共查询到18条相似文献,搜索用时 166 毫秒
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浅层人工地震勘探是当前城市地震活断层探测的主要方法,勘探精度不仅受激发、接收等因素的影响,还与地震数据处理的精度密切相关。速度分析是地震勘探资料处理中的关键环节,它的准确与否对动校正、共深度点叠加、叠后偏移及时深转换等都将产生影响。针对浅层地震资料目的层较浅、叠加次数少和城市背景干扰大等特点,文中对速度分析的参数选取问题进行了研究。首先通过对相邻CDP道集内各接收道炮检距的分析,以及单个和多个CDP道集的对比,提出了用于速度分析的CDP大道集的抽取原则。并通过对不同的CDP大道集、速度扫描间隔、计算时窗长度、动校切除比例等所获得的速度谱的对比分析,对速度谱扫描过程中各参数的选取提出了建议,并对速度分析及时深转换过程中值得注意的问题进行了讨论 相似文献
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《应用地球物理》2015,(4)
子波估计是地震数据处理与反演中的常规步骤。同态子波估计基于地震叠加剖面进行,不需要相位的先验信息,已被长期采用。尽管会引起波形拉伸,但共中心点道集必须经过动校正(NMO)才能形成叠加剖面。即使切除拉伸较为严重的部分,剩余的动校正拉伸仍可能对叠加剖面产生影响。而较大的剩余动校正拉伸会不同程度地影响数据随时间变化的谱特性。考虑到同态子波估计是基于数据的谱特性进行的,因而对剩余动校正拉伸进行补偿,可以提高该过程的精度。本文提出了一种快速计算剩余动校正拉伸量并进行补偿的方法。本方法仅需要诸如偏移距和速度函数的有限信息,也不需要叠前处理。合成及实际数据的处理均表明该方法提高了子波估计的准确程度。 相似文献
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多项式拟合技术在煤田地震勘探中的应用 总被引:6,自引:3,他引:3
本文讨论了三种多项式拟合方法在煤田地震勘探中的应用情况 .它们可以消除动校拉伸对波形的影响以及普通叠加的低通滤波效应 ,保持了振幅的真实形态和较高的频率信息 ,能得到较高分辨率的零炮检距剖面 ,有利于地震资料的构造解释和岩性研究 . 相似文献
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浅层地震反射法是一种常用的勘探方法.在浅层地震资料处理中,静校正的精度直接影响速度反演的结果和叠加剖面的质量,在地形平缓时,固定基准面静校正可以满足勘探精度的要求,但在复杂地形条件下,其存在较大误差,即使采用浮动基准面,仍会由于地表一致性假设而残余静校正量,不能消除地形起伏引起的影响,为了提高浅层地震反射静校正的精度必须在常规静校正后进行一次剩余静校正,本文给出起伏地形条件下,滑动基准面(过共中心点的水平面即为该共中心点的滑动基准面)的剩余静校正量,该校正量与炮检距、反射层埋深、地层波速以及炮点和接收点高程有关,适用于单一介质和层状介质情况,本文通过对典型地形起伏的3个水平均匀层状介质理论地质模型的速度谱计算和分析,阐明在复杂地形条件下,应用本文提出的剩余静校正方法可以消除地形起伏的影响,提高静校正精度,在此基础上做动校正可以得到高质量的水平叠加剖面. 相似文献
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动校正拉伸是地震资料处理的一个基本问题,解决拉伸问题的处理方法是切除.现代地震数据大多为长排列采集,动校正拉伸更为严重.依据褶积模型和Fourier变换的基本性质,本文给出频谱代换无拉伸动校正方法.算法实现就是将CMP道集变换到频率域,取参考道的相位谱替换其它偏移距道的相位,同时保持其振幅谱不变,再做Fourier反变换就得到动校正后的地震剖面.通过其实现过程可知该方法不需要地下介质的速度信息,算法可完全自动实现,且具有较高的计算效率.频谱代换无拉伸动校正可适用于任何偏移距的地震资料,而且还可有效保持地震资料的AVO效应.理论模拟数据及其叠加结果显示频谱代换法的有效性和实用性,同时该方法具有较强的抗随机噪音能力. 相似文献
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提高地震剖面的信噪比和分辨率始终是地震数据处理中研究的重要内容.在动静校正后的同一道集内振幅和相位相同的假设条件下,地震叠加技术能明显提高资料的信噪比.实际资料中相位差问题是影响有效反射信号实现同相叠加的重要因素之一.相位校正技术能够消除子波的相位谱差异,使子波接近或达到零相位,从而达到提高叠加剖面质量的目的.对相位校正的国内外研究现状,影响相位变化的因素,相位校正的方法原理以及判别准则进行了系统的总结和概述.通过分析总结得出:随着勘探形势的发展,地震资料中的相位问题将越来越受到人们的关注和重视,对相位的研究也将成为今后的攻关课题和研究热点. 相似文献
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在起伏地表构造条件下,共中心点反射已不复存在,其波场特征较为复杂,速度分析时受浅层动校畸变影响较大,加上其他干扰因素,利用常规处理手段已很难得到较为准确的近地表构造和起伏地表浅层的叠加速度.为此,设计了两个物理模型,利用地震物理模拟实验数据采集系统对模型进行了数据采集.在采集到的地震物理模拟数据的资料处理过程中,对单炮记录进行向上延拓,然后再进行速度分析,并在动校正后多次调整叠加速度来得到视叠加速度,从而避免了浅层动校畸变大的影响.物理模型的模拟实验及处理结果表明,向上延拓是解决近地表构造和起伏地表浅层叠加速度的有效手段,通过向上延拓处理可以得到较为准确的近地表构造的视叠加速度,利用这样的叠加速度成像,可以得到近地表构造和起伏地表浅层构造较为真实有效的信息. 相似文献
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Jan H. Brouwer 《Geophysical Prospecting》2002,50(2):225-237
The application of traditional NMO‐correction techniques in the processing of seismic data may result in severe distortion. This distortion is observed as a decrease in frequency content (NMO stretch) or even a total loss of data for steep velocity gradients. It is shown that the specific nature of the observed distortion is introduced by the particular implementation of the traditional NMO‐correction technique. It is also shown that other techniques that have been proposed in the literature suffer from similar artefacts. An alternative approach is suggested, based on the correction of tapered blocks of seismic data, followed by a coherence filter to compensate for the specific artefacts thus introduced. Correction of seismic amplitudes (e.g. geometrical spreading and attenuation) is implemented as an integral part of the NMO‐correction method thus allowing for both dynamic and kinematic reconstruction of interfering events. From the application of this method to synthetic and field data, it is concluded that the proposed technique may be particularly useful in the processing of shallow seismic (shear‐wave) data. Although not illustrated in this paper, it is emphasized that application of the proposed method is by no means restricted to shear waves; application to P‐wave data will prove equally useful, although the stretch effects involved may not be as severe as in the examples given in this paper. 相似文献
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We introduce a processing technique which minimizes the 'stretching effects' of conventional NMO correction. Unlike conventional NMO, the technique implies constant normal moveout (CNMO) for a finite time interval of a seismic trace. The benefits of the proposed method include preservation of higher frequencies and reduction of spectral distortions at far offsets. The need for severe muting after the correction is reduced, allowing longer spreads for stack, velocity and AVO analysis. The proposed technique has been tested on model and real data. The method may improve the resolution of CMP stack and AVO attribute analysis. The only assumptions for this stretch-free NMO correction are (i) all time samples of a digital reflected wavelet at a particular offset have the same normal moveout, and (ii) reflection records have an interference nature. 相似文献
