Diamondiferous eclogites from Yakutia,Siberia: evidence for a diversity of protoliths

Major-element and REE compositions of 14 diamondiferous eclogites from the Udachnaya kimberlite in Yakutia, Siberia have been determined by electron microprobe and secondary ion mass spectrometer (SIMS). Based on previous clinopyroxene classification schemes (e.g., Taylor and Neal 1989), all of these eclogite xenoliths belong to Group B/C, although some of the garnet compositions and mineral REE abundances are inconsistent with the indicated groups. This demonstrates the inadequacy of the classification scheme based on African eclogites for application to Siberian samples. Because of the coarse grain size of the Udachnaya nodules, meaningful modal abundances could not be obtained. However, reconstructed REE compositions using various garnet: clinopyroxene ratios demonstrate relative insensitivity to changes in mode for common eclogitic assemblages. Many of these reconstructed REE compositions show LREE depletions. Some depletions are consistent with an origin (either directly or through partial melting) as normal or Type-I ocean floor basalt. Others, however, require material of eclogitic or pyroxenitic affinities to undergo partial melting; this facilitates the depletion of LREE while leaving the HREE at nearly original levels. Many of the eclogites of South Africa are consistent with a protolith of anomalous or Type II ocean floor basalt. This fundamental difference between the two regions is the likely cause of the inconsistencies with the chemicallybased classification.     

Garnet and pyroxene compositions in some diamondiferous eclogites

Analyses are reported for garnet and pyroxene from 17 eclogites that contain diamond. The garnets contain small but significant contents of Na, Ti and P and the pyroxenes contain traces of K. The diamond-bearing eclogites do not constitute a unique compositional group but show a range of mineral compositions consistent with a very high P-T environment.     

Isotopic-geochemical evidence for crustal contamination of eclogites in the Kokchetav subduction-collision zone

This paper reports isotopic and geochemical studies of eclogites from the western ultrahigh pressure (UHP) and eastern high-pressure (HP) blocks of the Kokchetav subduction-collision zone. These HP and UHP eclogites exhumed in two stages: (1) The rocks of the western block metamorphosed within the field of diamond stability (e.g., Kumdy-Kol and Barchy); (2) In contrast, the metamorphic evolution of the eastern block reached the pressure peak within the stability field of coesite (e.g., Kulet, Chaglinka, Sulu-Tyube, Daulet, and Borovoe). The eclogites vary widely in the ratios of incompatible elements and in the isotope ratios of Nd (¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd = 0.51137-0.513180) and Sr (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr = 0.703930.78447). The Sulu-Tyube eclogites display isotope-geochemical features close to N-MORB, while those from the other sites are compositionally similar to E-type MORB or island arc basalts (IAB). The model ages T_Nd(DM) of eclogites vary between 1.95 and 0.67 Ga. The Sulu-Tyube eclogite yields the youngest age; it has the values of ε_Nd(T) (7.2) and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr (0.70393) close to the depleted mantle values. The crustal input to the protolith of the Kokchetav eclogites is evident on the ε_Nd(T)-⁸⁶Sr/⁸⁷Sr and ε_Nd(T)-T plots. The eclogites make up a trend from DM to country rocks. Some eclogites from the Kulet, Kumdy-Kol, and Barchy localities display signs of partial melting, such as high Sm/Nd (0.65-0.51) and low (La/Sm)_N (0.34-0.58) values. The equilibrium temperatures of these eclogites are higher than 850 °C. The geochemical features of eclogites testify to the possibility of the eclogite protolith formation in the tectonic setting of passive continental rift margin subducted to depths over 120 km.     

