Meso-Cenozoic Evolution of the Tanlu Fault and Formation of Sedimentary Basins

There are a group of large and medium-scale Meso-Cenozoic petroliferous basins along both sides of the Tanlu fault or within the fault zone, e.g., the Songliao basin, the Bohai Bay basin and the Subei-Yellow Sea basin. As shown by studies of the structural types, sedimentary formations, volcanic activities, tectonic evolution as well as the time-space relationship between the Tanlu fault zone and the basins, the formation and distribution of the basins are controlled by the movement of the Tanlu fault. This paper presents an analysis of the tectono-geometric, kinematic and geodynamic features of the basins on the basis of integrated geological-geophysical data, and an exploration into the internal relations between the fault and the basins as well as the formation mechanism and geodynamic processes of the basins.     

Evolution of Circum－Pacific Basins andVolcanic Belts in East China and Their Geodynamic Background

Ｅｖｏｌｕｔｉｏｎ　ｏｆ　Ｃｉｒｃｕｍ－Ｐａｃｉｆｉｃ　Ｂａｓｉｎｓ　ａｎｄＶｏｌｃａｎｉｃ　Ｂｅｌｔｓ　ｉｎ　Ｅａｓｔ　Ｃｈｉｎａ　ａｎｄＴｈｅｉｒ　Ｇｅｏｄｙｎａｍｉｃ　Ｂａｃｋｇｒｏｕｎｄ￥ＬｉＳｉｔｉａｎ（ＦａｃｕｌｔｙｏｆＥａｒｔｈＲｅｓｏ...     

Earthquake-related Tectonic Deformation of Soft-sediments and Its Constraints on Basin Tectonic Evolution

The authors introduced two kinds of newly found soft-sediment deformation-synsedimentary extension structure and syn-sedimentary compression structure, and discuss their origins and constraints on basin tectonic evolution. One representative of the syn-sedimentary extension structure is syn-sedimentary boudinage structure, while the typical example of the syn-sedimentary compression structure is compression sand pillows or compression wrinkles. The former shows NW-SE-trendlng contemporaneous extension events related to earthquakes in the rift basin near a famous Fe-Nb-REE deposit in northern China during the Early Paleozoic （or Mesoproterozoic as proposed by some researches）, while the latter indicates NE-SW-trending contemporaneous compression activities related to earthquakes in the Middle Triassic in the Nanpanjiang remnant basin covering south Guizhou, northwestern Guangxi and eastern Yunnan in southwestern China. The syn-sedimentary boudinage structure was found in an earthquake slump block in the lower part of the Early Paleozoic Sailinhudong Group, 20 km to the southeast of Bayan Obo, Inner Mongolia, north of China. The slump block is composed of two kinds of very thin layers-pale-gray micrite （microcrystalline limestone） of 1-2 cm thick interbedded with gray muddy micrite layers with the similar thickness. Almost every thin muddy micrite layer was cut into imbricate blocks or boudins by abundant tiny contemporaneous faults, while the interbedded micrite remain in continuity. Boudins form as a response to layer-parallel extension （and/or layer-perpendicular flattening） of stiff layers enveloped top and bottom by mechanically soft layers. In this case, the imbricate blocks cut by the tiny contemporaneous faults are the result of abrupt horizontal extension of the crust in the SE-NW direction accompanied with earthquakes. Thus, the rock block is, in fact, a kind of seismites. The syn-sedimentary boudins indicate that there was at least a strong earthquake belt on the southeast side of the basin during the early stage of the Sailinhudong Group. This may be a good constraint on the tectonic evolution of the Bayan Obo area during the Early Paleozoic time. The syn-sedimentary compression structure was found in the Middle Triassic flysch in the Nanpanjiang Basin. The typical structures are compression sand pillows and compression wrinkles. Both of them were found on the bottoms of sand units and the top surface of the underlying mud units. In other words, the structures were found only in the interfaces between the graded sand layer and the underlying mud layer of the flysch. A deformation experiment with dough was conducted, showing that the tectonic deformation must have been instantaneous one accompanied by earthquakes. The compression sand pillows or wrinkles showed uniform directions along the bottoms of the sand layer in the flysch, revealing contemporaneous horizontal compression during the time between deposition and diagenesis of the related beds. The Nanpanjiang Basin was affected, in general, with SSW-NNE compression during the Middle Triassic, according to the syn-sedimentary compression structure. The two kinds of syn-sedimentary tectonic deformation also indicate that the related basins belong to a rift basin and a remnant basin, respectively, in the model of Wilson Cycle.     

