Hydrocarbon products of coals as revealed by pyrolysis-gas chromatography

The hydrocarbon products generated and released from coals continue to be debated. The Mesozoic and Cenozoic southern hemisphere coals have been described as being capable of generating significant quantities of heavy hydrocarbons (oil-like material) when compared to the Paleozoic coals of the northern hemisphere because of changes in the coal forming community. This hypothesis was examined by comparing the pyrolysis-gas chromatography results of a collection of coals. Preliminary results indicate that the most significant difference in pyrolytic products is in the less than nC₁₅ fraction. The data further indicate that coals generate similar types of hydrocarbons independent of age or geographic position if they contain similar bulk maceral content. Coals rich in vitrinite generate predominately aromatic hydrocarbons with lesser amounts of n-paraffins. Coals rich in algae and other exinites generate largely paraffinic hydrocarbons. Coals rich in resins generate naphthenic and aromatic hydrocarbons. The petroleum generating potential of coals also depends on the coal's expulsion efficiency, which is not addressed by this study.     

西藏尼玛盆地古近系牛堡组烃源岩地球化学特征

青藏高原中-新生代沉积盆地油气资源评价目前程度相对较差,对有机质来源及热演化过程等了解程度较低。本文以尼玛盆地古近系牛堡组为研究对象,通过对其有机质丰度、有机质类型以及有机质热演化程度的分析,结果显示：尼玛盆地牛堡组泥岩烃源岩有机碳质量分数在0.52%~4.14%,平均1.25%,属中等-很好烃源岩;有机质类型以II1型为主,三件为I型。烃源岩岩石热解峰温Tmax为424~483℃,镜质体反射率Ro为0.72%~0.86%,表明有机质演化达成熟-高成熟阶段。综合数据分析表明尼玛盆地牛堡组烃源岩具有较好的生烃潜力。这对认识尼玛盆地的油气勘探价值,进一步突破在青藏高原陆相第三系盆地寻找油气资源仅在伦坡拉盆地中东部概念的束缚,为整个伦坡拉盆地群开展油气勘探工作提供了很好的指导意义。     

辽西金羊盆地岩浆岩对北票组烃源岩演化影响的初步分析

正盆地中的岩浆活动不仅给盆地沉积物带来巨大能量,还会造成局部地温场、压力场和化学场的变化,这正是有机质生烃演化和油气运移、聚集的控制因素。烃源岩中火山活动模式的建立可以深入探讨烃源岩与火山活动的内在联系,为岩浆岩发育区油气形成和勘探提供更多的地质依据(王民,2010)。     

新疆准噶尔盆地南缘二叠系芦草沟组烃源岩生物标志化合物特征及意义

通过地球化学分析测试技术对准噶尔盆地南缘芦草沟组烃源岩生物标志化合物特征进行研究,探讨其有机质的母质来源、沉积环境、有机质演化程度等方面的信息。芦草沟组烃源岩正构烷烃的轻碳优势和甾烷的C27-29含量关系等参数表明,母质来源主要为藻类等低等水生生物。平均1.0 左右的烃源岩Pr/Ph 值表明,弱氧化-弱还原的沉积环境,平均值为0.15 的伽马蜡烷指数及较高含量的孕甾烷和升孕甾烷表明,沉积环境盐度较高,该沉积环境有利于有机质的富集。对甾烷的C2920S(20S+20R)和C29αββ/(αββ+ααα)值和C31藿烷αβ22S/(22S+22R)值等成熟度参数进行分析表明,研究区烃源岩处于低成熟-成熟阶段。烃源岩有机质中四环萜烷的出现及较小的规则甾烷/17α(H)-藿烷比值等参数表明,烃源岩成岩早期有机质受到一定程度的生物降解作用。     

