Formation and evolution of petroliferous basins in African continent and their hydrocarbon distribution

There are eighty sedimentary basins in five different types in African continent, i. e. craton sag basin, foreland basin, intermountain basin, passive margin basin and rift basin, which underwent the stress environment of stable depression-compression-extension. The first three types of basins had been intensely influenced by Hercynian and Alpine tectonic movement, while the later two types of basins always exist in a stable extension environment. Different basin evolution caused the obviously hydrocarbon distribution difference. In North Africa, marginal craton sag and rift basins show great expedition potential of hydrocarbon, marginal craton sag basins had good formation and preservation of Lower Silurian hot shale, tectonic-strata traps and migration pathway formed by Hercynian unconformity, and rift basins had excellent Upper Cretaceous marine source rocks and good hydrocarbon preservation with little tectonic activity. Meanwhile, in the salt-containing passive margin basins and delta basins of West Africa, thick strata containing high quality source rocks and plastic strata were well developed. Source rocks of high maturity, good hydrocarbon preservation, growth faults and deformational structure traps were formed by abundant overlying sediments and sources supplied from Tertiary large water system.     

基于CityGML的明清古建筑三维语义模型扩展及转换研究

针对现有的大量古建筑三维模型缺乏语义信息,不利于精细化和智能化管理等问题,对城市地理标记语言(City Geography Markup Language, CityGML)定义的建筑物模型进行了语义扩展,提出了一种从古建筑几何模型自动识别语义对象并转化为CityGML扩展模型的方法。首先,总结我国明清古建筑构件的共有特征,并使用CityGML的应用领域扩展机制增加斗拱、梁、柱、台基等古建筑通用对象的几何和语义表达。其次,利用古建筑Mesh模型各面片的法向量、坐标范围等特征和自定义规则提出了一套古建筑屋顶、墙面、立柱、门窗等语义对象自动识别方法。最后,依据CityGML扩展模型设计规范,从识别对象自动构建出几何语义一体化表达的古建筑三维模型。采用2个不同风格的古建筑模型进行语义对象提取和CityGML模型生成实验,使用本文提出的Mesh模型到CityGML LoD3扩展语义模型转换方法能够自动提取屋顶、墙面、台基等9类语义对象,每个Mesh模型能转换并生成400多个包含语义信息的平面多边形,95%以上的面片能正确识别。结果表明本文设计的CityGML扩展模型能够有效支持古建筑模型典型构...     

内蒙古赛罕塔拉煤田地质特征及其聚煤规律研究

二连盆地群是内蒙古自治区最大的一个晚中生代盆地群,都呼木盆地是其中之一富煤盆地,含煤层位于白垩纪彦花组第五段,煤层的煤质为中灰、中高硫、高发热量、低磷—中磷低氯的褐煤,受好来-锡林呼都格断裂控制形成的赛罕塔拉煤田,自然分割成了若干个规模不等的聚煤盆地。盆地边缘地区岩浆岩发育,以华力西中晚期、燕山早期侵入岩为主,岩性从超基性—酸性,一般呈岩基产出。煤层形成于漫流为主的沉积组合类型和浅水重力流和泥炭沼泽沉积物为主的沉积相。沉积环境对富煤带展布起控制作用,该区主要聚煤作用发生在盆地发育的晚期,富煤带在控盆断裂的西北一侧2～4km附近。     

Metocean design parameter estimation for fixed platform based on copula functions