中亚与邻区盆地群构造演化及含油气性

基于中亚及其邻区大地构造和盆地构造演化,利用古板块再造、地理信息软件等对中亚盆地群的构造演化及含油气性进行探讨。中亚与邻区盆地群在早古生代分属不同陆块,这些陆块于早石炭世开始汇聚,早二叠世完成拼合,形成中亚盆地群。汇聚前该区受到海西期构造影响,在中生代伸展构造和新生代挤压构造的作用下形成的众多盆地类型为叠合盆地。该区主要烃岩源发育于海西期早期和中-新生代伸展背景的裂谷事件。油气主要集中在侏罗系(41%)和石炭系(37%)中,主要的勘探目的层是碳酸盐岩、礁灰岩、膏岩和泥岩。阿姆河、费尔干纳、图尔盖和阿富汗-塔吉克等盆地的油气主要集中于前陆冲断带和凹陷断阶带。滨里海、北乌斯丘尔特和曼各什拉克等克拉通盆地油气集中于盆地边缘的隆起带和断阶带,具有自生自储特征。     

松辽盆地构造演化与中国东部构造体制转换

本文综合应用盆地构造解析、平衡地质剖面恢复、构造物理模拟等方法,探讨了松辽盆地构造演化及其地球动力学背景。松辽盆地基底是前侏罗纪古亚洲洋构造域众多微板块、地体拼贴形成的复合陆块。中—晚侏罗世,盆地基底受到郯(城)—庐(江)断裂系北段大规模左旋走滑活动的强烈改造,派生NNE、NNW和近NS向次级断裂,控制了基底构造格局、断陷盆地分布及其构造。断陷期可划分为早、晚两个脉冲式伸展阶段,早期阶段受多方向平面式正断层控制发育堑—垒构造,具有双向纯剪伸展的特点,但NNE向拉伸更显著,可能是深部岩石圈拆沉引起热穹窿与基底断裂持续左旋走滑拉分的叠加;晚期阶段受低角度犁式正断层控制发育西断东超的复合半地堑,受控于近EW向单剪伸展机制,是区域性地壳伸展拆离与岩石圈减薄的结果。拗陷期大规模热沉降是对古太平洋构造域向东迁移的响应。白垩纪末期盆地受到NWW向脉冲式挤压而发生反转,可能与伊泽纳奇板块消亡、太平洋板块开始俯冲这一转换过程中的地体拼贴有关。     

塔北地区构造和演化特征及其对油气成藏的控制

塔北隆起为塔里木盆地最富有油气的构造单元之一,其纵向上可分为中新生界和古生界两大构造层,上下特征有较大的差异性:古生界受到六条基底逆断层及其伴生断裂控制,构造格局可以划分为四隆两凹的构造单元:英买力低凸起、轮台低凸起、哈拉哈塘凹陷、轮南低凸起、草湖凹陷以及库尔勒鼻隆,该格局长期继承性发育,并逐层遭受剥蚀形成整个塔北残余古隆起,其上构造圈闭十分发育,同时由于暴露时间长,碳酸盐岩储层非常发育;中新生界整体上表现为南高北低的北倾斜坡形态,受到下伏古生界断层的后期活化影响,发育局部圈闭。塔北当前的构造格局在演化过程中主要形成于海西期,后期变化较小。研究表明,塔北地区构造演化大致经历了三大阶段:晚加里东-早海西期的稳定抬升剥蚀期,塔北在南倾的大斜坡背景上形成了北东-南西走向的轮南大型背斜,英买力低凸起初具雏形;晚海西-印支期的挤压抬升期,塔北隆起在原背景之上继承发展;燕山-喜山期为调整定型期,形成现今塔北地区构造格局。整体古生界构造格局形成早,稳定时间长,是库车油气和满加尔油气的长期指向区,控制了塔北地区油气分布,而多期的构造演化则控制了塔北地区油气藏不同时期的破坏和形成,也造就了目前塔北地区同时存在沥青、稠油、轻质油和天然气。     

