柴达木盆地北缘走滑-冲断构造特征及其油气勘探思路

处于阿尔金左行走滑构造带东缘的柴北缘,过去一致认为是个前陆逆冲带,并对其逆冲构造特征作了大量的研究。通过本次的野外地质勘察和深部地震测线研究,证实柴达木盆地北缘的主要变形样式为走滑-挤压构造,具有挤压推覆特征的同时伴生有走滑构造,并且主要断层系统沿走向滑动的距离远大于沿倾向冲断推覆的距离,从而建立了柴北缘走滑-逆冲构造的地质模型;这对其地震解释有指导作用。从柴达木盆地的构造变形时间序列和演变特征从西向东依次扩展、构造活动从老变新,认为柴北缘的走滑-逆冲构造受阿尔金山大型走滑构造和祁连山剧烈的逆冲挤压构造共同控制。最后研究了柴北缘的走滑-逆冲构造特征对油气勘探的意义,加强勘探评价冷湖—南八仙走滑逆冲构造带的翼部断块圈闭和赛什腾山南缘逆冲推覆体下伏地层。     

哀牢山-红河构造带古新世以来多期活动的构造、年代学证据

构造分析表明,哀牢山-红河构造带哀牢山段由3个不同变形域组成,它们可能代表该构造带所经历的3期左行走滑。第一期左行走滑发生于构造带的整个东部高级带,变形体制为拉张性走滑,并形成角闪岩相L型构造岩。第二期走滑形成东部高级带的强变形带,变形体制接近简单剪切并形成绿片岩相L-S型糜棱岩。第三期左行走滑主要发生于西部低级带,变形体制为挤压性走滑,形成一左行逆冲的整体构造格局,并在变形带上形成千糜岩。地质年代学数据证明,三期左行走滑的形成时代分别是:58～56Ma以前、27Ma到22Ma、13～12Ma左右。哀牢山-红河构造带第一期走滑可…     

喜马拉雅东构造结——南迦巴瓦构造及组构运动学

喜马拉雅东端-南迦巴瓦构造结的构造格架总体呈现由叠置构造岩片构成的复式背形构造.自NW到SE由比鲁构造岩片、直白构造岩片、南派乡构造岩片和多雄拉变质穹隆组成,它们之间的界限分别是直白-丹娘-南伊沟韧性拆离断裂、直白-丹娘韧性逆冲断裂和多雄拉韧性逆冲断裂.由高压麻粒岩相组成的直白构造岩片被直白-丹娘-南伊沟韧性拆离断裂和直白-丹娘韧性逆冲断裂所夹持,为挤出构造岩片.根据印度斯-雅鲁藏布江大拐弯缝合带西侧和北侧的变形特征及石英组构运动学的EBSD测量结果,表明大拐弯缝合带存在各段的差异,并具有逐渐演化的特征.大拐弯缝合带的北端为拉月-迫隆乡韧性逆冲剪切带;西段为鲁朗-拉月左行走滑剪切带,西南段为嘎马-米林左行伸展转换剪切带,指示南迦巴瓦变质体相对拉萨地体的运动转为水平走滑运动.根据大拐弯缝合带东侧右行走滑和西侧左行走滑特征,推测在印度-亚洲碰撞之后,南迦巴瓦变质体受制于这两条走滑断裂,而相对喜马拉雅地体向北推移,并深深插入拉萨地体之下,形成东构造结.由于南迦巴瓦变质体的强烈上隆,其上部原存的特提斯喜马拉雅的古生代-中生代盖层沉积被俯冲和被剥蚀贻尽.南迦巴瓦变质体中直白组高压麻粒岩相中石榴石辉石岩形成的温压条件(T=800～900℃,P=2.6～2.8GPa)表明,岩石经历了相当于80km～100km深度的峰期榴辉岩变质作用的条件,印度板片深俯冲于拉萨地体之下又折返挤出到由派乡组和多雄拉组角闪岩相(混合岩化)组成的南迦巴瓦变质基底之中.     