Pillow lavas as protoliths for eclogites: evidence from a late Precambrian-Cambrian continental margin,Seve Nappes,Scandinavian Caledonides

Pillow lavas containing an eclogitic mineral assemblage, locally with glaucophane/crossite, are described from the Tsäkkok Lens within the Seve Nappes, north-central Scandinavian Caledonides. Critical primary relationships to the host metasedimentary rocks which are dominated by marble and quartz-garnet-phengite schist are preserved. It is argued that these clastic rocks, and the ongoing igneous activity in the Tsäkkok Lens, are late Precambrian to Cambrian in age and that these rocks were deposited/emplaced along the outermost part of a continental margin related to the continent Baltica.Variations in the whole-rock chemistry of the eclogitic rocks within the Tsäkkok Lens suggest that most elements were mobile during post-extrusive/intrusive evolution. Only Ti, P and Y show significant magmatic trends in element vs Zr plots. Discriminant diagrams employing the elements Ti, P, Zr, Y, Nb and Cr suggest a tholeiitic protolith with a tendency towards enriched mid-ocean ridge basalt (E-MORB) affinity characterized by a relatively low Zr/Nb ratio. A similarity to metabasic rocks occurring in other Seve thrust sheets but lacking evidence for high-P metamorphism is apparent. A common origin for all these rocks is inferred. The Tsäkkok eclogites formed by in situ high-P metamorphism and provide further evidence for subduction of continental crustal material down to mantle depths. This subduction event has been related to collision of Baltica with an outboard are system during the late Cambrian to early Ordovician.     

A crustal origin for eclogites and a mantle origin for garnet peridotites: Strontium isotopic evidence from clinopyroxenes

Strontium isotopic data suggest that the classic eclogite-facies rocks of western south Norway described by Eskola (1921) formed from several parental materials in a variety of environments. Mineral separates from essentially basic, bi-minerallic (clinopyroxene and garnet) eclogites that occur as lens-shaped masses within high grade gneisses (country rock eclogites) have Sr⁸⁷/Sr⁸⁶ values that range from 0.704 for fine-grained varieties to 0.716 for coarse-grained, orthopyroxene-bearing varieties. These high, varied ratios contrast with the very low, restricted ratios (0.701 to 0.704) of similar minerals from ultrabasic, garnet-clinopyroxene-orthopyroxene-olivine assemblages (garnet peridotites) that occur as lenses within large peridotite bodies. The eclogite-facies metamorphism that generated the garnet peridotites may have occurred in the mantle. However, the metamorphism that generated at least the more radiogenic country-rock eclogites must have occurred in the crust. The high Sr⁸⁷/Sr⁸⁶ ratios of these eclogites could be generated either by forming them from crustal parental rocks or by contaminating mantle-derived parental rocks with radiogenic strontium from the country rocks. If this contamination occurred after intrusion and before eclogite-facies metamorphism, a rather contrived history must be postulated that involves intrusion, contamination accompanied by hydration, subsequent dehydration, and finally eclogite-facies metamorphism. These processes could have occurred within the long, complicated history of the enclosing country rocks. Alternatively, if the contamination occurred during eclogite-facies metamorphism, the presence of some hydrous fluid appears to be required to transport the radiogenic strontium from the enclosing country rocks. The eclogites with the highest Sr⁸⁷/Sr⁸⁶ ratios are also the most coarse-grained and it is possible that the presence of some intergranular fluid enabled these eclogites to recrystallize to a much larger grain size than would have been possible in a totally anhydrous environment. The garnet peridotites and fine-grained country rock eclogites may have formed from mantle material in the crust but escaped contamination by radiogenic strontium as a result of their position in a dry environment in the crust.Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory Contribution No. 2443     

The secondary origin of diamonds: multi-modal radiation tomography of diamondiferous mantle eclogites