陆相盆地含煤、油页岩和蒸发盐地层单元沉积演化

陆相盆地地层单元在沉积过程中往往呈现一定的规律性,主要显示为地层单元的沉积相（岩相）组合、沉积建造、地层叠加样式和古生物群的渐进演化,对应着煤、油页岩和蒸发盐等经济矿产的潜在沉积。利用含煤、油页岩和蒸发盐特征性地层单元区分辽宁抚顺盆地、河南桐柏盆地和美国绿河盆地充填演化过程中不同地层单元的差异和潜在经济矿产的沉积,并且这些地层单元的沉积演化受气候和构造的联合控制。气候和构造控制了进入盆地中沉积物与水体供给速率以及盆地潜在可容纳空间的变化,造成盆地充填在过补偿、平衡补偿和欠补偿状态之间演化,引起地层单元岩性组合、沉积建造和古生物群的改变,能够合理解释煤、油页岩和蒸发盐的沉积。此外,不同类型盆地中气候和构造条件的差异也可能引起煤、油页岩或者蒸发盐的缺失。     

新疆博格达山的构造演化及其与油气的关系

博格达山的构造演化及其造山作用的时间是一个长期争议且缺乏系统研究的问题。在野外调查的基础上,充分吸收前人成果,综合运用岩浆岩地球化学特征、不整合-沉积旋回、古流向及沉积物扩散方向等分析手段,对博格达山的构造演化进行了精细的剖析。结果表明:博格达山的构造演化主要经历了3期构造反转,即中-晚石炭世的裂陷海槽与晚石炭世末的弱造山期、早-中二叠世的裂陷盆地与晚二叠世-三叠纪和晚三叠世末的古博格达山隆升-夷平期以及早-中侏罗世的弱伸展盆地与晚侏罗世以来的现今博格达山阶段性隆升期;博格达山南缘柴窝堡凹陷地区印支期形成的NE向构造是油气勘探的有利区带。     

Crustal Structural and Tectonic Evolution and Oil Prospect Evaluation in the Songpan-Zoige Block

Recent study of magnetotelluric （MT） inversion indicates that the basement of the Songpan- Zoige area could be a stable continental crust. There has developed quite thick and stable Paleozoic continental shelf margin-platform clastic and carbonate sediments during the Triassic. Preliminary field geologic investigation and hydrocarbon potential study show that good-quality source rocks, mainly argillaceous and carbonaceous shale, were deposited in the Cambrian and Silurian in this region, while diverse reservoirs of platform facies carbonate and clastic rocks were in the Carboniferous and Permian. The good vertical source-reservoir-seal configuration might indicate that there exists a certain potential for oil and gas exploration in this area.     

论华南（北部）前震旦纪基本构造格局与演化

华南(北部)古元古代已有物质记录，且可能曾连于一体。古元古代末期吕梁造山运动揭开华南构造运动的序幕，形成以浙江龙泉、江西星子等为代表的古岛，并被随后的中元古代沉积物不整合所覆。地质学及古地磁学证据表明，中元古代中后期或之前其被裂解为扬子板块与华夏板块，各板块具有不同的运动特征。大致在1100一800Ma期间，华夏板块与扬子板块完成拼贴与碰撞，这一称之为与格林威尔相当的晋宁运动标志着华南前震旦纪演化的结束。     

从地壳密度结构看中国大陆深层油气盆地的分布

面对21世纪的中国能源问题,要研究深埋在5km以下的古生代沉积盆地和潜在油气储层。由于结晶基底密度大、磁性较强,盆地沉积岩密度低而磁性弱,可用密度成像及磁性体顶面深度反演来确定深埋沉积盆地和潜在储层的分布范围。应用重力异常多尺度分析和密度成像方法,可以计算出反映中国深埋沉积盆地和潜在储层分布的密度扰动图,预测中国深埋盆地的分布。密度成像的低密度扰动区与磁性结晶基底顶面深度大的区域吻合,与反射地震剖面探测结果一致。通过密度扰动成像预测深埋沉积盆地主要分布在中国西部的塔里木、柴达木、四川、准噶尔和鄂尔多斯等盆地深层。东部岩石圈裂谷带也可形成深埋结晶基底裂隙型储层, 分布在华北和东北下方。中国深埋沉积盆地和潜在储层的总面积可达地面沉积盆地面积的45%左右,估计陆上面积1600000km2左右,海域面积600000km2左右,具有广阔的天然气勘探前景。     

