东亚冷空气爆发后陆地变性的物理过程研究

本文对1981年不同月份8次东亚冷空气活动的陆地变性过程进行了分析。首先,用相似理论方法,直接计算了地面的感热和潜热的湍流交换及拖曳系数,又利用收支法和物理参数化方法计算了视热源视水汽汇的收支以及长短波辐射的加热和冷却作用。发现南下冷空气一经离开源地就开始了明显的变性过程。在冬季,变性强度随冷性气团向东南移动而逐渐增强,到达海上时变性最剧烈;在夏季,温湿变性最大区出现在我国北方,并且在陆上的变性强度比冬季要强得多。     

Build-up,air mass transformation and propagation of Siberian high and its relations to cold surge in East Asia

Summary The present paper discusses the build-up, the air mass transformation and the propagation of the Siberian high as well as its relations to the development of cold surges in East Asia. It has been found that (1) the genesis and development of the Siberian high result from the combined effects of the mass convergence at middle and upper-level and the radiative cooling; (2) the apparent transformation of the Siberian high over land is observed in winter, which is caused by the upward sensible heat and latent heat flux from the underlying surface; (3) the Siberian high and its attendant cold air outbreaks usually undergo a marked low-frequency, southward propagation with the period of 10–20 days; (4) activity of cold surge over the East China Sea and the South China Sea is closely related to the intensity of the Siberian high. The active cold surge occurs when the Siberian high is usually strong.With 12 Figures     

THE ROLE OF COLD AIR AND CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER VAPOR IN BOTH TCS NANMADOL (0428) AND IRMA (7427) MAKING LANDFALL ON CHINA IN WINTERTIME

The NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data are used to investigate the role of cold air and moisture characteristics during the evolution of two cases of tropical cyclones (Nanmadol and Irma) which made landfall on China in wintertime. The results are shown as follows. (1) The East Asia trough steered the cold air into the tropical ocean in early winter. The tropical cyclones moved in opposite directions with a high moving out to sea and the enhancement of the pressure gradient at the periphery played a role in maintaining and strengthening the intensity of the storms. The intrusion of weak cold air into the low levels of the tropical cyclones strengthened them by improving the cyclonic disturbance when they were still over the warm sea surface. When the cold air was strong enough and intruded into the eyes, the warm cores were damaged and stuffed before dissipation. (2) The tropical cyclones were formed in a convergence zone of moisture flux and their development could enhance the disturbance of water vapor convergence, thus strengthening the moisture convergence zone. However, when they were outside the moisture zone, the storms could not gain sufficient water vapor and became weak. There were no belts of strong moisture transportation during the wintertime tropical cyclone processes.     

华南西南季风活跃期间大气热量和动量的收支

本文讨论了西南季风活跃期华南区域平均对流层运动学特征和热量水汽,动量的收支。计算表明,我国西南季风活跃期对流层特征既不同于冷空气活动期也不同南海季风活跃期。此时华南整层对流层处反气旋流场中,无辐散层位于700毫巴,下层辐散上层辐合。西南季风层为下沉运动,上层为上升运动。热量收支表明,季风层为视热汇和视水汽源,东风层为视热源。切变层以上水汽源汇数值很小,不起明显作用。水热源汇主要由垂直运动造成。动量收支表明,在季风层动量基本上是准平衡的,只有在对流层上层和近地面层有动量盈亏,动量收支主要来自地转偏差。最后,我们简单讨论了次网格尺度涡旋对水热平衡的贡献,认为西南季风期垂直涡旋输送十分活跃,其输送水热的作用超过气团变性过程所起的作用。      

NUMERICAL STUDY OF COLD AIR IMPACT ON RAINFALL REINFORCEMENT ASSOCIATED WITH TROPICAL CYCLONE TALIM (2005): I. IMPACT OF DIFFERENT COLD AIR INTENSITY

In 2005,significant rainfall reinforcement and severe disaster was induced by tropical cyclone(TC) Talim after it made landfall on the east of China.Observational analyses show that it has relationship with cold air intrusion.For investigating the impact of cold air intensity,we make use of Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) model,the synthesizer of NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data and Japan regional spectral model data,to carry out numerical experiments.Results show that rainfall reinforcement occurs in all experiments.Different intensity of cold air can modify the rainfall distribution and intensity significantly.In the rainfall center,the increment maximum of rainfall is twice as large as that of the minimum.Moderate cold air intrusion may result in the strongest rainfall reinforcement.Different cold air intensity can lead to different motion of low-level convergence lines and fronts.There is a good relationship between the rainfall region and the eastern part of the front.On one hand,strong cold air weakens the TC intensity by its intrusion into the TC center and results in weak convergence and a convergent zone and a rain band shifted southward.On the other hand,weak cold air reduces the convergence and moves the convergent zone and rain band northward.Moderate cold air intrusion maintains strong low-level convergence and high-level divergence,keeping strong upward motion over certain regions.Consequently,the rain band begins to stagnate and rainfall reinforces abruptly therein.     