雪峰山西侧地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组烃源岩特征与油气地质意义

通过对雪峰山西侧地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组烃源岩的系统观测、采样和有机地球化学研究,总结了烃源岩的分布规律、有机质母质类型、烃源岩形成与沉积环境的关系、有机质成熟度等。牛蹄塘组烃源岩具有高有机碳、低氯仿沥青“A”、低生烃潜能的特征,有利烃源岩主要分布在黔北遵义、黔东天柱—城步、渝东南—湘西酉阳—麻阳一带及鄂西咸丰—张家界一带。干酪根镜下鉴定表明,有机质以腐泥组为主(75%~93%),饱和烃/芳烃占0.84%~27%,平均5.77%,牛蹄塘组烃源岩有机质类型为Ⅰ型。干酪根δ13Corg较轻,为-34.99‰~-25.36‰,平均-31.80‰,显示沉积母质以浮游生物及海洋性自养菌为主,部分样品有机质来源以藻类为主,结合Pr/ph分析,烃源岩主要形成于缺氧且通常是超盐度的环境中。沥青反射率为2.23%~4.32%,平均3.45%,等效镜质体反射率为1.84%~3.23%,平均2.43%,表明大部分样品已达到过成熟阶段。     

沉积盆地火山岩油气生储系统分析：以新疆准噶尔盆地乌夏地区早二叠世风城组为例

通过对乌夏地区早二叠世风城组油气生储特征研究,认为该区的火山作用不仅能在近火山口相的流纹质弱熔结角砾凝灰岩中,形成以裂缝气孔为主要组合的油气储集体,而且能使远火山口相白云质凝灰岩和凝灰质白云岩,在有机质丰富的条件下,共同发育为烃原岩;而这种烃源岩由于裂缝系统发育不但构成了源岩型的自生自储的油气藏,而且在横向上还可与同层异相的裂缝气孔型储层构成自生自储油气藏,形成一套一源两相的生储系统（其中的源、藏共一系统勘探意义重要）。应用地化生标、岩石类型和自生矿物等相关资料,对富含火山物质的有机相、火山岩储集类型和储集性能进行了对比和论证。同时,根据大型火山岩油气藏多与近距离的烃源岩关系密切：近源运聚或可自生自储成藏等特点提出：从不同沉积盆地和不同火山机构,总结火山岩油气生储系统分布规律是指导火山岩油气勘探的有利途径。     

渤海湾盆地东营凹陷南坡东段孔二段烃源岩生排烃潜力分析

始新统孔店组是渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷东营凹陷油气勘探向深层转移的重要层系,受演化程度较高的制约,东营凹陷南坡东段孔二段（孔店组二段）烃源岩生排烃潜能存在争议,为探讨东营凹陷深层含油气系统,明确孔二段烃源岩生排烃潜能,笔者等从含油气检测结合烃源岩分析的角度进行讨论。通过孔二段沉积时期古地貌恢复,结合地震剖面,明确了孔二段沉积时期的古地貌,探讨了孔二段烃源岩发育的平面分布特征;通过地化及薄片观察,对孔二段烃源岩有机质丰度、类型和成熟度进行研究,且对高成熟孔二段烃源岩进行原始有机碳含量恢复,结合流体包裹体测试、冷阴极发光、荧光观察等系统分析,判识孔二段烃源岩生排烃潜能。研究认为,孔二段烃源岩展布范围较大,且在沉降中心发育较厚的孔二段烃源岩层;孔二段烃源岩原始有机碳含量较高,有机质来源以高等植物为主,属于Ⅱ1—Ⅲ型有机质,成熟度较高,烃源岩已进入生气阶段,综合评定为中等—较好烃源岩。孔店组主要发生两期油充注和一期天然气充注：第一期油充注发生在沙三段沉积时期;第二期油充注发生在东营组沉积时期;第三期天然气充注发生在平原组沉积时期,结合东营凹陷古近系烃源岩生排烃模拟结果,认为孔店组原油具有孔二段烃源岩的生排烃贡献。通过分析孔二段烃源岩发育特征结合生排烃研究,判识孔二段烃源岩生排烃潜能,为东营凹陷深部含油气系统研究鉴定基础。     

