北京天文台兴隆观测站夜天光光谱证认

介绍了夜天光光谱的观测方法,给出了北京天台兴隆观测站５３０ｎｍ－８２０ｎｍ的夜天光发射光谱,并对它们进行了证认,测定了大气辉光线的夜变化;在光谱中城市灯光线Ｎａｌ和Ｈｇｌ均较弱,表明兴隆站目前的光污染尚不严重。     

兴隆80cm TNT望远镜测光性能的研究

对兴隆80cm TNT望远镜CCD系统进行了测试和研究.观测了大批Landolt标准星定出了UBVRI宽带滤光片的星等系统转换关系,重点讨论了白光与R滤光片之间的关系,结果表明该系统与标准Johnson系统很接近,白光与R滤光片之间也比较接近.同时测定了兴隆站的夜天光.     

兴隆85cm望远镜的夜天光平场及Fringing效应

北京师范大学参与共建的85 cm光学望远镜是中国科学院国家天文台兴隆观测站的主力观测设备之一.利用该望远镜在2019年5月12日的非常规观测数据,构建了其在B、V、 R、 I 4个波段的夜天光平场,并与相应的天光平场进行了比较.发现天光平场改正的典型误差在0.5%左右,全视场最大可达1.5%–2.0%.同时,还构建了I波段夜天光背景的Fringing模型,并开放给该望远镜用户使用.     

二、夜天光

本文依次叙述:夜天光明亮谱線的光谱光度的测量和光电的测量的比较、年變与日變、发射这些谱線的氣層的高度,皆根据最近的结果论述。     

仙王座β型变星ν Eri的测光,分光观测及脉动模式的分析

本文给出了１９９１年１１月在北京天文台兴隆观测站对仙王座β型变星ν Ｅｒｉ进行的ｂ，ｙ波段光电测光结果，及１９９１年１２月在云南天文台观测获得的高分辨、大色散的ＳｉＩＩＩ线附近区的ＣＣＤ光谱，根据光变的多重周期分析结果，计算和分析了ν Ｅｒｉ的理论脉动模式，并以高分辨的ＳｉＩＩＩ线轮廓为例，分析了该星的谱线轮廓变化并计算了谱线的半宽，等值宽度以及视向速度。     

弱发射线T Tauri型星的高色散光谱观测

应用国家天文台兴隆观测基地2.16 m望远镜及其高色散光谱仪,对6颗弱发射线T Tauri型星(Weak-line T Tauri Stars,简称WTTS)进行了高色散光谱观测,计算了这些弱发射线T Tauri型星的锂元素丰度,讨论了这些弱发射线TTauri型星锂丰度和恒星自转周期、光变幅度的关系,研究发现:自转较快的弱发射线T Tauri型星锂丰度小于自转较慢的弱发射线T Tauri型星锂丰度;但是这些弱发射线TTauri型星,其锂丰度与恒星在V波段的光变幅度并没有明显的相关性.     

1975年天鹅座新星

1975年8月30日晚上,我国许多天文爱好者和北京天文台兴隆站独立发现了这颗新星.从8月30日北京天文台所拍底片估计该新星的坐标为赤经21~h10~m,赤纬 48°.0(1950.0).自8月31日起,北京天文台用90厘米折反射式镜的光栅摄谱仪对它进行了系统的光谱观测.8月31日所拍色散50(?)/mm 的光谱中呈现强而宽的氢巴尔末发射线、星际 NaI 的 D 和 CaII 的 H 和 K 的锐吸收线,红区连续谱很强.由 H_β粗略估算壳层膨胀速     

丽江高美古的夜天光亮度

１９９６年１月～１９９８年３月,我们用光电方法测定了丽江高美古在Ｂ、Ｖ两个波段的夜天光亮度。为便于比较,在１９９６年１月还测定了云南天文台凤凰山台址的夜天光亮度。本文给出了观测结果,同时也列出了世界上一些天文台站的数据以供参考。     