Three-dimensional neutron and X-ray tomography reveals the textural and spatial relationship of diamonds and associated minerals in situ, in a unique suite of 17 diamondiferous eclogites. We emphasize the reporting of X-ray imaging on mantle xenoliths, which in combination with neutron imaging enables the clear identification of diamonds and interstitial metasomatic secondary minerals. In particular, neutrons are highly sensitive to hydrogen (H), allowing for the identification of OH- and H₂O-bearing metasomatic minerals. The identification of metasomatic minerals allows for the delineation of distinct metasomatic pathways through the eclogite xenoliths. Diamonds are readily identified as the darkest greyscales due to their low attenuation, and are typically surrounded by secondary minerals, never in contact with primary minerals, and always confined within metasomatic pathways. The ubiquitous occurrence of diamonds in association with pathways suggests a potential genetic link. Both octahedral and dodecahedral diamonds are observed within individual xenoliths, suggesting multiple heterogeneous growth and dissolution processes at small scales. The distinct age dichotomy between eclogite xenoliths and metasomatic mineral assemblages implies that the observed textural relationship of diamonds and late-stage metasomatic pathways for this suite of 17 eclogites casts doubt on the theory that eclogitic diamonds formed billions of years ago. Diamonds are interpreted to have formed from multiple growth episodes, with the last of these episodes represented by the metasomatic assemblages observed in this study. This further indicates that eclogitic diamond inclusions may span large time scales from ancient ages (>2 Ga) all the way to the last growth event, perhaps even close to the time of kimberlite emplacement (~360 Ma), which has significant implications for age-dating of diamonds and the study of diamonds as a whole.     

东昆仑造山带早古生代的大陆碰撞:来自榴辉岩原岩性质的证据

东昆仑东段温泉榴辉岩呈透镜状分布在片麻岩中,榴辉岩的SiO_2含量为47%~59%,Mg#指数为0.45~0.51,表明其原岩为分异程度较高的中-基性岩石,稀土元素显示为轻稀土富集型((La/Sm)N比值为1.42~1.72)和轻稀土亏损型((La/Sm)N比值为0.82~0.88),Eu轻微负异常(δEu=0.85~0.95),榴辉岩的εNd(t)值为+0.51~+6.17(原岩年龄t=934Ma)。榴辉岩原岩锆石与陆壳辉长岩锆石的U-Yb-Hf值类似,且具有正的εHf(t)值(+8~+10),这些特征类似于大陆拉斑玄武质岩,岩浆来自亏损地幔,遭受了地壳物质的混染及较高程度的结晶分异,表明榴辉岩原岩形成于大陆边缘环境。因此,该榴辉岩代表了俯冲的陆壳,进一步证明了东昆仑早古生代发生过陆-陆碰撞造山作用。     

The Triassic age for oceanic eclogites in the Dabie orogen: Entrainment of oceanic fragments in the continental subduction

Low-temperature and high-pressure eclogites with an oceanic affinity in the western part of the Dabie orogen have been investigated with combined Lu–Hf and U–Pb geochronology. These eclogites formed over a range of temperatures (482–565 °C and 1.9–2.2 GPa). Three eclogites, which were sampled from the Gaoqiao country, yielded Lu–Hf ages of 240.7 ± 1.2 Ma, 243.3 ± 4.1 Ma and 238.3 ± 1.2 Ma, with a corresponding lower-intercept U–Pb zircon age of 232 ± 26 Ma. Despite the well-preserved prograde major- and trace-element zoning in garnets, these Lu–Hf ages mostly reflect the high-pressure eclogite-facies metamorphism instead of representing the early phase of garnet growth due to the occurrence of omphacite inclusions from core to rim and the shell effect. An upper-intercept zircon U–Pb age of 765 ± 24 Ma is defined for the Gaoqiao eclogite, which is consistent with the weighted-mean age of 768 ± 21 Ma for the country gneiss. However, the gneiss has not been subjected to successive high-pressure metamorphism. The new Triassic ages are likely an estimate of the involvement of oceanic fragments in the continental subduction.     