塔里木盆地石炭系烃源岩成熟演化研究

尽管塔里木盆地石炭系富含有机质且已发现其生成的原油,但关于石炭系烃源岩热演化研究却很薄弱。根据基础地质资料、古地温梯度和实测镜质体反射率数据,本文定量模拟了塔里木盆地6口典型井的石炭系烃源岩热演化史和这套烃源岩底界、顶界在二叠纪末期、三叠纪末期、白垩纪末期及现今成熟度的平面分布规律。塔北隆起南部、塔西南坳陷和阿瓦提凹陷在石炭-二叠纪作为沉降中心接受了巨厚的沉积物,造成这些地区石炭系烃源岩底界成熟度在二叠纪末期达到0.9%～1.3%（中-高成熟）,顶界为0.5%～0.9%（低-中成熟）,成为有利生油区。中生代时期,塔里木盆地中、东部长期处于沉降状态,石炭系烃源岩处于成熟演化阶段。白垩纪末期,塔中低凸起和满加尔凹陷的石炭系底界成熟度为0.7%～0.9%（中成熟）,顶界为0.5%～0.7%（低成熟）,而塘古孜巴斯坳陷底界成熟度为0.9%～1.1%（中-高成熟）,顶界为0.7%～0.9%（中成熟）。受羌塘地体、拉萨地体、印度板块分别与欧亚板块南缘碰撞远程效应的影响,塔西南坳陷和巴楚隆起在中生代一直处于隆升剥蚀状态,烃源岩热演化进入停滞状态。新生代以来,塔西南坳陷和阿瓦提凹陷演化为前陆盆地,再次接受了巨厚沉积物,致使石炭系烃源岩快速成熟演化,底-顶界成熟度现今已超过2.0%,进入干气阶段。满加尔凹陷石炭系烃源岩自石炭纪至今一直处于成熟演化阶段,现今达到最大,为0.8%～1.0%。另外,热史研究表明塔西南坳陷和阿瓦提凹陷石炭系烃源岩具有二次生烃潜力。本研究不仅丰富了塔里木盆地石炭系烃源岩热史研究成果,而且对油气勘探与开发具有重要的指导意义。     

川中地区上三叠统须家河组气源分析

通过对川中与川西北主要气田的天然气组分、天然气运移指标等资料的详细分析,发现川中地区须家河组天然气主要来自内部的次级生烃洼陷,其中须家河组二、四、六段气源分别为一、三、五段烃源岩,且不同含气层段之间很少有气源窜通的现象。最后指出即使生气强度小于20×108m3/km2,但只要紧邻生气洼陷,储层物性就相对较好,又有良好的构造背景,也能形成大中型气田。     

Evaluation of the petroleum composition and quality with increasing thermal maturity as simulated by hydrous pyrolysis: A case study using a Brazilian source rock with Type I kerogen