丽江高美古的夜天光亮度

１９９６年１月￣１９９８年３月,我们用光电方法测定了丽江高美古在Ｂ、Ｖ两个波段的夜天光亮度。为便于比较,在１９９６年１月还测定了云南天文台凤凰山台址的夜天光亮度。本文给出了观测结果,同时出列出了世界上一些天文台站的数据以供参考。     

中等贫金属星高分辨率光谱分析 I.光谱数据与等值宽度

利用北京天文台兴隆观测基地2.16米望远镜的折轴阶梯光栅摄谱仪，获得了一批中等贫金属星的高分辨率，高信噪比光谱，通过MIDAS软件包对其中7颗中等贫金属星进行了光谱处理，得到了它们的等值宽度，最后给出院 样本恒星的等值宽度及误差分析。     

光谱波长位置的确定

波长位置在光谱工作中至关重要。本文讨论和介绍了利用恒星光谱谱线、夜天光谱线、大气吸收线及摄谱仪标准谱灯谱线确定波长位置的方法。     

Criticism of reconnection models of the magnetosphere

Reconnection involves singular lines called X-lines on the day and night sides of the magnetosphere, and the reconnection rate is proportional to the component of the electric field along the X-line. Although there is some indirect support for this model, nevertheless direct support is totally lacking. However, there are two distinct pieces of clearly contradictory observational evidence on the dayside. First is the failure to account for the implied energy dissipation by the magnetopause current, over 10¹¹ W, which should be easily observable as heating or enhanced flow of the plasma near the magnetopause. In marked contrast to this prediction, HEOS-2 satellite data reveal a plasma with decreased energy density and reduced flow. Second, the boundary of closed magnetic field lines is in the wrong location. In the reconnection process the plasma outflow would cut across open field lines toward higher latitudes; there should be a band of open field lines equatorward of the cleft. Observations of trapped energetic particles indicate closed field lines within the entry layer and cleft. Either one of these pieces of evidence is sufficient by itself to require drastic revision, even rejection, of the reconnection model. There is also contradictory evidence on the night side. The last closed field line capable of trapping energetic particles is poleward of auroral arcs. The implication is that the X-line is at the distant magnetopause, and not in the plasma sheet. Consequently, even if the reconnection process were operative at the nightside X-line, it would be isolated from steady state plasma sheet and auroral processes. On the other hand, substorm phenomena, in which stored magnetic energy is converted into particle kinetic energy, necessarily involve an induced electric field; that is excluded in theories of the reconnection process in which it is assumed that curl E = 0. Nevertheless, the observed easy access of energetic solar flare particles to the polar caps, and especially the preservation of interplanetary anisotropies as differences between the two polar caps, argues strongly for an open magnetosphere, with interconnection between geomagnetic and inter-planetary magnetic field lines. It is suggested that the resolution of this apparent paradox involves electric fields parallel to the magnetic field lines somewhere on the dawn and dusk sides of the magnetosphere, with an equipotential dayside magnetopause.     

Spiral structure in IP Pegasi: how persistent is it?

We present spectroscopy of the dwarf nova IP Pegasi taken during two consecutive nights, 5 and 6 d after the start of an outburst. Even this late in the outburst, Doppler maps show marked spiral structure in the accretion disc, at least as strongly as seen earlier in other outbursts of IP Peg. The spiral shocks are present on both nights with no diminution in strength from one night to the next. The light curves of the lines show an offset to earlier phases, with the mid-eclipse of the emission lines displaced to phases between −0.015±0.001 and −0.045±0.009. This cannot be explained by the presence of the accretion shocks. As well as the fixed spiral pattern, the disc shows strong flaring in the Balmer and He  ii   λ 4686-Å lines. Irradiation-induced emission is seen from the companion star in the Balmer, He  i , He  ii , Mg  ii , C  ii , and other lines. The emission is located near the poles of the companion star, suggesting that the accretion disc shields the companion star substantially and thus has an effective H R of order 0.2 at extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) wavelengths. The Balmer emission is distinctly broader than the other lines, consistent with non-Doppler broadening.     