The geochemistry and isotopic age of eclogites from the Belomorian Belt (Kola Peninsula): evidence for subducted Archean oceanic crust

We present results of geochemical studies and isotope dating of eclogites and associated rocks from the Kuru-Vaara quarry, Belomorian Belt, Northeastern Baltic Shield. The southern and northern eclogites are similar in geochemical features. Their protoliths were primitive, mainly high-Mg basalts of oceanic affinity derived from a primitive mantle source rather than from a depleted mantle source characteristic of modern MORB. The post-eclogitic intrusive rocks show obvious evidence for crustal contamination. The eclogite-hosting tonalitetrondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) gneisses form a coherent series including high-Al and low-Al varieties. The trace element data show that the TTG series formed through the hydrous partial melting of the southern eclogites in the presence of garnet and amphibole in the field of the rutile stability (>15 kbar). Zircons from the southern eclogites exhibit features of their strong re-equilibration by coupled dissolution–repre-cipitation processes but have locally preserved patches with a primary magmatic zoning. The geochemistry of the patches points to the oceanic provenance of protolithic zircons; their isotope dating (SHRIMP-II) yielded a concordant age of 2821 ± 21 Ma. Zircons from the trondhjemite gneiss with geochemical features of Archean adakite were dated at 2805 ± 11 Ma, which suggests the syneclogitic facies origin of the TTG melts. The concordant age of high-pressure zircons from the northern eclogites is 2722 ± 21 Ma, close to the age of the earlier described Gridino eclogites. The overview of the isotopically dated eclogite bodies show the presence of at least three temporally distinct groups of eclogites in the Belomorian Belt, ～2.86–2.87, ～2.82–2.80, and ～2.72 Ga, which is in a good accordance with the known isotopic ages for major crust-forming events in the belt. This, in turn, implies a close genetic relationship between the eclogites and the TTG origin, which might be consistent with the model of the short intermitted events of subduction of the thickened Archean oceanic crust. The presence of HP/UHP eclogites of different ages and the structural style of the Belomorian Belt permit it to be assigned to megamélange belts.     

Geochemistry of oceanic carbonatites compared with continental carbonatites: mantle recycling of oceanic crustal carbonate

Major and trace element and Sr-Nd-Pb-O-C isotopic compositions are presented for carbonatites from the Cape Verde (Brava, Fogo, Sáo Tiago, Maio and Sáo Vicente) and Canary (Fuerteventura) Islands. Carbonatites show pronounced enrichment in Ba, Th, REE, Sr and Pb in comparison to most silicate volcanic rocks and relative depletion in Ti, Zr, Hf, K and Rb. Calcio (calcitic)-carbonatites have primary (mantle-like) stable isotopic compositions and radiogenic isotopic compositions similar to HIMU-type ocean island basalts. Cape Verde carbonatites, however, have more radiogenic Pb isotope ratios (e.g. ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=19.3-20.4) than reported for silicate volcanic rocks from these islands (18.7-19.9; Gerlach et al. 1988; Kokfelt 1998). We interpret calcio-carbonatites to be derived from the melting of recycled carbonated oceanic crust (eclogite) with a recycling age of ~1.6 Ga. Because of the degree of recrystallization, replacement of calcite by secondary dolomite and elevated ‘¹³C and ‘¹⁸O, the major and trace element compositions of the magnesio (dolomitic)-carbonatites are likely to reflect secondary processes. Compared with Cape Verde calcio-carbonatites, the less radiogenic Nd and Pb isotopic ratios and the negative Ɨ/4 of the magnesio-carbonatites (also observed in silicate volcanic rocks from the Canary and Cape Verde Islands) cannot be explained through secondary processes or through the assimilation of Cape Verde crust. These isotopic characteristics require the involvement of a mantle component that has thus far only been found in the Smoky Butte lamproites from Montana, which are believed to be derived from subcontinental lithospheric sources. Continental carbonatites show much greater variation in radiogenic isotopic composition than oceanic carbonatites, requiring a HIMU-like component similar to that observed in the oceanic carbonatites and enriched components. We interpret the enriched components to be Phanerozoic through Proterozoic marine carbonate (e.g. limestone) recycled through shallow, subcontinental-lithospheric-mantle and deep, lower-mantle sources.     