Considering the dependent relationship among wave height, wind speed, and current velocity, we construct novel trivariate joint probability distributions via Archimedean copula functions. Total 30-year data of wave height, wind speed, and current velocity in the Bohai Sea are hindcast and sampled for case study. Four kinds of distributions, namely, Gumbel distribution, lognormal distribution, Weibull distribution, and Pearson Type III distribution, are candidate models for marginal distributions of wave height, wind speed, and current velocity. The Pearson Type III distribution is selected as the optimal model. Bivariate and trivariate probability distributions of these environmental conditions are established based on four bivariate and trivariate Archimedean copulas, namely, Clayton, Frank, Gumbel-Hougaard, and Ali-Mikhail-Haq copulas. These joint probability models can maximize marginal information and the dependence among the three variables. The design return values of these three variables can be obtained by three methods: univariate probability, conditional probability, and joint probability. The joint return periods of different load combinations are estimated by the proposed models. Platform responses (including base shear, overturning moment, and deck displacement) are further calculated. For the same return period, the design values of wave height, wind speed, and current velocity obtained by the conditional and joint probability models are much smaller than those by univariate probability. Considering the dependence among variables, the multivariate probability distributions provide close design parameters to actual sea state for ocean platform design.     

重力滑脱构造差异性及其对油气成藏影响分析:以下刚果-刚果扇、尼日尔三角洲盆地对比分析为例

重力滑脱构造是大西洋两岸被动大陆边缘盆地普遍发育的一种构造样式，南大西洋两岸整体发育2种不同塑性层的重力滑脱构造，一类以下白垩统盐岩、硬石膏为塑性层，另一类是以上白垩统-新近系海相泥岩为滑脱塑性层。且均可从陆向海依次划分为拉张区、过渡区和挤压区。为了厘清2种不同类型重力滑脱构造样式差异及对油气成藏影响，选取2个代表性盆地——下刚果-刚果扇盆地与尼日尔三角洲盆地进行对比剖析，从而查明2种不同类型重力滑脱构造在相应构造带内构造样式及其油气成藏差异。整体上，盐岩塑性层重力滑脱构造在拉张区表现为盐构造活动剧烈，油气成藏条件优越，油气发现多；过渡区盐构造活动强度减弱，油气富集程度高；挤压区构造活动强烈，盐岩大规模聚集，烃源岩和储层条件差，油气发现少。相比于盐岩塑性层重力滑脱构造，泥岩塑性层重力滑脱构造在拉张区构造活动相对较弱，断块圈闭与储层、烃源岩匹配良好，是主要的油气富集区；过渡区，大量塑性泥岩堆积，泥底辟规模大，深缓底辟型构造是油气有利富集区；挤压区以典型逆冲叠瓦状构造为主，烃源岩、储层和油源断层配置良好，油气富集程度高。针对上述2种不同类型重力滑脱构造样式在烃源岩、储层及油气成藏的差异影响分析，为相关类型重力滑脱构造研究提供借鉴。      

黔东松桃西溪堡南华系大塘坡组超大型锰矿床地质特征与找矿预测

贵州松桃西溪堡锰矿床是近年运用古天然气渗漏沉积型锰矿床成矿模式与找矿模型理论发现的又一个隐伏超大型锰矿床。矿体呈似层状、层状产出,厚度与延展规模巨大。通过对西溪堡锰矿区中两界河组、含锰岩系地层柱状对比研究和含锰岩系、菱锰矿体和大塘坡组的沉积厚度等值线研究,发现控制超大型锰矿形成和分布的西溪堡地堑盆地长轴方向为北东60°左右,而非北东30°左右的地层走向。西溪堡地堑盆地中心相、过渡相和边缘相等古天然气渗漏喷溢沉积微相特征清楚,存在2个渗漏喷溢沉积中心。西溪堡地堑盆地锰矿找矿潜力巨大,预测其锰矿资源总潜力应是目前已控制锰矿资源量的2倍,是一个新的世界级超大型锰矿床。      