Simulation of cometary magnetic tails

In order to simulate a cometary tail in a laboratory the flow of hydrogen collisionless supersonic plasma with the magnetic field frozen in was used. The wax ball served as a model of the cometary nucleus. The experimental conditions met the principle of limiting simulation. Field lines enveloped the nucleus at the day side and stretched along the flow at the night side. Tension of field lines in the magnetic tail provided the acceleration of ionized products of wax evaporation up to about 10⁶ cm s^–1. The control experiments showed that the magnetic tail is caused by currents due to the Lorentz electric field.     

Topology of induced lunar magnetic fields

Using the asymmetric theory of lunar induction derived by Schubertet al. (1973a), we have obtained the total and induced magnetic field line structure within the Moon and the diamagnetic cavity. Total field distributions are shown for orientations of the oscillating interplanetary field parallel, perpendicular and at 45° to the cavity axis. Induced field lines are shown only for the orientations of the interplanetary field parallel and orthogonal to the cavity axis. When compared with the field lines derived using the long wavelength limit of spherically symmetric vacuum induction theory, the configurations obtained using the asymmetric theory exhibit significant distortion. For all orientations of the interplanetary field, the field lines are strongly compressed on the sunlit hemisphere because of the confining solar wind pressure at the lunar surface and the exclusion of the field by the lunar core. Field line compression is also observed in the antisolar region in agreement with the experimental observations of Schubertet al. (1973b). and Smithet al. (1973). For the parallel orientation of the interplanetary field, antisolar compression is caused by cavity confinement of the induced field. For the interplanetary field perpendicular to the cavity axis there is, in addition to compression by the cavity boundary, redistribution of field lines from the sunlit to the night side. In this case field lines entering the Moon just forward of the limb pass through the lunar crust on the night side and then exit forward of the limb. This phenomenon manifests itself as a displacement of the null in the induced magnetic field at the surface sunward of the limb, in striking similarity to the magnetospheric field lines of the Earth.Paper dedicated to Professor Harold C. Urey on the occasion of his 80th birthday on 29 April, 1973.     

Equivalent ionospheric current systems representing IMF sector effects on the polar geomagnetic field

Equivalent ionospheric current systems representing IMF sector effects on the geomagnetic field in high latitudes are examined for each of the twelve calendar months by spherical harmonic analyses of geomagnetic hourly data at 13 northern polar stations for seven years. The main feature of obtained equivalent current systems includes circular currents at about 80° invariant latitude mostly in the daytime in summer and reversed circular currents at about 70° invariant latitude mainly at night in winter. Field-aligned current distributions responsible for equivalent currents, as well as vector distributions of electric fields and ionospheric currents, are approximated numerically from current functions of equivalent current systems by taking assumed distributions of the ionospheric conductivity. Two sets of upward and downward field-aligned current pairs in the auroral region, and also a field-aligned current region near the pole show seasonal variations. Also, ionospheric electric-field propagation along geomagnetic field lines from the summer hemisphere to the winter hemisphere with auroral Hall-conductivity effects may provide an explanation for the winter reversal of sector effects.     

上海天文台佘山工作站夜天亮度的变化

使用1994—2007年在1．56m反射望远镜CCD照相机拍摄的资料，测定了上海天文台余山工作站夜天亮度的变化。由于上海城市的发展，佘山工作站的夜天亮度在V波段从每平方角秒约19mag变到15．8mag，也就是说，夜天亮度自1994年以来变亮了约20倍。国际上优良台站的夜天亮度在V波段等于或暗于21．5mag。上述夜天亮度是优良台站的200多倍。现在在佘山工作站使用1．56m反射望远镜对暗于V=14mag的星做精确测光已经很困难了。     