Hydrous pyrolysis (HP) experiments were used to investigate the petroleum composition and quality of petroleum generated from a Brazilian lacustrine source rock containing Type I kerogen with increasing thermal maturity. The tested sample was of Aptian age from the Araripe Basin (NE-Brazil). The temperatures (280–360 °C) and times (12–132 h) employed in the experiments simulated petroleum generation and expulsion (i.e., oil window) prior to secondary gas generation from the cracking of oil. Results show that similar to other oil prone source rocks, kerogen initially decomposes in part to a polar rich bitumen, which decomposes in part to hydrocarbon rich oil. These two overall reactions overlap with one another and have been recognized in oil shale retorting and natural petroleum generation. During bitumen decomposition to oil, some of the bitumen is converted to pyrobitumen, which results in an increase in the apparent kerogen (i.e., insoluble carbon) content with increasing maturation.The petroleum composition and its quality (i.e., API gravity, gas/oil ratio, C₁₅₊ fractions, alkane distribution, and sulfur content) are affected by thermal maturation within the oil window. API gravity, C₁₅₊ fractions and gas/oil ratios generated by HP are similar to those of natural petroleum considered to be sourced from similar Brazilian lacustrine source rocks with Type I kerogen of Lower Cretaceous age. API gravity of the HP expelled oils shows a complex relationship with increasing thermal maturation that is most influenced by the expulsion of asphaltenes. C₁₅₊ fractions (i.e., saturates, aromatics, resins and asphaltenes) show that expelled oils and bitumen are compositionally separate organic phases with no overlap in composition. Gas/oil ratios (GOR) initially decrease from 508–131 m³/m³ during bitumen generation and remain essentially constant (81–84 m³/m³) to the end of oil generation. This constancy in GOR is different from the continuous increase through the oil window observed in anhydrous pyrolysis experiments. Alkane distributions of the HP expelled oils are similar to those of natural crude oils considered to be sourced from similar Brazilian lacustrine source rocks with Type I kerogen of Lower Cretaceous age. Isoprenoid and n-alkane ratios (i.e., pristane/n-C₁₇ and phytane/n-C₁₈) decrease with increasing thermal maturity as observed in natural crude oils. Pristane/phytane ratios remain constant with increasing thermal maturity through the oil window, with ratios being slightly higher in the expelled oils relative to those in the bitumen. Generated hydrocarbon gases are similar to natural gases associated with crude oils considered to be sourced from similar Brazilian lacustrine source rocks with Type I kerogen of Lower Cretaceous, with the exception of elevated ethane contents. The general overall agreement in composition of natural and hydrous pyrolysis petroleum of lacustrine source rocks observed in this study supports the utility of HP to better characterize petroleum systems and the effects of maturation and expulsion on petroleum composition and quality.     

Organic matter maturation under the influence of a deep intrusive heat source: A natural experiment for quantitation of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion from a petroleum source rock (Toarcian shale, northern Germany)

Four shallow boreholes were drilled in the Hils syncline, northern Germany, in order to determine quantitatively the amount of hydrocarbons generated and expelled during maturation of a typical kerogen-type-II-bearing source rock. The holes penetrated the carbonceous Lias shales (Posidonia shale, Lower Toarcian) and part of the adjacent Dogger α and Lias δ mudstones. The maturity of the organic matter in the cores recovered ranges from immature (0.48% R̄₀) to overmature 1.45% R̄₀) due to location of the Hils syncline in the vicinity of the Vlotho Massif, which is deep-seated intrusive body. Facies variations of the Lias within the short geographical distances in the study area are negligible.Organic matter mass balance calculations were based on detailed organic geochemical analyses of residual material in the Lias shales (kerogen, bitumen etc.) and on the evidence of a uniform initial composition of these sediments in the study area. Dead carbon determinations supported this latter criterion but were not used as a parameter in the calculations.About 50% of the initial kerogen was transformed into oil, gas and inorganic compounds during the vitrinite reflectance increase from 0.48 to 0.88% R̄_o and only marginally more during the maturity increase from 0.88 to 1.45% R̄_o. Only a small portion of the generated material remained in the source rock even at a relatively early stage of generation (0.68% R̄_o). Expulsion efficiency of oil plus gas reached a value of 86% at the end of the main generation stage (0.88% R̄_o).     

鄂尔多斯盆地延长组长7段富铀烃源岩的铀赋存状态与富集机理

鄂尔多斯盆地晚三叠世延长组长7段是一套深湖相富铀烃源岩,岩石富含草莓状黄铁矿、有机质纹层、胶磷矿等.本文通过电子探针、LA-ICPMS、逐级化学提取、α径迹蚀刻等方法研究了长7段烃源岩中铀的赋存状态,发现烃源岩中约50%以上的铀赋存于胶磷矿中,20%以上的铀以吸附形式赋存于有机质中.因此,胶磷矿在铀的富集过程中起了重要作用.岩石地球化学参数表明长7段烃源岩沉积于缺氧环境,频繁的火山喷发活动为长7段富铀烃源岩层提供了丰富的铀源.在缺氧的沉积环境下,成岩作用早期底层水和裂隙水的交换作用使铀从凝灰岩中向长7段黑色页岩中迁移,赋存于胶磷矿和有机质纹层中.总之,缺氧的沉积环境、丰富的铀、高含量的有机质及胶磷矿共同促进了铀在鄂尔多斯盆地上三叠统延长组长7段富铀烃源岩中的形成.     