南昆仑造山带西段构造样式及构造序列

南昆仑造山带西段发育逆冲推覆构造、平行走滑构造、地垒一地堑构造和阿尔卑斯式褶皱、侏罗山式褶皱,前两类构造尚有韧性剪切带伴生;其构造组合在平面上具有内带一外带一前陆带明显的分带性,且形成了逆冲推覆构造一平行走滑构造一地垒一地堑构造的构造序列。     

大巴山城口弧形断裂带右旋走滑构造特征及其意义

大巴山弧形构造带是几何学上对称平顶型、内部形迹削截的弧凸结构带,区域走向总体呈北西向延伸,其主边界城口断裂由北向南发生偏转（由近南北向→北西向→近东西向）,内部构造形迹与边界断裂呈明显削截和交切关系,弧形带凸顶方向与构造带南西向逆冲推覆极性一致。基于野外构造解析和15个样品的显微构造分析,对城口弧形断裂带右旋逆冲走滑构造特征和变形-变质特点及其沿走向的变化进行研究。宏观上,城口断裂带体现出早期近东西走向线理和平行于主断裂带弧形展布的后期线理两期世代和序列性,同时展现出强烈右旋走滑剪切变形特征,且走滑剪切变形强度由北西向南东减弱。微观构造上,断裂带构造岩普遍发生弱-中等强度变质,北段以中-高绿片岩相为主,右旋逆冲走滑剪切指向运动学标志体发育、变形强烈。断裂带南段以低绿片岩相为主,右旋走滑逆冲剪切指向运动学标志体相对稀疏、变形微弱。城口断裂带宏观与微观特征表明变质和（右旋走滑剪切）变形强度总体上由北西向南东逐渐减弱,呈非对称性。构造运动学上的非对称性和强烈右旋走滑剪切运动特征主要取决于印支期以来华南和华北板块汇聚过程中（尤其是燕山期）汉南能干性基底由南向北的强烈楔入作用。     

柴达木盆地周边断裂超微构造变形特征及其应力-应变环境

通过断裂超微变形构造分析,对柴达木盆地周边断裂构造发育的应力-应变环境进行了较为深入的探讨。研究结果表明:新高泉断裂超微构造以密度较低的平直位错线为典型特征,反映了相对较低的应力-应变环境;大头羊逆冲断裂位错密度高,位错形态复杂,呈弯曲状延伸,局部发育位错环,应力-应变环境较高;绿梁山逆冲断裂的超微构造以亚颗粒的普遍发育为显著特征,表明应变环境已达恢复阶段;纳赤台逆冲断裂的超微构造较为复杂,位错线、位错壁和亚颗粒都有不同程度的发育,表明变形的复杂性。根据超微构造的特征,这对不同断裂的古构造应力和应变速率进行了计算。      

渤海湾盆地歧口凹陷扭动构造及其油气地质意义

受东部边界郯庐断裂和西部边界太行山前大型走滑断裂的影响,渤海湾盆地中部歧口凹陷区处于伸展与走滑共同作用的地区,利用最新连片采集的超大面积地震资料开展构造研究,发现该区古近纪在发育伸展构造的同时也发育走滑扭动构造,该类构造与古近系内伸展构造共存.在剖面上依据基底和盖层中断裂组合的不同可以分为4类构造样式:走滑-复杂断裂褶皱型、走滑-简单花状构造型、逆冲-简单花状构造型和走滑-挠曲褶皱型.同时,扭动构造带不仅对盆地基底物性的改造有着有利影响,还控制了古物源的入口方式和有利砂体的展布.在前第三系、古近系和新近系构造层中形成了不同类型的有利油气藏,其中古近系挠曲背斜、大型断鼻和地层岩性油气藏以及新近系逆牵引背斜和断鼻翼部都是重要的勘探领域.近两年沿走滑扭动带及其两侧进行的油气勘探已获得成功,对该带研究具深远理论意义及现实意义.      