Mapping crustal structure beneath southern Tibet: Seismic evidence for continental crustal underthrusting

Receiver function imaging along a temporary seismic array (ANTILOPE-2) reveals detailed information of the underthrusting of the Indian crust in southern Tibet. The Moho dips northward from ~ 50 km to 80 km beneath the Himalaya terrane, and locally reaches ~ 85 km beneath the Indus–Yalung suture. It remains at ~ 80 km depth across the Lhasa terrane, and shallows to ~ 70 km depth under the Qiangtang terrane. An intra-crustal interface at ~ 60 km beneath the Lhasa terrane can be clearly followed southward through the Main Himalaya Thrust and connects the Main Boundary Thrust at the surface, which represents the border of the Indian crust that is underthrusting until south of the Bangong–Nujiang Suture. A mid-crustal low velocity zone is observed at depths of 14–30 km beneath the Lhasa and Himalaya terranes probably formed by partial melt and/or aqueous fluids.     

Exhumation of oceanic blueschists and eclogites in subduction zones: Timing and mechanisms

High-pressure low-temperature (HP–LT) metamorphic rocks provide invaluable constraints on the evolution of convergent zones. Based on a worldwide compilation of key information pertaining to fossil subduction zones (shape of exhumation P–T–t paths, exhumation velocities, timing of exhumation with respect to the convergence process, convergence velocities, volume of exhumed rocks,…), this contribution reappraises the burial and exhumation of oceanic blueschists and eclogites, which have received much less attention than continental ones during the last two decades.Whereas the buoyancy-driven exhumation of continental rocks proceeds at relatively fast rates at mantle depths (≥ cm/yr), oceanic exhumation velocities for HP–LT oceanic rocks, whether sedimentary or crustal, are usually on the order of the mm/yr. For the sediments, characterized by the continuity of the P–T conditions and the importance of accretionary processes, the driving exhumation mechanisms are underthrusting, detachment faulting and erosion. In contrast, blueschist and eclogite mafic bodies are systematically associated with serpentinites and/or a mechanically weak matrix and crop out in an internal position in the orogen.Oceanic crust rarely records P conditions > 2.0–2.3 GPa, which suggests the existence of maximum depths for the sampling of slab-derived oceanic crust. On the basis of natural observations and calculations of the net buoyancy of the oceanic crust, we conclude that beyond depths around 70 km there are either not enough serpentinites and/or they are not light enough to compensate the negative buoyancy of the crust.Most importantly, this survey demonstrates that short-lived (< ～ 15 My), discontinuous exhumation is the rule for the oceanic crust and associated mantle rocks: exhumation takes place either early (group 1: Franciscan, Chile), late (group 2: New Caledonia, W. Alps) or incidentally (group 3: SE Zagros, Himalayas, Andes, N. Cuba) during the subduction history. This discontinuous exhumation is likely permitted by the specific thermal regime following the onset of a young, warm subduction (group 1), by continental subduction (group 2) or by a major, geodynamic modification of convergence across the subduction zone (group 3; change of kinematics, subduction of asperities, etc).Understanding what controls this short-lived exhumation and the detachment and migration of oceanic crustal slices along the subduction channel will provide useful insights into the interplate mechanical coupling in subduction zones.     

A Mid Cretaceous origin for the Galápagos hotspot: volcanological, petrological and geochemical evidence from Costa Rican oceanic crustal segments

The Quepos, Nicoya and Herradura oceanic igneous terranes in Costa Rica are conspicuous features of a Mid to Late Cretaceous regional magmatic event that encompasses similar terranes in Central America, Colombia, Ecuador and the Caribbean. The Quepos terrane (66?Ma), which consists of ol-cpx phyric, tholeiitic pillow lavas overlain by highly vesicular hyaloclastites, breccias and conglomerates, is interpreted as an uplifted seamount/ocean island complex. The Nicoya (～90?Ma) and Herradura terranes consist of fault-bounded sequences of sediments, tholeiitic volcanics (pillow lavas and massive sheet flows) and plutonic rocks. The volcanic rocks were emplaced at relatively high eruption rates in moderate to deep water, possibly forming part of an oceanic plateau. Major and trace element data from Nicoya/Herradura tholeiites indicate higher melting temperatures than inferred for normal mid-ocean-ridge basalts (MORB) and/or a different source composition. Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic ratios from all three terranes are distinct from MORB but resemble those from the Galápagos hotspot. The volcanological, petrological and geochemical data from Costa Rican volcanic terranes, combined with published age data, paleomagnetic results and plate tectonic reconstructions of this region, provide strong evidence for a Mid Cretaceous (～90Ma) age for the Galápagos hotspot, making it one of the oldest known, active hotspots on Earth. Our results also support an origin of the Caribbean Plate through melting of the head of the Galápagos starting plume.     