桂北桂中泥盆纪沉积盆地大地构造演化与铅锌成矿作用

广西泥盆纪沉积盆地大地构造演化大致经历了３个主要阶段：１．加里东造山运动与盆地基地的形成阶段。大约４０８Ｍａ左右结束的加里东运动使包括广西在内的整个中国南方隆升为陆,为泥盆纪沉积盆地的形成奠定了基础。２．张裂走滑盆地的形成阶段。自早泥盆世开始,沿钦洲—防城一线自南向北开始形成板内张裂盆地,中晚泥盆世海侵作用逐渐达到桂北。３．盆地演替与造山阶段。泥盆纪直至三叠纪,沉积盆地经历了盆、台、缓坡、陆架及镶边台地等演替过程,最终为印支运动造山成陆。大地构造演化与铅锌成矿作用关系密切,首先表现为拉张构造背景形成对流热源及沉积喷流作用;其次是拉张构造背景下形成的沉积层序边界面、沉积体系域、沉积相单元及与古地理单元等是重要的控矿因素;再次是造山运动与后期改造对成矿作用起了重要的再富集作用。     

MODEL OF AGRICULTURAL ECOLOGIC-ECONOMIC SYSTEM IN THE INTERMONTANE BASINS OF XUEFENG MOUNTAIN REGION

The area of the intermontane basins in the Xuefeng Mountain region is 4,000 km2. These basins are the most favourable area for agriculture in the mountainous region. Unfortunately, in each basin the eco-environment has gradually worsened because of the irrational utilization of natural resources. A rational model of agro-ecologic- economic system of intermontane basin must be formed so as to exploit and utilize rationally the natural resources. The intermontane basins may be divided into 3 ecologic belts of agriculture. Here are some ecologic-economic problems in the development: The resources of the outer mountains lie waste, but the valley basins in centre are over-development; the low mountains and hillocks are cultivated for dry crops so that the water and soil losses are serious and the natural disasters are frequent. Therefore, the agro-economic, agro-biologic and eco-environmental subsystems form a complete agro-ecologic-economic system of intermontane basins. Developing rationally the resources     

广丰—绍兴断裂及其对晚白垩世沉积盆地的控制作用

本文讨论了广丰—绍兴断裂的位置和沿断裂分布的晚白垩世盆地。广丰—绍兴断裂位于浙赣铁路附近，它呈北东向展布，并被北西和东西向断层切割。晚白垩世沉积盆地的发育受广丰—绍兴断裂控制。由于盆地内地壳厚度变薄，上白垩统厚度大，高热流值等原因，故这些盆地定为伸展性盆地。     

Petroleum geological framework and hydrocarbon potential in the Yellow Sea

Sedimentary basins in the Yellow Sea can be grouped tectonically into the North Yellow Sea Basin (NYSB), the northern basin of the South Yellow Sea (SYSNB) and the southern basin of the South Yellow Sea (SYSSB). The NYSB is connected to Anju Basin to the east. The SYSSB extends to Subei Basin to the west. The acoustic basement of basins in the North Yellow Sea and South Yellow Sea is disparate, having different stratigraphic evolution and oil accumulation features, even though they have been under the same stress regime since the Late Triassic. The acoustic basement of the NYSB features China-Korea Platform crystalline rocks, whereas those in the SYSNB and SYSSB are of the Paleozoic Yangtze Platform sedimentary layers or metamorphic rocks. Since the Late Mesozoic terrestrial strata in the eastern of the NYSB (West Korea Bay Basin) were discovered having industrial hydrocarbon accumulation, the oil potential in the Mesozoic strata in the west depression of the basin could be promising, although the petroleum exploration in the South Yellow Sea has made no break-through yet. New deep reflection data and several drilling wells have indicated the source rock of the Mesozoic in the basins of South Yellow Sea, and the Paleozoic platform marine facies in the SYSSB and Central Rise could be the other hosts of oil or natural gas. The Mesozoic hydrocarbon could be found in the Mesozoic of the foredeep basin in the SYSNB that bears potential hydrocarbon in thick Cretaceous strata, and so does the SYSSB where the same petroleum system exists to that of oil-bearing Subei Basin.     