岩石圈地幔结构及其对中国大型盆地的演化意义

P_n波是通过莫霍面下方的上地幔顶部的地震波.由于P_n波的速度随温度和物质成分而变化, 以及P_n波各向异性可以反映地幔形变的历史.因此P_n波的速度以及各向异性成为探索岩石圈结构的重要工具.中国岩石圈地幔的P_n速度的特征是很高速的异常区和很低速的异常区呈镶嵌状出现, 反映了地质结构的不均匀性.西部大型盆地(塔里木、准噶尔、吐哈、柴达木和四川盆地) 具有较高的P_n速度和较弱的各向异性, 反映出这些盆地的岩石圈是冷的和坚硬的, 其变形较小.大面积的华北地区, 在太古代的基底下具有明显的P_n波低速度.研究结果表明与这些地区裂谷、岩石圈减薄和地幔上涌区相一致.P_n波各向异性与在最新(和目前正在进行) 的大规模变形期间, 岩石圈地幔沿NNE向右旋简单剪切相一致.华北的金矿藏以及华北和松辽盆地的石油储藏的位置明显地与该区的低P_n波速度区相吻合, 表明该区金属成矿和油储的形成与中、新生代以来在岩石圈地幔中的热活动, 以及壳幔之间的相互作用过程密切相关.      

南海陆缘盆地构造演化与烃源岩特征

受近南北向扩张机制控制,南海陆缘盆地或凹陷多呈NE向带状展布,总体上具有“南三北三”平行排列、外窄内宽的特点。新生代发生的4次重要区域构造运动具有穿时性,共发育3期盆地破裂不整合面,分别是早渐新世与晚渐新世之间、古近纪与新近纪之间、中中新世与晚中新世之间;由东往西,盆地破裂不整合面的时代逐渐变新。受构造运动与海平面升降影响,南海海域发育湖相、海陆过渡相和陆源海相3类烃源岩。由南北两侧向中央海盆,烃源岩类型由湖相逐渐过渡到海陆过渡相与陆源海相;从东向西,盆地主力烃源岩层位逐渐变新,由始新统-渐新统逐渐过渡到渐新统-中新统。南海海域烃源岩的分布规律与盆地破裂不整面存在密切关系:破裂不整合面形成早（早渐新世与晚渐新世之间）的盆地,主力烃源岩形成早（始新统湖相烃源岩）;反之,破裂不整合面形成晚（中中新世与晚中新世之间）的盆地,则烃源岩形成晚（渐新统-中新统海陆过渡相到陆源海相烃源岩）。     

南华北盆地群岩石圈热-流变结构

结合南华北盆地群现代地温场资料和深部地震测深资料及岩石热物性参数,对南华北盆地群的热结构进行了研究。结果表明：南华北盆地群平均热流值为53.7 mW/m2,地幔热流为30～34 mW/m2,莫霍面温度为500～550℃,热岩石圈厚度为110～130 km。在此基础上,进行了岩石圈流变模拟,探讨了研究区的岩石圈流变特征及其地球动力学意义。南华北盆地群岩石圈强度为（7.6~23.3）×1012 N/m,具有显著的 “三明治”结构。上地壳表现为脆性变形,中、下地壳为韧性的流动变形。这一分层变形机制决定了南华北盆地群的成盆演化动力学过程。     

中国北东部铀矿化与大地构造活动及演化的关系

笔者认为,中国北东部地区处于欧亚东西向海西期铀-多金属成矿带与环太平洋成矿带相交的部位,区内铀矿化产于前寒武纪基底褶皱阶段、古生代地槽褶皱阶段、反射活化阶段和地洼阶段,具有铀成矿作用时间长、矿化类型多的特点,4大工业类型的铀矿床都有产出。该区中新生代岩浆岩、特别是火山岩十分发育,地洼期铀成矿作用以热液型为主,特别是与火山作用有关的铀成矿作用具有十分重要的意义。     

Deep-Seated Tectonic Activation of Tancheng-Lujiang Fault Zone and Its Control over Jiaodong Gold Concentrated Region, China

ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＳｔａｔｉｓｔｉｃａｌｒｅｓｕｌｔｓｈａｖｅｓｈｏｗｎｔｈａｔｇｏｌｄｍｅｔａｌｏｇｅｎｉｃａｒ－ｅａｓａｎｄｄｅｐｏｓｉｔｓｉｎｅａｓｔｅｒｎＣｈｉｎａｍａｉｎｌｙｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｅｉｎｂｏｔｈｓｉｄｅｓｏｆｔｈｅＴａｎｃ...     