冬季登陆我国的0428和7427号台风过程的冷空气作用和水汽特征

应用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对冬季登陆我国的0428和7427号台风过程的冷空气作用和水汽特征进行了研究,结果表明：在初冬季节,东亚大槽引导的冷空气可以到达热带洋面的台风外围;台风与出海高压相向而行, 外围气压梯度增强对台风强度的加强和维持起作用;弱冷空气在低层侵入仍在温暖海面上的台风,气旋扰动加强使台风加强;当强冷空气侵入台风中心中层时会破坏其暖心结构,使其填塞消亡。台风生成于水汽通量辐合带内,其生成和发展引起水汽汇合的扰动,加强水汽的辐合,使水汽辐合带加强;一旦台风脱离水汽辐合带后,不能继续获取大量水汽,则会逐渐减弱消亡;冬季台风过程没有强的水汽输送带。     

一次东亚寒潮爆发后冷涌发展的研究

分析了１９８１年１月２１—２８日一次东亚强寒潮爆发后南海和西太平洋地区冷涌的发展过程。冷涌的发展最先表现为低层强东北风沿东亚沿海地区和南海中北部的迅速建立。２—３ｄ之后，又在菲律宾以东洋面激起第二次冷涌。与冷涌相伴随的低层温度场变化也十分明显，同样具有先后两次降温过程。冷涌期高空风场表现有明显的脉动，南海北部高空西风迅速减弱，而在南海近赤道地区出现了很强的高空东风区。冷涌的发展与寒潮冷高压的南下有密切关系，它的强度在很大程度上取决于中纬度冷高压的强度。另一方面，冷涌发展后，通过Ｈａｄｌｅｙ环流可影响中纬西风急流和热带东风急流的变化。     

DIAGNOSTIC ANALYSIS OF THE RE-INTENSIFICATION OF HIGOS IN SOUTHERN CHINA AFTER LANDFALL

The NCEP Global Data Assimilation System analysis of grid data, satellite products of Naval Research Laboratory, conventional meteorological data and observations of automatic weather stations in Guangdong province were used together with environmental conditions, atmospheric circulation, and physical characteristics to diagnose the cause and mechanism of the intensification of tropical cyclone Higos in Southern China. The results showed that favorable environmental conditions of high temperature, humidity of the underlying surface, strong upper divergence, weak vertical wind shear, and the persistence of a southwest jet stream beside the southern Higos were the necessary ingredients that contributed to the maintenance of intensity and re-intensification of Higos. The sinking intrusion of cold air from the lower troposphere was the critical condition for its intensification over land. The frontal genesis caused by weak cold air increased the lower tropospheric convergence and updraft, and the condensation latent heat released by heavy rains promoted convergence. From this positive feedback process, Higos obtained an increasing of positive vorticity and re-intensified over land. The re-intensification was due not only to the build-up of wind and the reduction of pressure but also to the simultaneous warm-up of its warm core.     

PROCESS OF TRANSITION BETWEEN COLD AND WARM PERIODS AND ITS PREDICTION

The oscillation of multi-time scales and the process of transition between cold and warm periods over most parts of China and its 6 regions (the Northeast,North China,Changjiang River Valley,South China,the Southwest,the Northwest) were analyzed with wavelet transformation and by computing the variances of the wavelet components for the temperature grade series during January 1911 to February 2001,The prediction model for cold and warm periods has been developed and the trend of cold and warm change in the coming 10 years is predicted.The results show that the oscillation with periods of around 30-40 years was the strongest in the last 100 years and the 3-year oscillation in both winter and summer was also stronger,especially in winter.The transition time of cold and warm periods in terms of winter mean did not coincide with that of annual mean,but the difference between summer mean and annual mean is less.The processes of transition of 6 regions are somewhat different,their main characteristics are that the beginning year of significant warming for 1980s to 1990s was very different for the southern and the northern part of China.It is found that the stronger oscillation with 3-year period causes cooling in Northeast China in recent several winters.The experimental predictions show that the models used in the paper can project the major transition between high and low temperature periods.     