Meso-Cenozo ic basin evolution in northern Korean Peninsula

In the Korean Peninsula the Meso-Cenozoic basins were mainly formed due to fault block and block movement. The Mesozoic fracture structures correspond basically to modern large rivers in direction. Such faults were usually developed to rift and formed lake-type tectonic basin, such as the Amrokgang-, Taedonggang-, Ryesonggang-, Hochongang-, Jangphari-, Susongchon-, Pujon-, and Nampho basins. The Mesozoic strata are considered to be divided into the Lower Jurassic Taedong System, Upper Jurassic Jasong System, Upper Jurassic－early Lower Cretaceous Taebo System, and the Upper Cretaceous－Paleocene (Chonjaebong, Hongwon, Jaedok Series) . The Cenozoic block movement succeeded the Mesozoic fault block movement. The Kilju-Myonchon Graben and Tumangang Basin, etc, are the basins related to the fault zones developed from the Oligocene to Miocene. In addition, the Tertiary basins were formed in many areas in the Miocene ( e. g. Sinhung, Oro, Hamhung, Yonghung, Anbyon, Cholwon, etc) . The Cenozoic sedimentation occurred mainly from the late Oligocene to Miocene. The Kilju-Myongchon Graben was the fore deep connected to the sea and the basins inclined in the Chugaryong Fault Zone are intramountain basins. Therefore, coal-bearing beds and clastic rocks in the intramountain basins and rare marine strata and terrigenous clastic rocks are main sedimentary sequences in the Cenozoic.     

Long-term activity of earthquake-induced landslides: A case study from Qionghai Lake Basin,Southwest of China

Earthquake-triggered landslides are a major geological hazard in the eastern Tibetan Plateau, and have prolonged impact on earth surface processes and fluvial system. To determine how long co-seismic landslides affect basins, a massive number of landslides existing in Qionghai Lake Basin were investigated for landslide distribution characteristics and geomorphological evidences, with further comparison and analysis using historic seismic analog method. The landslides found in Qionghai Lake Basin showed clear features of seismic triggering with strongly controlled by Zemuhe fault. These landslides are still active at present. Some new slides generally occur in ancient slope failure zones causing serious secondary hazards in recent years. In this study we strengthen the idea that the landslides triggered by the 185o Xichang earthquake （Ms7.5） have long term activity and prolonged impact on the mountain disasters with a period of more than 16o years. Our results support growing evidence that coseismic landslides have a prolonged effect on secondary disasters in a basin, and invite more careful consideration of the relationship between current basin condition and landslide history for a longer period.     

歧口凹陷中部沙一下亚段异重流沉积识别特征与控制因素分析

分析陆相断陷湖盆异重流沉积的识别特征、异重流水下扇沉积体系的横向、垂向沉积序列、以及不同物源碎屑成因的异重流的沉积差异性,从而探讨陆相断陷湖盆中异重流沉积的控制因素。以歧口凹陷沙一下异重流沉积为研究对象,对研究区钻井岩心、测录井、地震属性以及粒度分析资料进行综合分析。结果表明,研究区异重流具有3种典型沉积识别特征：(1)两类沉积序列,分别为下部逆粒序、上部正粒序的纺锤状二元结构沉积序列以及厚度较大且粒度特征变化不明显的均一结构沉积序列;(2)粒度分析特征以递变悬浮载荷为主,累计概率曲线类型以复杂多段式、上拱曲线式、低斜率两段式为特征;(3)岩相特征为侵蚀充填沉积、广泛发育且类型多样的层理构造,其次为陆源褐红色泥质层、褐红色泥砾以及大量的植物茎干碎片和炭质碎屑。研究区异重流沉积接受多支物源供给表现出水道化特征,葛沽物源为最主要物源,总体具有长距离搬运、多个朵体发育、大范围沿路沉积等特征。建立了研究区扇三角洲和辫状河三角洲物源重力流沉积模式。断陷湖盆背景下异重流沉积的控制因素为古物源、古地貌、古气候3个方面,异重流沉积是断陷湖盆中广泛发育的沉积类型,其中异重流水道砂岩具有良好的储集物性,是...     