The Lac Cornu retrograded eclogites (Aiguilles Rouges massif,Western Alps,France): evidence of crustal origin and metasomatic alteration

Metabasic rocks interbedded in amphibolite facies supracrustal gneisses outcrop around Lac Carnu in the Aiguilles Rouges massif (Western Alps). The cores of the thickest boudinaged lenses are made up of eclogitic amphibolites grading outwards into amphibolites. The common assemblage is unzoned garnet + symplectitic clinopyroxebe + hornblende + plagioclase. In a slightly amphibolitized sample, minimum P and T conditions of equilibrium between garnet and omphacite inclusions are 780°C and 11 Kb. A polymetamorphic pre-Alpine evolution of the massif is thus demonstrated. Eclogitic amphibolites show variations in major element composition similar to the Skaergaard evolution in the Al₂O₃ ? FeO + Fe₂O₃ ? MgO triangle. Variation diagrams in which Zr is taken as differentiation index also indicate magmatic trends for Mn, Ti, P, Ni, Co, Y, V and Cr, Ca, K, Na, Sr, Rb and Si were mobile during the evolution of the rocks. The igneous trend can be described by a quantitative model of fractional crystallization in which a noritic assemblage separated in the initial stage. This provides evidence of crustal P, T conditions of differentiation for the original materoal and in situ evolution for the eclogites. A second group of amphibolites shows banded structure and transitional terms with the surrounding gneisses. A volcano-sedimentary origin is suggested though the process cannot be modelled. The rocks may result from complex interactions of magnetic, metasomatic and sedimentary processes. It is concluded that Lac Cornu metabasites were originally continental tholeiites, though several geochemical criteria tend to indicate an oceanic origin. This casts some doubt on the validity of these criteria, when applied to metamorphic rocks.     

Composition and geodynamic nature of the protoliths of diamondiferous rocks from the Kumdy-Kol deposit of the Kokchetav metamorphic belt, northern Kazakhstan

The distribution of rare earth elements was analyzed in the Early Cambrian diamondiferous calcsilicate rocks and gneisses, calciphyres, and marbles of the Kumdy-Kol deposit. These data were compared with the lithogeochemical characteristics of the sedimentary assemblages of weakly metamorphosed Late Precambrian graphite-bearing sedimentary rocks of the Kokchetav metamorphic belt. The obtained results allowed us to suppose that the protoliths of the Kumdy-Kol rocks were compositionally similar to the Late Precambrian graphite-bearing terrigenous-carbonate and sand-shale sequences of the continental shelf of the Kokchetav microcontinent, some of which were transformed in a subduction zone into diamondiferous rocks.     

Exhumation of oceanic eclogites: thermodynamic constraints on pressure,temperature, bulk composition and density