冷锋前浙江大范围冰雹天气的发生条件

本文选取了7个实例,分析冷锋前浙江大范围冰雹天气的发生条件。大范围冰雹天气发生前,必须具有较大的位势不稳定能和较强的边界层辐合。强的风速垂直切变并不是必要条件。冰雹天气发生前6—12小时,对流层中、下部不一定有大尺度辐合上升。冰雹发生之前,边界层内暖湿空气十分强盛,而中层的冷干空气活动一般并不明显。因此不稳定能的形成主要是由于边界层内暖湿平流的结果。冰雹天气过程的水汽通量散度,与一般暴雨过程不同,前者的水汽辐合几乎全部集中在边界层内。冷锋位置、边界层辐合线、潜在不稳定度和对流不稳定度这四个因子相结合,可能是预报冷锋前有无大范围冰雹天气发生的有效信息。     

河套地区春季扬沙天气影响因子的初步研究

通过对河套地区扬沙日数、冷空气活动及固定地段土壤湿度的研究 ,探讨了冷空气活动和土壤湿度对河套地区春季扬沙天气频次的影响。结果表明 ,春季大范围的冷空气活动提供了重要的扰动能量 ;同时 ,强冷空气活动较大的风速 ,为扬沙天气的出现提供了动力条件 ;土壤湿度偏小、土壤干燥疏松也是河套地区扬沙频繁发生的重要原因     

CORRELATION BETWEEN PEAK INTENSITY OF EXTREME AFTERNOON SHORT-DURATION RAINFALL AND HUMIDITY AND SURFACE AIR TEMPERATURE IN SOUTHEAST COAST OF CHINA

Using hourly rainfall intensity, daily surface air temperature, humidity and low-level dew point depressions at 55 stations in the southeast coast of China, and sea surface temperature from reanalysis in the coastal region, this paper analyzes the connection between peak intensity of extreme afternoon short-duration rainfall (EASR) and humidity as well as surface air temperature. The dependency of extreme peak intensity of EASR on temperature has a significant transition. When daily highest surface temperature is below (above) 29°C, the peak rainfall intensity shows an ascending (descending) tendency with rising temperature. Having investigated the role of moisture condition in the variation of EASR and temperature, this paper discovered that the decrease of peak rainfall intensity with temperature rising is connected with the variation of relative humidity. At higher temperatures, the land surface relative humidity decreases dramatically as temperature further increases. During this process, the sea surface temperature maintains basically unchanged, resulting in indistinct variations of water vapor content at seas. As water vapor over land is mainly contributed by the quantitative moisture transport from adjacent seas, the decline of relative humidity over land will be consequently caused by the further rise of surface air temperature.     

中国冬季地面气温10～30d低频变化及其与乌拉尔山环流的关系

基于国家气象信息中心冬季(12月—次年2月)逐日气温和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,采用非滤波方法提取10~30 d低频成分,分析了1979—2011年中国低频气温及与之关联的大气环流特征,着重讨论了乌拉尔山环流对中国冬季地面低频气温的影响。结果表明:1)全国气温第一模态呈现全国大部偏冷(暖)的空间分布型;典型年气温10~30 d低频方差贡献率占30%以上。2)北大西洋到极地、乌拉尔山及贝加尔湖地区环流异常与中国冬季气温异常显著相关。当极涡偏弱或北大西洋涛动(North Atlantic Oscillation,NAO)正异常,乌拉尔山地区高压脊偏强时,有利于地面贝加尔湖附近的冷高压加强,使中国冬季气温偏冷;反之亦然。3)中国冬季低频气温与乌拉尔山环流密切相关,且当乌拉尔山环流异常超前约15 d时,两者相关关系最好。即乌拉尔山高度场的加强有利于乌拉尔山高压脊及西伯利亚高压加强,对应东亚冬季风加强,导致中国冬季气温偏低。     

秋季北极海冰对中国冬季气温的影响

利用海冰资料、中国地面气候资料、环流特征量资料及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,研究了秋季北极海冰变化对中国冬季平均气温、日气温变率以及异常低温天气的影响。分析结果表明,秋季北极海冰异常偏多年中国冬季常为暖冬;异常偏少年中国冬季常为冷冬,且异常低温天气出现频率更高,常发生低温灾害事件。秋季北极海冰通过影响后期的北半球极涡、东亚冬季风和西伯利亚高压进而影响中国冬季的平均气温,且通过影响冬季异常强西伯利亚高压的出现频次,影响中国冬季异常低温天气的发生频次。合成分析结果表明,秋季北极海冰异常偏少年的冬季,中国以北亚欧大陆高纬度的偏北风较强,且中国及其以北的中高纬度地区空气异常偏冷,导致极地和高纬度的冷空气易向南爆发,造成中国冬季气温偏低,异常低温天气频发。     