内蒙古西部额济纳旗雅干地区二叠系埋汗哈达组烃源岩的特征

在对内蒙古额济纳旗雅干地区二叠系埋汗哈达组岩性特征、暗色泥页岩油气地球化学特征研究的基础上,总结了烃源岩的纵向分布特征,以及有机质丰度、干酪根类型和热演化的特征。二叠系埋汗哈达组烃源岩分布层段集中,暗色泥页岩累计厚度达296.9m。总有机碳(TOC)含量平均为0.59%,TOC大于0.3%的样品占92.86%。干酪根类型为Ⅱ—Ⅲ型,Ro平均为1.08%,表明干酪根演化进入成熟阶段。生物标志化合物分析结果显示,Pr/Ph为0.64~0.78,为强还原环境的沉积。综合评价认为,二叠系埋汗哈达组具有较好的生烃条件。     

内蒙古西部额济纳旗雅干地区二叠系埋汗哈达组烃源岩的特征

在对额济纳旗及其邻区石炭系-二叠系的分布特征、岩性特征和沉积环境进行初步研究的基础上,通过对烃源岩展布、有机质丰度和热演化史的研究,结合储、盖务件与保存条件评价,总结了区内石炭系-二叠系油气地质条件.区内残留了厚数千米的上石炭统-上二叠统,岩性组合为碎屑岩+碳酸盐岩+火山岩,反映了裂谷型盆地的沉积特征.广泛发育的浅海陆棚相泥页岩具有较好的生烃条件,以Ⅱ-Ⅲ类干酪根为主,TOC含量中等,R_0一般为0.79%～1.08%,烃源岩演化以成熟为主,部分剖面受构造动力作用的影响达到过成熟.受盆地沉积与演化的控制,区内发育滨岸相砂砾岩、台地斜坡相生物碎屑灰岩、火山碎屑岩(或火山角砾岩)、火山熔岩、风化壳等多种类型的储集层.广泛分布的白垩系为良好的区域盖层,主要成烃期之后的构造作用以坳陷沉降或挤压抬升为主,有利于油气系统的保存.获得了一些与石炭系-二叠系烃源岩有关的油气赋存的信息,显示区内石炭系-二叠系具有良好的油气资源前景.     

内蒙古西部额济纳旗雅干地区二叠系埋汗哈达组烃源岩的特征

在对额济纳旗及其邻区石炭系—二叠系的分布特征、岩性特征和沉积环境进行初步研究的基础上,通过对烃源岩展布、有机质丰度和热演化史的研究,结合储、盖条件与保存条件评价,总结了区内石炭系—二叠系油气地质条件。区内残留了厚数千米的上石炭统—上二叠统,岩性组合为碎屑岩+碳酸盐岩+火山岩,反映了裂谷型盆地的沉积特征。广泛发育的浅海陆棚相泥页岩具有较好的生烃条件,以Ⅱ—Ⅲ类干酪根为主,TOC含量中等,Ro一般为0.79%~1.08%,烃源岩演化以成熟为主,部分剖面受构造动力作用的影响达到过成熟。受盆地沉积与演化的控制,区内发育滨岸相砂砾岩、台地斜坡相生物碎屑灰岩、火山碎屑岩(或火山角砾岩)、火山熔岩、风化壳等多种类型的储集层。广泛分布的白垩系为良好的区域盖层,主要成烃期之后的构造作用以坳陷沉降或挤压抬升为主,有利于油气系统的保存。获得了一些与石炭系—二叠系烃源岩有关的油气赋存的信息,显示区内石炭系—二叠系具有良好的油气资源前景。     

