长白山玄武岩区地热异常区遥感识别

利用Landsat TM5遥感影像多光谱和热红外数据,对长白山玄武岩区地表温度场进行了反演。在此基础上,综合分析了研究区地表温度场、温泉和地热井分布特征、布格重力场及磁场4个因子,采用判别分析方法建立并验证了判别函数,对研究区地热异常区进行了识别。研究结果表明:研究区地表温度异常区主要分布在长白山天池火山口周围,此外,在区内3个中生代沉积盆地(抚松盆地、松江盆地和长白盆地)也有孤立状的高温区域分布,地表温度异常像素所占比例为2.993%;研究区潜在地热资源异常区可分为环长白山天池火山口区域、松江河—抚松县及二道白河—松江镇一带的抚松盆地和松江盆区、仙人桥地区以及长白县—十四道沟一带的长白盆地区,其中环长白山天池火山口区域地热潜在概率值均大于0.9,最大值达到1.0。该研究为地热异常区的识别提供了一条新的思路。     

胜利探区水网区地震采集技术

胜利探区水网密集,常规的地震采集方法难以使用.通过多年的实践,胜利油田有限公司物探公司形成了一套适合水网区的施工方法,在胜利探区的施工中取得了明显的效果,为油田的增储上产做出了贡献.     

抚顺某油罐区地基土深部火区处理

油罐区下部为回填三十多年的露天采矿剥离物,其厚度50-70米。3.0米以下有不同程度的冒气、发热、自燃等现象,在其上部拟建油罐,其安全性尤为重要。为了保证其建筑物的安全,需对油罐区深部火区进行处理,经方案对比,采用水、粉煤灰、阻化剂压密注浆的方法对拟建油罐区地基土深部火区进行处理。达到理想效果,保证了建筑物的安全。     

贵州典型喀斯特地貌区农村聚落空间分布研究——以清镇红枫区、毕节鸭池区和关岭-贞丰花江区为例

为探索贵州喀斯特地貌区农村聚落空间分布的特点,选取具有代表性的清镇红枫区(高原盆地地貌区)、毕节鸭池区(高原山地地貌区)以及关岭—贞丰花江区(高原峡谷地貌区)三个典型区域作为研究对象。首先利用区域重心分析的方法,以聚集维数和聚集维数图来分析各研究区的聚落在区域重心上的集聚程度,再进一步通过GeoDa软件,使用Moran I和LocalMoran's I系数及相应散点图分析区域聚落整体和局部的分布情况。分析结果表明,高原山地区和高原盆地区聚落均存在集聚性,且集聚程度存在内部差异,其中高原山地区聚落向人口重心集聚,高原盆地区聚落向住宅重心集聚,集聚和半集聚聚落在高原盆地区最多。由于喀斯特地形复杂,各个研究区内部聚落在水平空间分布上均存在一定差异,依照集聚程度不同喀斯特地貌区农村聚落的分布规律为高原盆地区＞高原山地区＞高原峡谷区。      

青藏公路沿线多年冻土区的构造融区水资源及其供水意义

系统总结了青藏公路沿线多年冻土区重点城镇的供水现状,分析了构造融区水的供水水文地质条件,指出多年冻土区的构造融区水这一高原寒区特有的地下水类型对于沿线城镇的发展有着重要的战略意义,构造融区水将成为沿线地下水开发利用的主要方向。     

北方槽区泥盆纪生物地理区的特征

<正> 1977年,北方槽区古生代地层会议之后,《地层学杂志》(1979年,3卷3期)发表了“天山—兴安区古生代地层研究新进展”(以下简称“进展”)一文,提出了一些新颖的见解,反映了我国当前北方槽区地层古生物研究的水平。对“进展”一文提出的泥盆纪时,北方槽区“实为介于旧世界区和阿伯拉阡区之间的一个独立生物地理区”的论断,笔者认为有商榷的必要。因为它涉及到生物地层学研究的一些概念问题。     