三维Tóth型盆地的驻线及其对多级次水流系统的控制

Tóth基于二维剖面流场提出的地下水流系统理论已成为研究盆地尺度地下水循环的理论依据。二维剖面上的驻点可以用于精确划分水流系统的空间分布,然而人们对三维盆地中水流系统的形态以及驻点是否存在等认识尚不清楚。针对2种典型的三维盆地,分别是只在单一方向存在波状起伏的类前陆型盆地和2个正交方向同时存在波状起伏的沙丘型盆地,利用余弦函数建立潜水面起伏的数学表达式,推导水头分布的解析解,利用TECPLOT软件实现了水流系统三维空间分布的可视化。研究发现,2种理想三维盆地内都可以发育驻点,其中类前陆型盆地内驻点构成一条水平延伸的驻线,驻线控制了4个水流系统的空间分布;沙丘型盆地内驻点构成一条圆弧状驻线,驻线控制了6个水流系统的空间分布。通过研究驻线在三维盆地中的分布并且提出了利用驻线划分三维盆地水流系统的方法,加深了对三维盆地地下水循环规律的认识。     

Formation and evolution of petroliferous basins in African continent and their hydrocarbon distribution

There are eighty sedimentary basins in five different types in African continent,i.e.craton sag basin,foreland basin,intermountain basin,passive margin basin and rift basin,which underwent the stress environment of stable depression-compression-extension.The first three types of basins had been intensely influenced by Hercynian and Alpine tectonic movement,while the later two types of basins always exist in a stable extension environment.Different basin evolution caused the obviously hydrocarbon distributio...     

黔东松桃大塘坡地区南华系大塘坡组锰矿相带及分布规律

在大塘坡矿区钻孔编录与野外地层剖面观察实测的基础上,结合近年来有关大塘坡式锰矿的研究成果,对大塘坡矿区的锰矿相带及分布规律进行了研究。对大塘坡地区含锰岩系、菱锰矿体的沉积厚度等值线以及菱锰矿体的品位等值线研究表明,矿体的走向与大塘坡地区沉积盆地长轴方向一致,为北东60°左右,存在一大两小3个锰矿沉积中心。同时对大塘坡地区盆地中心矿体结构构造的研究表明矿体可分为中心相、过渡相、边缘相3个相带,其中中心相以气泡状和块状菱锰矿为主,伴随有软沉积变形层理等特殊构造,一般为多层矿;过渡相以条带状菱锰矿为主,块状菱锰矿为辅,主要为单层矿;边缘相主要为薄层条带状锰矿与炭质页岩互层,主要为单层矿。该相带分布受古天然气泄漏控制,喷溢口的分布与锰矿沉积中心基本重合,且从中心相到过渡相再到边缘相含锰岩系厚度、矿体厚度以及矿体品位逐渐降低,它们的变化规律保持一致,呈正相关性。      

甘蒙地区北山盆地群含煤系地层时代归属

甘蒙地区北山盆地群发育大量煤系地层,但由于构造演化期次复杂,地震、钻井及相关的古生物资料缺乏,导致煤系地层的时代归属一直存在争议,资源潜力尚未明确。为了明确北山盆地群含煤系地层的时代归属,进一步确定资源潜力,为研究区的能源资源勘探提供基础资料,在系统总结前人研究成果的基础上,以古生物年代学为抓手,以北山盆地群黑鹰山盆地、公婆泉盆地及中口子盆地煤系地层中丰富的孢粉、古生物资料为主要依据,结合煤系地层的岩石组合特征、煤岩工业特性、地震资料等证据对北山盆地群煤系地层时代归属进行了整体研究,重新厘定了北山盆地群煤系地层的时代归属。认为北山盆地群中各个盆地均发育了一套含煤层系,但这套含煤层系的时代归属并不相同,有的属侏罗纪、有的属白垩纪。仅北山盆地群最南部的中口子盆地南部区域以及盆地群最北部的黑鹰山盆地东部的含煤岩系为侏罗系,其他次级盆地的含煤岩系均属于白垩系。盆地群南部中口子盆地含煤岩系的归属问题呈现出和构造相一致的"南北差异",南缘出露煤系地层时代为中侏罗世,北部煤系地层时代为白垩纪。含煤层系归属问题的厘定为进一步确定盆地区的资源潜力提供了依据,可为北山盆地群含煤层系的原型盆地恢复及构造演化等研究提供参考。      