川东南石宝矿区龙潭组页岩气(煤层气)潜力分析 ——以SD1井为例

二叠系龙潭组是四川盆地最主要的海陆过渡相页岩气勘探层位。通过钻井岩芯和薄片观察、X射线衍射、扫描电镜、有机地球化学分析、孔渗测试、现场解吸和等温吸附等手段, 以SD1井为例, 对川东南石宝矿区龙潭组烃源岩特征和页岩气潜力进行研究。结果表明: 1)研究区SD1井龙潭组泥页岩累计厚度约47.74 m, 与煤层及粉-细砂岩交互出现, 主要为分流间湾和沼泽微相沉积; 2)泥页岩总体黏土矿物含量高(平均值为49.7%), 富菱铁矿、黄铁矿和锐钛矿, 缺乏长石和其他碳酸盐矿物; 3)有机质主要由镜质组构成, 干酪根δ13C集中分布在–22.8‰ ~ –24.2‰之间, 以Ⅲ型干酪根为主, 有机质丰度高(TOC平均值为7.37%), 处于过成熟生干气阶段, 生烃潜力大; 4)储集空间主要包括微裂缝、有机质孔、溶蚀孔和晶间孔, 孔隙度变化在3.05%~4.35%之间, 平均值为3.79%; 渗透率约为0.486 μD, 远小于0.1 mD, 具超低孔超低渗特征; 5)现场解吸泥页岩含气量为0.61～4.70 m3/t, 平均值为2.16 m3/t, 含气性相对较好, 饱和吸附气含量均大于2.00 m3/t, 显示出良好的吸附性能。综合研究认为, 川东南石宝矿区龙潭组页岩气开发潜力较大, 龙潭组上段中部C14–C17碳质泥岩夹煤层组合和龙潭组中段上部C20–C24碳质泥岩夹煤层组合为主力勘查层段。     

贵州遵义板桥剖面奥陶系湄潭组黑色页岩沉积环境条件判识及烃源意义*

华南上扬子地区下奥陶统湄潭组是一套厚度较大的泥页岩沉积,黑色页岩十分发育,但对其沉积环境的认识争议较大。文中以贵州遵义板桥剖面为例,通过对黑色页岩及其共生岩石的沉积特征及地球化学特征的综合研究,着重分析湄潭组黑色页岩沉积期的相对水深、沉积水动力条件以及古海水物理化学性质等沉积环境条件。结果表明: (1)板桥剖面湄潭组黑色页岩以颜色暗黑和水平纹理发育良好为显著特征,不产出宏体生物化石,主要以与生屑灰岩或钙质粉砂岩不等厚频繁互层的共生形式产出,说明湄潭组黑色页岩应该不是深水环境的沉积产物,而是在混积台地内低能的浅水泥质潟湖环境中沉积的;(2)与黑色页岩互层的生屑灰岩层段多发育下细上粗的逆粒序结构,顶部可见铁质氧化物,钙质粉砂岩则多发育浪成交错层理和生物钻孔,均呈现出浅水沉积特征;(3)黑色页岩的V/(V+Ni)、Th/U、V/Cr以及Ni/Co的平均值分别为0.71、5.52、1.07和2.04,均指示次氧化—氧化环境;Sr/Ba值介于0.11~2.20之间,平均值为0.55,指示淡水—半咸水环境;(4)生屑灰岩的部分层段可见明显的侵蚀面,镜下可见岩溶发育,同时其REE配分形态趋于水平,∑REE值较高、Y/Ho值较低,具暴露岩溶特征;(5)黑色页岩TOC值介于0.09%~1.05%之间,平均值为0.39%,恢复的原始TOC含量介于0.28%~3.16%之间,平均值为1.25;R_O平均值为2.095,有机质类型主要为腐泥型。综合上述分析结果,认为遵义板桥剖面湄潭组黑色页岩为一套形成于浅水、次氧化-氧化环境的有效烃源岩,高的古生产力是有机质富集的主要原因。研究结果为判识川南地区湄潭组黑色岩系沉积环境和生烃潜力提供有力的证据,也为浅水成因黑色页岩沉积环境条件判识研究提供了一个新的实例。     

Paleoenvironments, organic petrology and Rock-Eval studies on source rock facies of the Lower Maastrichtian Patti Formation, southern Bida Basin, Nigeria