桂林毛村岩溶区和非岩溶区牧草养分动态的对比研究

通过进行岩溶区和非岩溶区牧草田间对比试验,测定植被在生长季内( 6- 8月)的养分动态变化,并结合N / P化学计量学的原理和方法,研究了岩溶区牧草的养分限制状况。结果表明: ( 1)在生长季节的6- 8月,岩溶区4种牧草N、P养分浓度都具有显著的随月份的增长而减少的趋势。从岩溶区和非岩溶区所测定的4种牧草养分结果来看,岩溶区牧草的N素平均值为22. 79 mg /g ,非岩溶区牧草的N素略小于岩溶区,为22. 15 mg /g ;岩溶区的P素平均值为6. 03 mg /g ,非岩溶区牧草的P素小于岩溶区,为5. 35 mg /g。( 2)无论是岩溶区还是非岩溶区,牧草的N /P与N 的相关性最大,相当系数都大于0. 6,与非岩溶区不同的是,岩溶区牧草的N /P与Ca 的相关性也很大,而非岩溶区的则较小。( 3)岩溶区牧草植物体Ca、Mg总含量分别是非岩溶区的2和1. 5倍。不同种类的牧草对Ca、Mg 的吸收和累积能力有较大的差异,本研究中的类玉米其钙含量远远小于其它3种牧草的钙含量。      

安庆市立医院新院区

一、工程概况 安庆市立医院新院区位于安庆市旧城区东侧的长江大桥综合经济开发区中部,安庆市未来城市中心区的核心位置。整个院区的规划分两大步进行,一期建设1000床,二期规模达到2000床。     

基于SPA的征地区片划分和区片交界补偿价修正

区片划分是征地综合地价测算的前提和基础,区片划分合理与否直接关系到征地补偿能否顺利进行,但现有研究方法难以全面反映区片的差异性及其性质的可变性,导致区片交界征地补偿冲突不断。本文通过分析征地区片划分因素和因子体系,引入集对分析方法建立了征地区片划分模型,并根据集对态势度构建了区片交界补偿价修正模型。浙江省玉环县征地区片划分实践表明,该模型能为征地区片划分提供一种可行的方法,能有效减少区片价补偿冲突,从而提高区片划分的科学性与客观性。     

西藏冈底斯斑岩铜矿带矿集区和矿田靶区定位预测

西藏冈底斯东段斑岩铜矿带的研究是目前的热点,靶区定位是矿产勘查需要解决的重要问题。应用区域化探数据,结合前人研究成果,研究了斑岩铜矿矿集区和矿田(或矿床)靶区地球化学预测方法。预测结果表明,矿集区靶区可以用SiO2、K2O和Na2O进行定位预测,矿田靶区用矿田指示元素定位预测效果较好;矿集区和矿田靶区模式特征及空间分布揭示板块俯冲、碰撞造山和壳幔分异是主要控制因素;预测驱龙矿集区是首选勘探重点。     

“四深”微生物的地质作用：从气候环境变化到生态灾难

“四深”微生物是指深海、深地、深空和深时环境的微生物,特别是细菌、古菌、真菌、病毒等。人们对“四深”微生物的了解非常有限,是亟待突破的地球生物学前沿领域。“四深”微生物的研究对理解地球生命起源、界定生物圈的边界条件、促进地球科学与生命科学以及行星科学之间的交叉融合具有不可替代性的贡献。随着我国深海、深空、深地等重大工程计划的推进,一系列与“四深”微生物有关的前沿科学问题不断提出,包括地质微生物与气候环境的相互作用、地质微生物的生物安全与生态安全、地质微生物参与的隐匿地质过程等。特别是,“四深”环境活性氧自由基对微生物的影响、地质病毒对生物演化和地质过程的影响等前沿领域都亟待突破。活性氧自由基能对生物分子、细胞、组织和器官,乃至整个生物圈的演化以及微生物地质作用都产生重要影响。病毒引发了现代和近代诸多全球性疫情爆发,地质病毒则可能对生物的背景灭绝和大灭绝以及一些地质过程产生影响。     

