源的影响,结果表明:湟水河流域2001-2005年比最冷的60年代四季平均气温分别偏高0.7～2.5℃,冬季增温比较显著;年降水量总体变化趋势是中游地区缓慢增加,而上游和下游地区则缓慢减少,流域内年平均降水量呈减少趋势,2001-2005年比最多的60年代平均偏少12.9mm;四季地表蒸发量均在增加,夏秋季大于其它季节;湟水河年平均流量以3.0m3/s的速率减少,20世纪90年代以来减少幅度最大,夏秋季降水多寡是造成流量减少的直接原因。     

黄河源区地表水资源变化及其影响因子研究

利用1955～2005年黄河源区玛多气象站和黄河沿水文站气象、水文资料,分析了该区域地表水资源、气候及冻土演变规律,揭示了地表水资源变化的成因。研究表明:近51a黄河源流量丰枯转化频繁,但在总体上特别是进入20世纪90年代以来黄河源流量呈减少趋势,流量年内分配表现为单峰型;降水量对流量有着较为显著的影响,且具有一定的持续性;黄河源区气温的显著升高对于加大流域蒸发量导致流量补给的减少作用要大于其升高致使冰雪融水的补给作用,其中春季气温回升的这一效应更为显著;黄河源区冻土呈现出显著的退化趋势,冻土厚度与流量总体上呈显著的正相关关系,其不断减小削弱了自身天然隔水层的作用;黄河源区蒸发量呈现出显著的增大趋势,并导致流量的减少;气候变化导致流量的减少量占总减少量的70%,其余30%可能是由人类活动加剧造成的,气候及冻土因子对流量的作用大小依次为冻土、降水、蒸发和气温,显然多年冻土对于黄河源区地表水资源的形成和发育有着至关重要的作用。     

哈萨克斯坦北部伊希姆河径流对气候变化和人类活动的响应

基于1933—2016年哈萨克斯坦北部伊希姆河彼得罗巴甫洛斯克水文站流量观测数据以及流域内格点气象数据,利用线性趋势法、Mann-Kendall检验、相关普查法和累积量斜率变化率比较法等方法,探讨了气候变化背景下伊希姆河流量变化及其主要驱动因子。结果显示：(1)伊希姆河流域近84年气温和降水呈上升趋势,且在20世纪70年代后增加趋势更加明显。(2)伊希姆河流量年内分布不均,年际流量变化总体呈下降趋势,但趋势不明显。(3)伊希姆河流量受流域内降水和气温共同影响,其中降水与流量相关性最大,且降水的变化对流量补给具有滞后性,6—9月气温对同时期流量影响较大。(4)T₁时段(1969—1996年)和T₂时段(1997—2016年)与T时段(1933—1968年)相比,气候变化对流量减少的贡献率分别为16.09%和44.83%,而人类活动对流量减少的贡献率为83.91%和55.17%。流域内水资源的开发及利用、人口数量和土地利用方式的变化等人类活动因素在很大程度上影响了伊希姆河流量。     

天山北坡呼图壁河流域水资源变化及转化研究

利用天山北坡中段呼图壁河流域石门水文站1956—2011年径流量数据,以及2013年9月—2014年10月逐月呼图壁河地表径流和地下水的δD和δ18O数据,研究了呼图壁河流域地表径流和地下水位变化,并结合同位素和水化学方法探讨了地表径流和地下水之间的转化关系。结果表明,近55 a呼图壁河流域出山口径流量有明显增加趋势,在20世纪90年代之后增加了13.36%,而地下水位呈持续下降趋势。流域地表水与地下水水化学特征差异显著,地表径流受岩石风化作用影响,而地下水受蒸发—结晶沉降作用控制。该流域地表水与地下水出现了两次转化关系,上游地区地下水对地表径流的补给占到18.45%,而中下游区域地下水的补给占到92.31%。     

气候变化对汉江上游径流的影响

根据汉江上游安康以上流域1961-2005年历年逐月气温和降水量资料,统计分析了近45 a流域气候变化的基本特点。同时,通过对各站气温、降水量与安康站径流量的相关计算,建立了天然径流量气候模型,并分析了径流量对气候变化响应的敏感性。结果表明：1) 近45 a来汉江上游安康以上流域的年平均气温呈上升趋势;降水量呈递减趋势,90年代以后减少更为显著。2) 在过去45 a中,汉江上游径流量总体呈下降趋势;1961年以来,汉江上游径流量大体经历了两个丰水段和两个枯水段;1985年发生跃变,以前呈微弱的上升趋势,以后呈下降趋势。3) 径流量与区域年平均气温呈负相关,而与年降水量呈较显著的正相关,年径流量对降水变化的响应较其对气温变化的响应更为敏感。     

1961—2009年辽河流域水文气象要素变化特征

依据1961—2009年辽河流域5个气象观测站点逐日降水和气温观测资料,运用非参数检验方法（Mann-Kendall法）,对辽河流域降水和气温的变化趋势进行了分析。利用2006—2010年夏季共162d降水日的铁岭站日降水量与铁岭水文站径流量资料,探讨了日降水量与径流量之间的相关关系。结果表明：辽河流域年降水量减少趋势明显,降水量偏少年份明显增加,其主要原因为占全年降水量65%的夏季降水以7.4 mm/10 a的气候趋势倾向率递减,呈现出明显的减少趋势;辽河流域的年平均气温是在波动中逐渐上升的,且升温趋势明显,春季呈明显的升温趋势,夏季略有下降,秋季变化不大,冬季是气温上升最明显的季节;日降水量与径流量存在正相关关系,且日降水量与降水第二日的径流量相关显著。     

气候变化对汉江上游径流的影响

 根据汉江上游安康以上流域1961-2005年历年逐月气温和降水量资料,统计分析了近45 a流域气候变化的基本特点。同时,通过对各站气温、降水量与安康站径流量的相关计算,建立了天然径流量气候模型,并分析了径流量对气候变化响应的敏感性。结果表明：1) 近45 a来汉江上游安康以上流域的年平均气温呈上升趋势;降水量呈递减趋势,90年代以后减少更为显著。2) 在过去45 a中,汉江上游径流量总体呈下降趋势;1961年以来,汉江上游径流量大体经历了两个丰水段和两个枯水段;1985年发生跃变,以前呈微弱的上升趋势,以后呈下降趋势。3) 径流量与区域年平均气温呈负相关,而与年降水量呈较显著的正相关,年径流量对降水变化的响应较其对气温变化的响应更为敏感。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.