塔西南齐姆根楔形构造与走滑构造叠加两阶段演化模式

塔里木盆地西南缘逆冲带由西部近东西方向的喀什逆冲构造带和东部近东西方向柯克亚—和田逆冲构造带以及中间喀什—叶城走滑断层系组成,而北西—南东走向的喀什—叶城走滑断层带及其东侧齐姆根构造则为呈北东方向凸出的弧形构造。齐姆根弧形构造在地表地质和地震剖面均表现为向盆地方向倾斜的单斜形态。而且在塔西南地区,该弧形构造上从白垩系到新近系地层厚度明显大于东西两侧逆冲带同时代地层厚度,表现为异常增厚的特征。为了探讨齐姆根弧形构造特征及地层厚度异常增厚等原因,依据前人的地表地质填图成果,以及塔里木盆地西南缘齐姆根地区及邻区完成的二维地震资料及钻井资料成果,对该区地震剖面资料进行详细的构造解释,提出齐姆根弧形构造单斜之下存在3个隐伏逆冲构造楔形体,即棋盘楔形构造、齐姆根楔形构造和英吉沙楔形构造。地震剖面解释的生长地层指出棋盘楔形构造形成最早,为上新世阿图什组沉积时期;其次发育齐姆根楔形构造,为更新世西域组底部沉积时期;最晚发育英吉沙楔形构造,时间大约在更新世西域组中-上段沉积时期,据此认为齐姆根中深层逆冲构造位移扩展方式为前展式。而且地震剖面解释上也揭示了白垩系到新近系地层厚度异常增厚发育的构造部位及发育...     

扬子板块北缘中段前陆带构造变形特征及意义

扬子板块北缘中段前陆褶皱逆冲带在中生代经历了多期的构造叠加和改造,其复杂的构造样式记录了早期扬子板块与秦岭-大别微板块拼贴碰撞作用以及晚期转入的陆内变形过程。本文在前人研究的基础上通过对扬子板块北缘中段保康-房县地区前陆带构造变形样式及运动学特征的分析,划分出扬子板块北缘前陆褶皱逆冲带的根部、前锋及其内部次级的逆冲推覆构造单元,同时识别出一条过保康-神农架-蒲溪一带近东西走向的左行走滑剪切带,分析表明该左行走滑带形成于扬子板块北缘全面转入陆内变形之后、大巴山大规模向南西逆冲推覆运动之前的中侏罗世到晚侏罗世期间。该左行走滑剪切带对扬子板块相对于华北板块发生顺时针旋转的过程起到了调节作用,对于扬子板块北缘中生代构造演化具有重要意义。     

安徽张八岭隆起东缘基底走滑韧性剪切带的发现及其构造意义

张八岭隆起位于华南地块与华北地块碰撞拼接的构造转换部位,其西界为著名的郯庐断裂带,东缘属于扬子地块盖层前陆逆冲褶皱构造带。在张八岭隆起东缘来安地区基底变质岩中发现了一条宽达2.5km的走滑韧性剪切带,对其进行了详细的野外测量和岩石学、显微组构、变形运动学分析。结果显示,韧性剪切带由初糜棱岩带、糜棱岩带和超糜棱岩带组成;糜棱岩叶理近直立,叶理面上的拉伸线理向SW缓倾(倾伏角为10～30°);S-C组构和不对称旋转碎斑指示以左旋剪切为主。根据石英位错密度估算的差应力为65～75MPa。糜棱岩矿物成分和显微组构特征分析显示基底韧性剪切带的形成温度在250～400℃之间,形成深度为10～20km。该基底走滑剪切带的发现为张八岭地块的斜向走滑折返机制提供了重要的构造地质学制约。     