Characteristics and future projections of summer extreme precipitation in Sichuan Province,China

Based on the precipitation data observed by stations and data simulated by 23 CMIP5 models, the features and future changes of summer(Jun-JulAug) extreme precipitation events in Sichuan Province of China were analysed. We found that the total precipitation(RSum), extreme precipitation threshold(Threshold90), extreme precipitation(TR90), extreme precipitation percentage(TR90 pct) and extreme precipitation intensity(TR90 str) decreased from the southeast to the northwest in Sichuan Province, reflecting the differences between eastern Sichuan(ESC, basins) and western Sichuan(WSC, mountains). Compared with the observations, most of the CMIP5 models showed that there were wet biases in WSC and an unclear bias pattern in ESC for the RSum, Threshold90, TR90, and TR90 str. However, the extreme precipitation days(ND90) and TR90 pct values simulated by the models were generally overestimated and underestimated,respectively. Compared with the historical period, most models showed obvious increases in the TR90 and TR90 pct in the 21 century, while the characteristics of Rsum, ND90, and TR90 str were inconspicuous. Compared with the mid-21 st century, the extreme precipitation in the late-21 st century exhibited a certain degree of increase. Even during the same period, the results of RCP8.5 were higher than those of RCP4.5, especially for the ND90, TR90, and TR90 pct.     

基于流域盆地面积的郑洛地区史前聚落遗址分析

本文以郑洛地区为研究区域,以裴李岗文化时期、仰韶文化前期、仰韶文化后期和龙山文化时期为时间序列,对研究区域的流域盆地面积与相应的遗址点数量的关系、流域盆地面积与相应的遗址点增长速率的关系,以及各个流域盆地中遗址点分布密度的时空分布特征进行了研究。结果显示：（1）通过相关方法分析,以数字化的形式表明了流域盆地面积与分布的遗址点数量呈显著的正相关关系,且裴李岗文化时期的相关程度与其他3个文化时期相比较小;（2）对各流域盆地内遗址点的变化趋势分析发现,流域盆地面积与分布的遗址点变化趋势呈显著的正相关关系,这也解释了流域盆地黄河流域（B）、伊洛河流域（C）的变化趋势最快的缘由;（3）对各流域盆地内遗址点的分布密度进行分级可发现,在裴李岗文化时期,东部地区遗址点的分布密度大于西部地区,而其他3个文化时期是中西部地区大于东部地区。     

广西泥盆纪早埃姆斯期沉积事件与矿产关系的探讨

本文通过对广西泥盆纪早埃姆斯期盆地相和台地相两条含矿岩系剖面的研究,认为:早埃姆斯期沉积事件主要是风暴事件、缺氧事件和生物礁的兴衰交替和消亡在盆地、台地环境中反映不尽相同;根据沉积事件的发生、发展可划分为早、晚两期。早期,由弱到强的周期性风暴事件,在缺氧环境的盆地中形成一套呈黑色的含碳质角砾状泥岩、碳质泥岩、硅质岩互层的岩石组合与石煤、钒银(铀)矿床共生,而在台地边缘相中形成一套礁、滩、坪、凹交替的碳酸盐岩和风暴岩与成岩—后生铅锌矿床共(伴)生。晚期,为海侵缺氧事件,在盆地中表现为一套呈黑色的含碳质泥岩与石煤、沥青煤共生,而在台地边缘相中表现为碳质泥岩益复礁云岩组合与成岩型铅锌矿床共生。因此,研究沉积事件与矿产关系,对于泥盆系沉积、层控矿床具有重要意义。