The exhumation mechanism of high‐pressure (HP) and ultrahigh‐pressure (UHP) eclogites formed by the subduction of oceanic crust (hereafter referred to as oceanic eclogites) is one of the primary uncertainties associated with the subduction factory. The phase relations and densities of eclogites with MORB compositions are modelled using thermodynamic calculations over a P–T range of 1–4 GPa and 400–800 °C, respectively, in the NCKFMASHTO (Na₂O–CaO–K₂O–FeO–MgO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂–H₂O–TiO₂–Fe₂O₃) system. Our modelling suggests that the mineral assemblages, mineral proportions and density of oceanic crust subducted along a cold P–T path are quite different from those of crust subducted along a warm P–T path, and that the density of oceanic eclogites is largely controlled by the stability of low‐density hydrous minerals, such as lawsonite, chlorite, glaucophane and talc. Along a cold subduction P–T path with a geotherm of ~6 °C km^?1, lawsonite is always present at 1.1 to >4.0 GPa, and chlorite, glaucophane and talc can be stable at pressures of up to 2.3, 2.6 and 3.6 GPa respectively. Along such a P–T path, the density of subducted oceanic crust is always lower than that of the surrounding mantle at depths shallower than 110–120 km (< 3.3–3.6 GPa). However, along a warm subduction P–T path with a geotherm of ~10 °C km^?1, the P–T path is outside the stability field of lawsonite, and the hydrous minerals of chlorite, epidote and amphibole break down completely into dry dense minerals at relatively lower pressures of 1.5, 1.85 and 1.9 GPa respectively. Along such a warm subduction P–T path, the subducted oceanic crust becomes denser than the surrounding mantle at depths >60 km (>1.8 GPa). Oceanic eclogites with high H₂O content, oxygen fugacity, bulk‐rock X_Mg [ = MgO/(MgO + FeO)], X_Al [ = Al₂O₃/(Al₂O₃ + MgO + FeO)] and low X_Ca [ = CaO/(CaO + MgO + FeO + Na₂O)] are likely suitable for exhumation, which is consistent with the bulk‐rock compositions of the natural oceanic eclogites on the Earth's surface. On the basis of natural observations and our calculations, it is suggested that beyond depths around 110–120 km oceanic eclogites are not light enough and/or there are no blueschists to compensate the negative buoyancy of the oceanic crust, therefore explaining the lack of oceanic eclogites returned from ultradeep mantle (>120 km) to the Earth's surface. The exhumed light–cold–hydrous oceanic eclogites may have decoupled from the top part of the sinking slab at shallow depths in the forearc region and are exhumed inside the serpentinized subduction channel, whereas the dense–hot–dry eclogites may be retained in the sinking slab and recycled into deeper mantle.     

Contact and fracture ultramafic assemblages from Norway: Rb-Sr evidence for crustal contamination

Strontium isotopes are used as tracers of crustal contamination of alpine-type ultramafic rocks from the Basal Gneiss Complex of the Caledonides of southern Norway. Minerals from anhydrous assemblages that occur in the cores of these ultramafic lenses give Sr⁸⁷/Sr⁸⁶ ratios (0.7011 to 0.7047) that reflect the expected ambient Sr⁸⁷/Sr⁸⁶ conditions of the ancient upper mantle. Rb-Sr evidence for crustal contamination is found in hydrous assemblages that occur within fractures and around the margins of the ultramafio bodies. Olivine, enstatite, amphibole, and magnesite from these assemblages have present-day Sr⁸⁷/Sr⁸⁶ ratios (0.7049 to 0.7085) that are significantly higher than those of compositionally equivalent minerals from the interiors of the ultramafic bodies. The high Sr⁸⁷/Sr⁸⁶ values were acquired as a result of the reaction between the ultramafic rock and ion-charged hydrous solutions carrying strontium with the ambient Sr⁸⁷/Sr⁸⁶ ratio (around 0.713) of the enclosing country rook during the waning phases of the Caledonian Orogeny. Mineral separates from the interiors of these ultramafic bodies can yield useful information on the ancient upper mantle. Wholerock samples, however, will show some evidence of contamination from the crust as a result of the formation of at least trace amounts of secondary hydrous minerals. Most whole-rook Sr⁸⁷/Sr⁸⁶ ratios from alpine-type ultramafic rocks from other orogenic belts show evidence of this contamination.     