我国过去50a来降水变化趋势及其对水资源的影响(Ⅱ):月系列

应用全国范围内的678个气象站1951-1998年长系列逐月降水资料, 用线性回归方法研究降水量的变化趋势, 同时结合长江、黄河和松花江主要控制水文站同期的径流资料, 研究径流对气候变化的响应. 结果表明: 降水的年内变化表现出较大的区域特性, 最显著的变化特点是秋冬季 (8～12月) 东部地区降水量普遍减少, 1～3月江南地区降水有增加趋势. 气候的上述变化趋势对我国干旱的西北地区有利, 该区河流径流量有明显增加; 另一方面, 夏季降水的增加可能会导致洪水事件的濒发, 与此同时, 降水量的年内不均匀变化, 特别是在 8～12月长时间的降水减少趋势, 导致枯水期径流的减少, 从而加剧秋冬季水资源的供需矛盾. 长江、黄河和松花江主要控制水文站6个站1～4月径流基本上表现为增加趋势, 而6～12月大多表现为减少趋势, 只有黄河上游唐乃亥站6月, 长江下游大通站7月和松花江哈尔滨站8月径流为增加; 另外, 气候变暖使发源于青藏高原的长江(宜昌站3、 4月)和黄河上游(唐乃亥站4～6月)的春季的融雪过程提前, 融雪期径流增加.     

西北气候环境转型信号在新疆河川径流变化中的反映

对新疆不同区域、不同补给类型的26条河流年平均径流量变化趋势分析研究,结果显示:大多数河流年径流量从1987年起出现增加趋势,天山山区增加尤其明显,其它地区有不同程度的增加,昆仑山北坡略微有减少.从径流变化来分析,天山山区的气候变化已出现由暖干向暖湿转型的信号,其它地区也正处在转型过程中.     

关于沉积学发展的思考

笔者对地质学领域中一些学科近10多年以来的突破性进展做了扼要的评述,以及对沉积学发展中一些重要事件做了简短的回顾之后,提出了在当前高新科技时代有关研究工作的一些看法。认为在沉积学的研究中,必须采用高新技术,与其它学科同步进入高科技时代;要更新传统的观念;研究中注意学科渗透交叉,发展新的学科分支;注意全球变化的研究;研究工作要更加密切结合经济发展的需要。     

Great tritium ages explain the occurrence of good-quality groundwater in a phreatic aquifer of an urban area, Lublin, Poland

The phreatic aquifer of the Lublin chalk in the watershed of the Bystrzyca River, eastern Poland, is characterized by waters of good quality. Its hydraulic conductivity is related to a fissure network of low porosity, as much as 0.006 at the outcrops. The good quality of water in this urban setting is surprising because, according to estimates based on Darcy's law, a high seepage velocity would be expected, resulting in rapid transport of pollutants in the aquifer. However, tritium sampling reveals that the mean ages range from about 55 to 92 years in four cases, and about 250 to 350 years in 11 cases. One sampling site is free of tritium, which indicates an even greater age. Such great ages can be explained only by a retardation of solute transport due to matrix diffusion, that is, an exchange between mobile water in the fissures of low porosity and stagnant water in the matrix of high porosity. The delay factor is given as the ratio of total porosity to fissure porosity. In consequence, all types of dissolved constituents and, to some degree, fine suspended matter are delayed in their transport to springs and wells. In addition, non-conservative constituents have longer times to sorb, react, and decay than in the case of transport without a dominant influence of matrix diffusion. Though pollutants are greatly delayed, their accumulation in the matrix and slow diffusion into the fissures contribute to their persistence in groundwater. Regional values of hydraulic conductivity, estimated from tritium ages and known matrix porosity, agree reasonably well with the values known from pumping tests, which supports the interpretation of a dominant influence of matrix diffusion on solute transport. Electronic Publication     

Multifunctional intervention and market rationality in agricultural governance: a comparative study of England and South Australia