天山东段推覆构造研究

本文概括性总结了天山东段大型推覆构造的基本特征。根据地质证据和同位素年龄,东天山存在早古生代末,晚古生代晚期和新生代三期推覆构造;根据推覆构造分布规律及构造背景,在平面上划分为五大推覆带、9个大型韧剪带;根据出露岩石的矿物变形相将东天山推覆构造划分为深、中深和浅三个深度层次;通过韧剪变形组构的观察分析,确定了多期韧性变形性质与运动方向。糜棱岩中超微构造、古应力及小构造变形缩短率测量统计,证明东天山推覆变形具有显著的地壳缩短增厚作用。新生代板块碰撞导致本区中新生代盆地基底向造山带A型俯冲,造山带向盆地推覆,其结果就构成了今日看到的镶嵌状盆地-山脉构造地貌景观。     

秦岭商丹断裂带南侧弧前沉积体的变形特征及其构造意义

本文选取秦岭商丹断裂带以南,南秦岭刘岭群以北的弧前沉积体为研究对象,研究扬子板块向北秦岭俯冲的运动学特征。这套弧前沉积体产状北倾,矿物拉伸线理为倾向线理,岩片强烈褶皱,断裂发育,表现出由北向南逆冲的运动学特征。利用糜棱岩与云母石英片岩中矿物变形温度计,结合石英C轴组构估算岩石变形温度集中在400℃～550℃之间。结合其所处的构造位置,本文认为这套强烈变形的岩石构造组合体形成于秦岭古岛弧弧前沉积背景,在扬子板块向北秦岭俯冲过程中,北秦岭沿着商丹带由北向南逆冲形成。后期又遭受商丹韧性剪切带左行走滑活动的改造。     

Characteristics and Formation Mechanism of Thrust Structures in the Eastern Margin of Pamir Salient: Insights from Analogue Modeling and DiscussionEI北大核心CSCD

Two models with different boundary conditions were carried out to simulate the structural evolution of the Kekeya-Hetian fold-and-thrust belt and Kashi-Yecheng strike-slip belt in the eastern margin of Pamir salient, respectively. The analogue modeling results show that: (1) Both of the Kekeya-Hetian fold-and-thrust belt and Kashi-Yecheng strike-slip belt in the eastern margin of Pamir salient were formed under compressive shearing. Strike-slip faults occurred within both of the belts, but the displacement of these strike-slip faults in the Kekeya-Hetian fold-and-thrust belt is less than that in the Kashi-Yecheng strike-slip belt; (2) The Kekeya-Hetian fold-and-thrust belt is mainly under the influence of compression stress with weaker shearing stress while the Kashi-Yecheng strike-slip belt is mainly under the influence of shearing stress with oblique compressive stress. The strike-slip faults are mainly located in the piedmont within these two belts. The effect of the strike-slip fault diminishes towards the front of the thrust belt (to the interior basin); (3) In the front of the boundary strike-slip faults (to the interior basin), the intersecting arc thrust faults occurred successively along the shortening direction. These structural features demonstrated that the structures evolved northwards in the eastern margin of Pamir salient; (4) The oblique compression does not necessarily result in high angle faults or vertical faults, whereas low-middle angle thrust faults with strike-slip displacement are also possible. Hence, more attention should be paid to such thrust faults during the structural analysis of seismic profiles in the eastern margin of Pamir salient (e.g. the structural belts in piedmont of western Tarim Basin). © 2017, Science Press. All right reserved.     

大别造山带南界襄樊—广济断裂带的演化规律与构造意义

自中三叠世扬子与华北板块发生碰撞—深俯冲作用以来,大别造山带南界上的襄樊—广济断裂带主要经历过两次变形事件: 1)早期变形事件发生在中三叠世末—晚三叠世初的造山带折返阶段,表现为造山带南边界上的韧性剪切带。这期北西—南东走向的剪切带向南西陡倾,发育北西—南东向的矿物拉伸线理,主要为右行走滑的运动性质,属于造山带斜向折返的侧边界走滑剪切带。造山带折返过程中将前陆褶断带北缘原先东西向褶皱改造为北西—南东走向。2)晚期变形事件发生在晚侏罗世,表现为脆性逆冲断层,使得前陆褶断带向北东逆冲在造山带南缘之上,同时在前陆上形成了一系列的逆冲断层。该断裂带的晚期逆冲活动与郯庐断裂带左行平移同时发生,代表了滨太平洋构造活动的开始。     