西藏拉萨地块MORB型榴辉岩的岩石地球化学特征

松多榴辉岩的SiO2、Al2O3含量分别为45.3%～50.6%、12.93%～14.27%,K2O Na2O为1.3%～2.8%,TFeO/MgO为1.11～2.02,CaO为10.4%～14.47%,K2O<0.3%,Na2O为0.97%～2.47%。总体上具有玄武质或辉长质岩石的成分特征,属于钙碱性系列,具有MORB的特征,表明其原岩来自大洋环境。松多榴辉岩大多数样品的稀土元素配分模式显示轻稀土元素亏损,无明显的Eu异常,重稀土元素平坦。微量元素蛛网图均显示从Zr到Yb属于平坦型,基本上未发生分馏。松多榴辉岩的LaN/YbN比值为0.19～0.56,LaN/CeN为0.75～0.81,LaN/SmN为0.37～0.81,三者均小于1;Hf/Th除了石英榴辉岩中的06Y-344样品为6.81外,其他样品为11.10～33.97,均大于8;Ce/Nb为2.72～19.02,均大于2;Th/Yb为0.01～0.10,均小于或等于0.1,也说明其原岩具有典型MORB的特征。锆石SHRIMPU-Pb定年获得松多榴辉岩的变质年龄为261Ma±5.3Ma,推测其原岩可能为古特提斯洋盆的残留。     

V／Sc在CCSD主孔榴辉岩中的系统关系：一种可透视变质作用并指示基性岩浆作用的地球化学工具

和Fe一样，V和Sc都是过渡族金属元素，它们在地幔部分熔融和岩浆分异中的地球化学行为是近年来行星地质和岩石地球化学的研究热点之一。通过分析V和Sc在部分熔融和岩浆分异过程中的地球化学行为，发现V／Sc是可以透视岩浆成岩后所经历的变质、交代或流体作用的新的地球化学工具。本文通过系统分析中国大陆科学钻探工程主孔100～600米榴辉岩，尤其是540～600米钛铁矿一赤铁矿榴辉岩的V／Sc比值的变化特征，来进一步限定榴辉岩原岩可能的成岩过程。在CCSD主孔岩心中，和100～540m榴辉岩相比，540～600m段榴辉岩表现出以下十分特别的地球化学特征：（1）相当高的V，但十分低的Nb和Ta；（2）较高的TFeO，Fe2O3／FeO比值，高度变化且较高的Eu正异常（Eu／Eu^＋高达2.9）；（3）异常高的V／Sc比值（8．39～43．23，平均15．07），V／Sc比值和MgO之间呈负相关关系，但和Fe2O3／FeO之间呈正相关关系；（4）近乎正相同步变化的V和Fe2O3/、／FeO，但反相变化的V和Eu／Eu^＋。这些地球化学特征反映了原岩形成过程中，高度动态的斜长石分离结晶作用与岩浆氧逸度之间的负耦合关系，即在原始基性岩浆中，斜长石的分离结晶作用导致岩浆氧逸度升高，诱发钛磁铁矿和斜长石及单斜辉石的同步分离结晶作用，优先猎取大量的V和Fe，Sc主要分布在单斜辉石，导致所成堆晶的V和Fe含量升高及高度变化且增高的V／Sc比值，同时MgO，SiO2相对降低。这种过程导致上述的V和Fe2O3／FeO之间近乎同相变化关系．但反相变化的V和Eu／Eu^＋。CCSD主孔100～600m榴辉岩的V／Sc和MgO系统关系实际上透视了上述的过程，即除橄榄石堆晶作用外，含钛铁矿物相的分离结晶作用对形成的堆晶及相应岩浆的V、Sc和V／Sc比值的强烈控制作用。CCSD及区域地质所揭示的南北长约2000m，宽约500m的反S型、层序较完整的基性-超基性杂岩体所经历的岩浆过程有可能代表着大别-苏鲁超高压带中榴辉岩原岩经历了类似的过程。通过对较大规模榴辉岩及其伴生的超基性岩的V、Sc和V／Sc系统关系的系统研究可能进一步揭示更多类似的基性-超基性杂岩体，为厘定大别-苏鲁超高压带的碰撞前的物理和化学状态提供更好的限定。