Critiques of the neoliberal governance of agricultural systems have led to a number of political responses which attempt to address the socio-environmental consequences of the dominant regime. In this paper two case study regions (South Australia and England) have been chosen to represent variations in agricultural policy and to highlight subsequent outcomes on the sustainability of agriculture. Interviewed governance stakeholders highlighted issues in regard to the agricultural governance of each area, from social and environmental consequences of minimal policy intervention in South Australia, to issues created by greater economic support in England. As such, the distinct variations in agricultural regimes will continue to demand scholarly attention, in order for the value of diversity within the sector to be more widely understood. The study concludes that it is likely agricultural support will continue to decline in both case study regions. Importantly, however, innovative policy mechanisms that aim to reduce local risks and value local agricultural priorities, without requiring significant financial support, might be the most promising way forward in regard to agricultural system sustainability.     

Frequency-interval control reconfigurability for automated processes

Faults in automated systems will often result in undesired behavior and shut-down of the processes. The consequences of these could be damage to the plant, to personnel and resources, or even to the environment. In particular, in the case of natural disasters, faults are often inevitable. The objective of the methods for fault-tolerant control (FTC) is to prevent simple faults turning into severe failure. Therefore, FTC methods help to increase plant availability and to reduce the risk of safety hazards. However, these methods cannot be effective if sufficient redundancy does not exist in the system. A measure for control reconfigurability which reveals the level of redundancy in connection with feedback control is proposed in this paper. The proposed control reconfigurability measure is developed in particular for many applications in which one is interested in analysis and control within a frequency-interval. Compared to the other counterparts, the proposed measure encodes more information on the level of redundancy within the frequency-interval of interest. An illustrative example is given to show the computation of frequency-interval control reconfigurability and its relevance to redundant actuating capabilities in the models.     

Initiation of leaking Earth: An ultimate trigger of the Cambrian explosion

For life to have dramatically evolved and diversified during the so-called Cambrian explosion, there must have been significant changes in the environmental conditions of Earth. A rapid increase in atmospheric oxygen, which has been discussed as the key factor in the evolution of life, cannot by itself explain such an explosion, since life requires more than oxygen to flourish let alone survive. The supply of nutrients must have played a more critical role in the explosion, including an increase in phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) which are key elements for metabolisms to function. So, what happened at the onset of the Cambrian to bring about changes in environmental conditions and nutrient supply and ultimately evolution of life?An ultimate trigger for the Cambrian explosion is proposed here. The geotherm along subduction zones of a cooling Earth finally became cool enough around 600 Ma to allow slabs to be hydrated. The subduction of these hydrated slabs transferred voluminous water from the ocean to the mantle, resulting in a lowering of the sea level and an associated exceptional exposure of nutrient-enriched continental crust, along with an increase in atmospheric oxygen. This loss of water at the surface of the Earth and an associated increase in exposed landmass is referred to here as leaking Earth. Vast amounts of nutrients began to be carried through weathering, erosion, and transport of the landmass; rock fragments of the landmass would break down into ions during transport to the ocean through river, providing life forms (prokaryote) sufficient nutrients to live and evolve. Also, plume-driven dome-up beneath the continental crusts broadened the surface area providing a supply of nutrients an order magnitude greater than that produced through uplift of mountains by continental collision. Simultaneously, atmospheric oxygen began to increase rapidly due to the burial of dead organic matter by enhanced sedimentation from the emergence of a greater landmass, which ultimately inhibited oxidation of organic matter. Hence, oxygen began to accumulate in the atmosphere, which when coupled with a continuous supply of nutrients, resulted in an explosion of life, including an increase in the size. An enhanced oxygen supply in the atmosphere resulted in the formation of an ozone layer, providing life a shield from the UV radiation of the Sun; this enabled life to invade the land. In addition to a change in the supply of nutrients related to a leaking Earth, the evolution of life was accelerated through mass extinction events such as observed during Snowball Earth, possibly related to a starburst in our galaxy, as well as mutation in the genome due to radiogenic elements sourced from carbonatite magma (atomic bomb magma) in rift valley. There are two requirements to find a habitable planet: (1) the initial mass of an ocean and (2) the size of a planet. These two conditions determine the history of a planet, including planetary tectonics and the birth of life. This newfound perspective, which includes the importance of a leaking planet, provides a dawn of new planetary science and astrobiology.     