The southern Bida Basin in central Nigeria forms a part of the larger Bida or Middle Niger Basin, which is contiguous with the south east trending (petroliferous) Anambra Basin. These basins were major depocenters for Campanian–Maastrichtian sediments in southern and central Nigeria prior to the build up of the Tertiary Niger delta. The successions in the southern Bida Basin consist of the basal Lokoja Formation, overlain by the Patti Formation and capped by the Agbaja Formation. The Lokoja Formation is a sequence of matrix supported conglomerates and sandstones overlying the Pre-Cambrian to Lower Paleozoic basement. Depositional environments are predominantly within fluvial systems of a continental setting. The Patti Formation consists of dark grey carbonaceous shales; mudstone and siltstones representing flood plains to shallow marine deposits with likely organic rich intervals. The overlying Agbaja Formation is made up of ferruginised oolitic and kaolinitic mudstone of a marginal marine environment. Twenty samples of shales of the Patti Formation were studied by incident light microscopy and geochemical analysis to determine the maceral components, geochemical type and potential yield of the pyrolysate. Maceral analysis indicate a large abundance of vitrinite (50–85%; mean = 66%); moderate abundance of liptinites (10–33%; mean = 18%) and lesser amounts of inertinite (9–40%; mean = 16%). Total organic carbon (TOC) values vary from 0.17 to 3.8 wt.% (mean = 2.1 wt.%) with most samples having greater than 2 wt.% TOC. Three of the samples yield greater than 2 kg_(HC)/ton of rock suggesting a fair source rock potential. Most of the samples are thermally immature to marginally mature with vitrinite reflectance ranging from 0.4 to 0.6% R_om and T_max values of 407–426 °C. Given the prevalence of the humic Type III kerogen, maturity and hydrocarbon potential yields, we conclude that the Patti Formation source rock facies have moderate to fair potential for gaseous hydrocarbons which have not yet been generated at the present day outcrop levels but could be important gas source where buried down-dip.     

贵州省二叠纪岩层崩塌（危岩）发育特征及其诱因分析

崩塌（危岩）是贵州地质灾害中主要灾种之一。本文利用重大地质灾害详细调查数据,研究发现贵州广泛分布的二叠系地层中,崩塌主要以倾倒式、规模为小型的地质灾害点为主;碳酸盐岩产生的崩塌众多,而溶蚀裂隙发育的栖霞组一茅口组中崩塌最发育。同时,崩塌点主要分布在贵州西北部及北部;就形成原因而言,作者认为卸荷裂隙与溶蚀裂隙的发育、陡峻的地貌形态、气侯条件和地震等都是造成崩塌发育的关键因子。     

准噶尔盆地沙湾凹陷二叠系下乌尔禾组烃源岩类型与热演化研究

沙湾凹陷下组合油气资源丰富,下乌尔禾组烃源岩被证实是凹陷内主要的油气来源。然而,由于烃源岩埋深较大、勘探程度低,烃源岩类型、热演化以及生烃史尚不清楚,制约了下组合油气成藏规律的认识。本研究基于烃源岩地球化学参数,认识下乌尔禾组烃源岩基本特征,利用盆地模拟恢复烃源岩热演化以及生烃演化史,在此基础上对油气成藏过程进行分析。结果表明：沙湾凹陷下乌尔禾组烃源岩有机质类型以Ⅱ型为主,平均有机碳含量（TOC）为0.82%,生烃潜量（S₁+S₂）为5.32 mg/g,为中等烃源岩,平均成熟度（R_o）为1.27%,处于成熟—高成熟阶段。热演化模拟显示下乌尔禾组烃源岩于晚三叠世晚期进入生烃门限（R_o=0.5%）,晚侏罗世—晚白垩世达到生油高峰（R_o=1.0%）。白垩纪末期,有机质热演化进入了高成熟演化阶段（R_o＞1.3%）。沙湾凹陷超深层储层经历多期油气充注,油气的多期混合以及断层活动的不均一性造成不同层位多种相态油气藏共存。研究认识为准噶尔盆地超深层油气成藏过程和机理研究奠定了坚实的基础。