2004年南海夏季风的爆发及中南半岛陆面-过程的可能影响Ⅱ： 数值试验

在对南海夏季风的爆发及中南半岛陆面过程的可能影响进行了诊断分析的基础上,应用MM5/NOAHLSM模式,研究了中南半岛陆气相互作用对2004年南海夏季风爆发过程的可能影响。结果发现:在南海夏季风爆发前,中南半岛南海地区低层气温差确实出现低值,甚至负值;尽管短期内中南半岛土壤湿度和降水的变化没有引起季风爆发日期的改变,但对季风爆发的强度有影响。土壤湿度和降水变化引起的干异常可导致地表感热通量的增大和地表温度的升高,致使中南半岛与南海之间低层的温差异常(负温差)减小,季风爆发强度减弱;不同的是,湿异常可引起季风爆发强度增强。这一结果说明,在南海夏季风爆发前期,中南半岛上空对流活动和降水异常及其引起的土壤湿度的异常变化在一定程度上会影响到季风爆发的过程。文章还比较了不同温湿地表条件下低层大气状态的差异和地表能量、水分平衡过程的不同,分析了陆气相互作用对季风活动产生影响的物理机制。     

在一种寒潮情况下的水平温度场及冷锋构造

本文选择了一次大气物理过程比较简单的寒潮作为例子,讨论其温度场及冷锋的构造。事实看出,寒潮前沿的冷锋,在黄河流域时与在华南时,构造是不同的。本文对于锋的构造的改变进行了初步的讨论。再者,寒潮末期的高空温度场改变很大,作者试用锋生公式计算,结果指出,温度平流值的变化起着主导作用。     

冷空气引起的飞船主着陆场区偏北大风的特征分析及预报

分析了飞船主着陆场区1981—1999年1—4月和9—12月因冷空气而产生的偏北大风的过程中气候概况及其天气特征。通过分析发现:主着陆场区因冷空气引起的偏北大风以春季最频繁,秋、冬季最稀少;一天当中偏北大风以午后出现频率最大,午夜出现频率最少;对于不同季节的气压和温度,春、秋两季变化剧烈,冬季相对较小;在大风出现前24小时,主着陆场区的欧亚中高纬度大气环流以两槽一脊型、一槽一脊型、贝湖低压型为主;冷空气入侵前24小时,欧亚天气图上主着陆场区上游低层850hPa中高纬度有明显的冷中心,地面图场区上游冷高压中心的分布主要有3个区域:贝加尔湖西南至新疆、贝加尔湖到内蒙中北部、贝加尔湖西北部。大风前24小时在35～45°N、100～115°E等压线密集,等压线一般都在4根以上。     

西北干旱地区大气中水汽的平均输送

本文利用探空资料对西北干旱地区的水汽输送进行了分析，结果表明：（１）平均而言，该地区最大水汽输送高度在６００－７００ｈＰａ，但由于局地的影响，有些地方在近地面；（２）该区域夏季水汽输送量是冬季的两倍；（３）该区域的损失水量是由流入该流域的地表径流蒸发补给的。     

利用GLDAS资料分析黄土高原半干旱区土壤湿度对气候变化的响应

利用GLDAS资料分析了1948~2010年黄土高原半干旱区气温、降水和土壤湿度的变化趋势,并重点讨论了气温和降水对土壤湿度的影响和相对贡献。结果表明:近60 a来黄土高原半干旱区整体呈现暖干化趋势,增温速率明显高于全球平均增温速率;不同深度的土壤湿度的长期变化均呈减小趋势,且年际间变化明显。不同深度的土壤湿度和气温呈负相关关系,并随着土壤加深,两者的相关性加强;土壤湿度和降水则呈正相关关系,相关关系最大出现在表层土壤。通过分析气温和降水在不同季节对土壤湿度的相对贡献发现,春季和冬季气温对土壤湿度的相对贡献较降水显著,秋季恰好相反,夏季气温和降水对土壤湿度的相对贡献大小相当。对比不同深度层降水、气温对土壤湿度的相对贡献得出,降水对浅层土壤湿度有显著作用,而气温对深层土壤湿度的作用更明显。     

春季华南在冷空气垫上空南支西风中低压槽东移时的天气过程分析

春季,冷空气进入华南以后,青藏高原以东往往在低空出现一层较薄的冷空气垫。在高空平直的西风环流下,沿南支西风急流带,有低压槽在冷空气垫之上东移,地面高气压区域中常有低压槽和锋生出现。本文查考了1958—1962年3—5月华南地区这类天气过程,并讨论了这类天气形势下的降水和雷暴的短期预报。