帕米尔突刺东缘冲断带构造形成机制:物理模拟及讨论

利用物理模拟实验,建立了两个不同边界条件的模型分别模拟帕米尔突刺东缘柯克亚-和田褶皱冲断带和喀什-叶城转换断层带的逆冲走滑构造演化过程,进而分析和讨论了研究区构造变形特征和变形机制。物理模拟实验结果表明:(1)帕米尔突刺东缘的柯克亚-和田褶皱冲断带和喀什-叶城转换断层带均形成于压扭应力场作用下,发育明显断层走滑现象,前者逆冲前缘断层兼具左行走滑特征,后者逆冲前缘断层则具右行走滑特征,但前者总体走滑量明显小于后者;(2)帕米尔突刺东缘的柯克亚-和田褶皱冲断带和喀什-叶城转换断层带走滑作用均主要位于山前边界断层带,越靠近逆冲前缘(盆地内部),走滑效应越微弱,挤压效应越明显;(3)在边界走滑断层前缘(往盆地方向),弧形断裂由挤压方向向前依次产生,并且斜向相交,验证了帕米尔东缘冲断带构造演化符合自南向北依次变新的规律;(4)在斜向压扭作用过程中,走滑断层构造带不一定发育明显的高角度甚至直立的断层,也可能表现为逆冲叠瓦构造楔样式,形成走滑逆断层,故在进行帕米尔突刺东缘(如塔西南山前)地震剖面构造解析时应充分关注这种构造类型。     

皖东黄栗树—破凉亭断裂带北段构造岩显微—超显微变形特征及地质意义

本文就郯庐断裂带南段东部的黄栗树—破凉亭断裂带内构造岩,特别是中深层次的韧性剪切带中的糜棱岩进行了细致的野外考察、采样,在室内显微构造研究的基础上,选择有代表性的样品和视域进行透射电镜制样观察,在对各超显微构造特征分析归纳的基础上,讨论了构造岩的塑性变形特征,并对构造岩的应变参数(最大差异应力和应变速率)进行了计算,从显微—超显微构造角度仔细研究该断裂带内典型的构造岩的变形特征,初步判明断裂带的性质和运动发展历史,证实了该断裂带是形成在较深构造层次的一条以韧性变形为主的脆—韧性剪切带,应变形式为简单剪切。应变参数的计算结果表明,自东向西从前陆褶皱冲断带根部到后缘带,构造岩中石英的位错密度逐渐减小,最大差异应力逐渐降低。     

Evolution of microstructures in Precambrian shear zones: An example from eastern India

Shear zones are areas of intense deformation in localized zones which can be used as natural laboratories for studying deformation characteristics. Metre to-micro scale structures that develop in response to a progressive simple shear in a shear zone are characterized by a protracted history of deformation and are immensely useful in delineating the history of progressive deformation. To decipher these localized zones of deformation and to establish the continuous non-coaxial character of deformation, detail microstructural studies are very useful. Singhbhum shear zone (SSZ), a regional Precambrian tectonic dislocation zone in eastern India, depicting a top-to-south thrust movement of the hanging wall provides a scope for studying microstructural characteristics developed in response to a progressive shear at mid-crustal level. SSZ is characterized by intense stretching lineation, isoclinal folds, shear planes, superposed schistosity and deformed quartz veins. Quasi-plastic (QP) deformation mechanisms were predominantly active in the SSZ. The overprinting relationship between the earlier and later schistosity with a consistent sense of shear indicates that earlier schistosity is transposed to later schistosity through the intermediate stages of crenulation cleavage during a progressive non-coaxial deformation. The recrystallization of quartz in mylonitic quartzite suggests protracted history of deformation. The analysis of the character of quartz grains of both the porphyroclasts and recrystallized grains suggests that strain was partitioned between the most intensely deformed central part of the shear zone and the shear-related deformation zone outside the central part of the shear zone.     