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Multichannel filters are used to eliminate coherent noise from surface seismic data, for wavefield separation from VSP stacks, and for signal enhancement. Their success generally depends on the choice of the filter parameters and the domain of application. Multichannel filters can be applied to shots (monitors), common-receiver traces, CDP traces and stacked sections. Cascaded applications in these domains are currently performed in the seismic industry for better noise suppression and for signal enhancement. One-step shot-domain filtering is adequate for some applications. However, in practice, cascaded applications in shot-and common-receiver domains usually give better results when the S/N ratio is low. Multichannel filtering after stacking (especially after repeated applications in shot and/or receiver domains) may create undesirable results such as artificial continuations, or smearing and smoothing of small features such as small throw faults and fine stratigraphic details. Consequently, multichannel filtering after stacking must be undertaken with the utmost care and occasionally only as a last resort. Multichannel filters with fan-shaped responses (linear moveout filters) should be applied after NMO correction. These are the filters commonly used in the seismic industry where they have such names as velocity filters, moveout filters, f-k filters and coherency filters. Filtering before NMO correction may result in break-up and flattening especially of those shallow reflection events with relatively higher curvatures and diffractions. NMO correction is needed prior to wavefield separation from VSP stacks for the same practical reasons outlined above whenever source-receiver offsets are involved. Creation of artificial lineup and smearing at the outputs of multichannel filters is presently the common practical concern. Optimum multichannel filters with well-defined pass, reject and transition bands overcome the latter problems when applied before stacking and after NMO correction. The trace dimension of these filters must be kept small to avoid such lineups and the smoothing of small structures. Good results can be obtained with only five traces, but seven traces seems to be a better compromise both in surface and well seismic applications. The so-called f-k filtering and τ-p domain filtering are no exceptions to the above practical considerations. Residual static computations after multichannel filtering also need special consideration. Since multichannel filtering improves spatial continuity, residual static algorithms using local correlation, i.e. nonsurface-consistent algorithms, may be impractical especially after multichannel filtering. 相似文献
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胜利油田滩浅海地区由于特殊的地表条件和复杂多变的表层结构,既不同于陆上勘探也不同于海上勘探,尤其在两栖地带存在海陆两种施工方式,如何在地震波激发和接收方面采取措施确保资料一致性,及优化观测系统设计以拼接好过渡带的地震资料是施工任务的关键.为此,依托中石化地震勘探重点基础研究实验室,在地震波的激发、接收和观测系统优化设计方面作了大量研究试验工作,形成了一套适用于滩浅海地区的地震勘探技术.通过冀东和垦东等地区应用联合表层调查和检波器精确定位等技术,有效地提高了地震资料的信噪比,改进了成像精度,取得了很好的地震勘探效果. 相似文献
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H. JAKUBOWICZ 《Geophysical Prospecting》1990,38(3):221-245
Much of the success of modern seismic data processing derives from the use of the stacking process. Unfortunately, as is well known, conventional normal moveout correction (NMO) introduces mispositioning of data, and hence mis-stacking, when dip is present. Dip moveout correction (DMO) is a technique that converts non-zero-offset seismic data after NMO to true zero-offset locations and reflection times, irrespective of dip. The combination of NMO and DMO followed by post-stack time migration is equivalent to, but can be implemented much more efficiently than, full time migration before stack. In this paper we consider the frequency-wavenumber DMO algorithm developed by Hale. Our analysis centres on the result that, for a given dip, the combination of NMO at migration velocity and DMO is equivalent to NMO at the appropriate, dip-dependent, stacking velocity. This perspective on DMO leads to computationally efficient methods for applying Hale DMO and also provides interesting insights on the nature of both DMO and conventional stacking. 相似文献