南海南沙海域沉积盆地构造演化与油气成藏规律

据钻井、地震剖面、区域地质及磁异常条带分析解释,南沙海域及其邻区的主要沉积盆地的形成演化受裂谷起始不整合面和破裂不整合面分隔,可分为前裂谷期、裂谷期和后裂谷期3个构造阶段。大中型油气藏相关数据的统计表明,南沙海域及邻区大中型油气藏的成藏要素和油气田发育受构造阶段控制。(1)烃源岩发育具有分期、分区特征,礼乐盆地发育前裂谷期、裂谷1幕烃源岩;万安、曾母、西北巴拉望盆地发育裂谷2幕烃源岩,文莱-沙巴盆地发育后裂谷期烃源岩。(2)储层发育具有分期、分带特征,表现为外带老(裂谷2幕)、内带新(后裂谷期)。(3)圈闭类型包括构造、岩性地层圈闭及构造-岩性地层等因素形成的复合圈闭,大致具有内带以地层圈闭为主,外带以构造圈闭为主的特征。(4)大中型油气田分布具有外带砂岩富油气、内带碳酸盐岩富气特点。(5)南沙海域及邻区发育两个后裂谷期主含油气区,即东部巴兰三角洲砂岩背斜油气区和西部卢卡尼亚碳酸盐台地气区。其中,大中型气田的成藏要素组合为裂谷2幕烃源岩、后裂谷期碳酸盐岩储层和地层圈闭;大中型油气田则为后裂谷期烃源岩、砂岩储层和背斜圈闭。     

Evolution of Mesozoic Volcanic Basins and Red Basins in the Gan-Hang Tectonic-Volcanic Metallogenic Belt

This paper mainly proposes six major regional geological events in the active continental-margin mantle uplift zone and discusses the oscillation nature of the evolution of Mesozoic volcanic basins and red basins, origin of erosion in the late stage of red basins and mechanism of volcanism.     

塔里木板块北缘前陆盆地的构造演化及其与油气的关系

循天山地区板块构造作用这主线,系统地讨论塔里木板块北缘前陆盆地和类前陆盆的构造演化,将前陆盆地和类前陆盆和类前陆盆地划分为两个阶段,指出前陆盆地演化具从不稳定向稳定发展的特征。早期前陆盆地以深水复理石建造为主,夹火山岩建造,晚期前陆盆地以磨拉石建造为主。前陆盆地和前陆隆起具横向和纵向上的迁移性,这种特性影响了类前陆盆地的演化和油气分布。     

中国南方显生宙大地构造演化简史

中国南方的构造格架以众多造山带围绕扬子克拉通分布为特征。这些造山带分别形成于古生代(华南造山带)和中—新生代(秦岭-大别山造山带、松潘-甘孜造山带、三江造山带、右江造山带和沿海造山带)。在造山带中散布着保山地块和南海地块等微陆块。本文以扬子克拉通为中心,概述了中国南方显生宙构造古地理演化的主体面貌,并归纳了其对海相烃源岩堆积的制约关系,指出制约和影响中国南方古地理演化的几个主要的构造事件为:新元古代晚期至古生代早期的大陆裂谷和被动大陆边缘形成事件,古生代中期华南造山带形成演化事件,古生代晚期张裂事件,中生代古特提斯洋闭合造山事件,侏罗纪以来的太平洋板块俯冲事件,新生代印度板块与欧亚大陆的碰撞事件等。本文还指出,上述这些事件延续的时间有限,变形强度在空间上也有差异,对于油气成藏和晚期调整的影响也会因时因地而异。具体事物具体分析才能对研究中国南方油气分布规律有所帮助。