A Large-Scale Palaeozoic Dextral Ductile Strike-Slip Zone:the Aqqikkudug-Weiya Zone along the Northern Margin of the Central Tianshan Belt,Xinjiang,NW China

The nearly E-W-trending Aqqikkudug-Weiya zone, more than 1000 km long and about 30 km wide, is an important segment in the Central Asian tectonic framework. It is distributed along the northern margin of the Central Tianshan belt in Xinjiang, NW China and is composed of mylonitized Early Palaeozoic greywacke, volcanic rocks, ophiolitic blocks as a mélange complex, HP/LT-type bleuschist blocks and mylonitized Neoproterozoic schist, gneiss and orthogneiss. Nearly vertical mylonitic foliation and sub-horizontal stretching lineation define its strike-slip feature; various kinematic indicators, such as asymmetric folds, non-coaxial asymmetric macro- to micro-structures and C-axis fabrics of quartz grains of mylonites, suggest that it is a dextral strike-slip ductile shear zone oriented in a nearly E-W direction characterized by "flower" strusture with thrusting or extruding across the zone toward the two sides and upright folds with gently plunging hinges. The Aqqikkudug-Weiya zone experienced at least two stages of ductile shear tectonic evolution: Early Palaeozoic north vergent thrusting ductile shear and Late Carboniferous-Early Permian strike-slip deformation. The strike-slip ductile shear likely took place during Late Palaeozoic time, dated at 269(5 Ma by the40Ar/39Ar analysis on neo-muscovites. The strike-slip deformation was followed by the Hercynian violent S-type granitic magmatism. Geodynamical analysis suggests that the large-scale dextral strike-slip ductile shearing is likely the result of intracontinental adjustment deformation after the collision of the Siberian continental plate towards the northern margin of the Tarim continental plate during the Late Carboniferous. The Himalayan tectonism locally deformed the zone, marked by final uplift, brittle layer-slip and step-type thrust faults, transcurrent faults and E-W-elongated Mesozoic-Cenozoic basins.     

东昆仑造山带东段昆中构造混杂岩带左旋斜冲韧性变形特征

东昆中构造混杂岩带是经历了晚元古代、加里东末和晚海西期三次碰撞事件而形成的多旋回复合碰撞缝合带，通过对东昆中构造混杂岩带晚加里东期左旋斜冲韧性剪切变形的几何学、运动学及流变学特征的研究，探讨了其形成的构造背景，指出该期构造变形是东昆中加里东末碰撞事件的产物。     

Analysis of structural deformation in the North Dabashan thrust belt,South Qinling,central China

The North Dabashan thrust belt, which is located in South Qinling, is bounded by the Ankang fault on the north and the Chengkou–Fangxian fault on the south. The North Dabashan thrust belt experienced multiple stages of structural deformation that were controlled by three palaeostress fields. The first structural event (Middle Triassic) involved NNW–SSE shortening and resulted in the formation of numerous dextral strike-slip structures along the entire Chengkou–Fangxian fault zone and within the North Dabashan thrust belt, which suggests that the South China Block moved to the NW and was obliquely subducted under the North China Block. The second structural event (Late Triassic–Early Jurassic) involved NE–SW shortening that formed NW–SE-trending structures in the North Dabashan thrust belt. The third structural event (Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous) involved ENE–WSW or nearly E–W shortening and resulted in additional thrusting of the North Dabashan thrust belt to the WSW and formation of the WSW-convex Chengkou–Fangxian fault zone, which has an oroclinal shape. Owing to the pinning of the Hannan massif and Shennongjia massif culminations, numerous sinistral strike-slip structures developed along the eastern Chengkou–Fangxian fault zone and were superimposed over the early dextral strike-slip structures.