The magnetic field draping direction at Mars from April 1999 through August 2004

Using more than five years of data from the magnetometer and electron reflectometer (MAG/ER) on Mars Global Surveyor (MGS), we derive the draping direction of the magnetic field above a given latitude band in the northern hemisphere. The draping direction varies on timescales associated with the orbital period of Mars and with the solar rotation period. We find that there is a strongly preferred draping direction when Mars is in one solar wind sector, but the opposite direction is not preferred as strongly for the other solar wind sector. This asymmetry occurs at or below the magnetic pileup boundary (MPB), is observed preferentially on field lines that connect to the collisional ionosphere, and is independent of planetary longitude. The observations could be explained by a hemispherical asymmetry in the access of field lines to the low-altitude ionosphere, or possibly from global modification of the low-altitude solar wind interaction by crustal magnetic fields. We show that the draping direction affects both the penetration of sheath plasma to 400 km altitudes on the martian dayside and the radial component of the magnetic field on the planetary night side.     

Wavelength calibration by combining arc and night sky lines for LAMOST

A novel method is presented for the wavelength calibration of the Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope (LAMOST). The proposed method combines the arc lines and night sky lines, and can achieve high performance. Firstly, the initial wavelength calibration is performed by employing arc lines. Afterwards, the centroids of sky lines are calculated by the initial calibration results and adjusted by the gravity method iteratively. Finally, the ultimate wavelength calibration is obtained by fitting the centroids of arc lines and sky lines with their corresponding wavelengths. Experiments are performed on the data observed by LAMOST, and the results of the proposed method are more accurate than that of the calibration only by arc lines or sky lines. The calibration sky lines are dense in the red channel (5,700–9,000 Å) of LAMOST, but only a few ones are in the blue channel (3,700–5,900 Å). The new method achieves excellent results in the red channel as the substantial sky lines are employed, and the calibration accuracy of the blue channel is also enhanced in some degree by the scare sky lines.     

The solar wind interaction with Venus through the eyes of the Pioneer Venus Orbiter

Venus has no internal magnetic dynamo and thus its ionosphere and hot oxygen exosphere dominate the interaction with the solar wind. The solar wind at 0.72 AU has a dynamic pressure that ranges from 4.5 nPa (at solar max) to 6.6 nPa (at solar min), and its flow past the planet produces a shock of typical magnetosonic Mach number 5 at the subsolar point. At solar maximum the pressure in the ionospheric plasma is sufficient to hold off the solar wind at an altitude of 400 km above the surface at the subsolar point, and 1000 km above the terminators. The deflection of the solar wind occurs through the formation of a magnetic barrier on the inner edge of the magnetosheath, or shocked solar wind. Under typical solar wind conditions the time scale for diffusion of the magnetic field into the ionosphere is so long that the ionosphere remains field free and the barrier deflects almost all the incoming solar wind. Any neutral atoms of the hot oxygen exosphere that reach the altitude of the magnetosheath are accelerated by the electric field of the flowing magnetized plasma and swept along cycloidal paths in the antisolar direction. This pickup process, while important for the loss of the Venus atmosphere, plays a minor role in the deceleration and deflection of the solar wind. Like at magnetized planets, the Venus shock and magnetosheath generate hot electrons and ions that flow back along magnetic field lines into the solar wind to form a foreshock. A magnetic tail is created by the magnetic flux that is slowed in the interaction and becomes mass-loaded with thermal ions.The structure of the ionosphere is very much dependent on solar activity and the dynamic pressure of the solar wind. At solar maximum under typical solar wind conditions, the ionosphere is unmagnetized except for the presence of thin magnetic flux ropes. The ionospheric plasma flows freely to the nightside forming a well-developed night ionosphere. When the solar wind pressure dominates over the ionospheric pressure the ionosphere becomes completely magnetized, the flow to the nightside diminishes, and the night ionosphere weakens. Even at solar maximum the night ionosphere has a very irregular density structure. The electromagnetic environment of Venus has not been well surveyed. At ELF and VLF frequencies there is noise generated in the foreshock and shock. At low altitude in the night ionosphere noise, presumably generated by lightning, can be detected. This paper reviews the plasma environment at Venus and the physics of the solar wind interaction on the threshold of a new series of Venus exploration missions.