Forensic geology in serious crime investigation

CSI, Silent Witness , and a host of other recent television dramas have highlighted the role of science in serious crime investigation and detection. Although many 'real' forensic scientists wince at the media portrayal of their discipline, the programmes have led to a wider understanding of the role of different branches of science in criminal investigations. This is not always a good thing, as 'career' or 'professional' criminals will work very hard at being forensically aware to avoid detection, hence any credible forensic scientist might want to be at best a little reticent as to what they do and how they do it. However, in the UK court system evidence presented by the Prosecution team has to be disclosed to the defence and to be open to challenge in court. This article aims to show, in the broadest of terms, how geology is becoming used increasingly in the detection of serious crime.     

Development of a late Viséan (Mississippian) mixed carbonate/siliciclastic platform in the Guadalmellato Valley (southwestern Spain)

The Peñas Rubias Syncline (southwestern Spain) exposes a well-preserved shallow-water platform succession containing a spectrum of facies corresponding to inner platform intertidal to supratidal environments, across to deeper-water middle to outer platform environments. Nineteen microfacies are recognized, which are grouped into seven facies association corresponding to: siliciclastic deltaic bars, mixed carbonate/siliciclastic shoals, carbonate mud mound boundstones, background platform carbonates, background platform siliciclastics, mixed tempestites and deep-water siliciclastic shales and sandstones. The age of the succession was determined mainly by foraminiferans and calcareous algae, which permit the succession to be assigned to the late Brigantian (latest Viséan). This upper Brigantian platform is the only record of sedimentation of this age in the region, and thus is key for interpreting the sedimentary and tectonic evolution of the Carboniferous rocks in Sierra Morena. Biotic and sedimentological features were analyzed in order to assess the controls on the sedimentation. Several factors have influenced sedimentological changes: turbidity, subsidence, siliciclastic discharges, storms and bioturbation. The siliciclastic discharges exerted a considerable control on the basal deposits, mostly in their percentage of quartz sand grains and as microconglomerates. However, they did not develop as large deltaic deposits, and their influence can be considered as virtually negligible in regards to the remaining part of the succession. Turbidity, as a result of higher percentage of silt and mud in suspension, seems to be the main factor controlling the change between the older intertidal deposits in the inner platform to the younger subtidal deposits of the middle and outer platform. As a result of the increase of the mud and silt in suspension, facies changed first to marlstones and nodular argillaceous limestones, and second, to predominantly calcimicrobial boundstones and shales in the uppermost part of the carbonate succession, as well as showing a marked change from photic-controlled benthic faunal and microfloral assemblages to assemblages more tolerant or better adapted to muddier dysphotic substrates. Bioturbation is also interpreted as one of the main controls influencing the different type of boundstones in the middle platform, permitting the vertical growth of dome-shaped mud-mounds or as sheet-like deposits. Storm influences seem to have exerted some control on the positive relief of the dome-shaped boundstones, which are usually capped by tempestites. The differential subsidence observed in the northwestern sector of the platform allowed the accumulation of many stacked dome-shaped mounds, a feature not recognized in southeastern parts. The general stratigraphical sequence seems to be controlled by eustasy and synsedimentary tectonics. The overall succession exhibits a pronounced deepening-upwards transgressive sequence from siliciclastic delta bars, mixed shoals, carbonates and shales of the middle platform with the growth of calcimicrobial boundstones and dark green shales, passing up into black shales at the top of the sequence, in the outer platform and, possibly, submarine slope settings. Although this transgressive sequence is in harmony with the 3rd-order glacioeustatic cycle defined for the late Brigantian in the western Palaeotethys, all these Brigantian rocks accumulated in a synsedimentary extensional regime, which is related to the initiation of a sinistral strike–slip regime, previously recognized as affecting only Serpukhovian and younger rocks in Sierra Morena. These synsedimentary faults allow us to recognize significant lateral variations in thickness over short distances.