福州市不同绿地功能区土壤重金属污染特征及评价

为了揭示福州市绿地土壤重金属含量、来源及成因,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)测定了福州市市区不同绿地功能区土壤重金属的含量,采用单因子污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法对土壤重金属污染水平进行评价,并分析了土壤重金属污染的主要来源。结果表明,福州市不同绿地功能区土壤重金属含量已有一定程度的积累,Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn和Pb等6种重金属元素在4类功能区中均有不同程度的污染,比如Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn和Pb重金属最大含量分别为100.62 mg·kg~(-1)(化工路)、15.10 mg·kg~(-1)(阳光城小区)、24.37 mg·kg~(-1)(浦上大道)、59.04 mg·kg~(-1)(南二环)、227.11 mg·kg~(-1)(化工路)、169.85 mg·kg~(-1)(化工路);单因子污染指数评价表明,Co、Zn和Pb 3种元素在4类绿地功能区达到轻污染,Zn和Pb的污染更严重;综合污染评价中,不同绿地功能区重金属污染程度依次为道路绿地居住区绿地单位绿地公园绿地。福州城市土壤重金属污染来源较复杂,公园绿地土壤重金属污染主要来自居民、游客所产生的丢弃物;单位绿地和居民区绿地土壤重金属污染主要来自生活垃圾;道路绿地土壤重金属含量主要来自交通运输。就重金属元素而言,Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb元素主要受交通运输影响,居民生活影响次之;Co、Ni元素主要受居民生活影响。     

泸沽湖大草海湖滨带表层土壤的多环芳烃污染状况及其生态风险评价

于2019年3月12~13日,在四川省泸沽湖大草海湖滨带的41处采样地中,采集表层(0~20 cm深度)土壤样品,分析测试土样的多环芳烃含量;根据多环芳烃含量的分级标准,确定表层土壤的多环芳烃污染状况,并评价其生态风险。研究结果表明,菜地、果园、林地、耕地和季节性湿草甸表层土壤中的16种多环芳烃质量比之和分别为1 565.98 ng/g、1 463.28 ng/g、676.93 ng/g、591.66 ng/g和583.03 ng/g,菜地表层土壤中多环芳烃含量相对最高;大部分采样地表层土壤属于多环芳烃轻微污染,分布在道路边、人流量较大的地方、居民住宅旁的菜地和污染沟渠附近的采样地表层土壤属中度和重度多环芳烃污染;采样地表层土壤中的多环芳烃来源主要以生物质能源燃烧和交通源为主;多环芳烃对儿童的致癌风险指数小于10^-6,处于安全范围,成人通过皮肤接触途径造成的多环芳烃致癌风险指数最大值和总致癌风险指数都大于10^-6,故成人存在致癌风险。     

闽江河口洲滩表层沉积物中多环芳烃的含量、来源和生态风险北大核心CSCD

多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)作为典型的持久性有机污染物,广泛存在于环境中。河口湿地的沉积物能吸收和累积环境中的多环芳烃,研究沉积物中多环芳烃的含量、污染水平和来源,对开展河口海岸区保护、环境管理和污染物控制具有重要意义。在福州市闽江河口的塔礁洲、道庆洲、蝙蝠洲和鳝鱼滩布设了23个采样点,于2020年10月18日至20日,采集了表层(0~5 cm深度)沉积物样品,测定了16种多环芳烃类化合物的含量,分析了表层沉积物中多环芳烃的来源、污染水平和生态风险。研究结果表明,闽江河口塔礁洲、道庆洲、蝙蝠洲和鳝鱼滩表层沉积物中多环芳烃总含量的范围为15.85~381.52 ng/g,塔礁洲和道庆洲表层沉积物中多环芳烃的含量明显大于蝙蝠洲和鳝鱼滩;塔礁洲、道庆洲、蝙蝠洲和鳝鱼滩表层沉积物中的多环芳烃以高环数多环芳烃为主,其主要来源于周围工业废水排放、化石燃料燃烧、交通工具尾气排放、农业生物质燃烧,船舶运输过程中的石油泄漏和燃料不完全燃烧是表层沉积物中少量低环数多环芳烃的主要来源;道庆洲表层沉积物被多环芳烃轻微污染;塔礁洲、道庆洲、蝙蝠洲和鳝鱼滩表层沉积物中5种多环芳烃类化合物的含量对周围环境有中等生态风险。     

天津市不同土地利用类型土壤中多环芳烃的含量特征

本文分析了天津不同土地利用类型表层土壤若干多环芳烃组分的含量特征及污染水平。结果显示,城市绿地土壤中多环芳烃的含量最高,污灌农田土壤中一些组分的含量也较高,但多数组分与普通农田、荒地等其他土地利用类型相差不大;在6种土地利用类型中,低环/高环在大部分地区小于1,说明天津地区多环芳烃污染主要以燃烧源为主。芘/苯并(a)芘参数值则反映出市区绿地土壤受交通污染的影响比较大;各种土地利用类型土壤表层均受到了一定程度的多环芳烃污染,其中城市绿地土壤污染程度较为严重     

福州市农业土壤多环芳烃的含量、来源及生态风险

研究了福州市农业表层土壤（0-10cm）。中美国环境保护署（USEPA）优控的16种多环芳烃（PAHs）含量,并对其来源和生态风险进行了分析。结果表明,供试土样中16种PAHs检出率达到100％,其总量的含量范围为100.2-1215.1μgkg^-1,且与土壤总有机碳的含量呈显著正相关;土壤中PAHs主要源于生物燃烧和石油。利用毒性当量因子（TEF）计算了供试土样中PAHs单体相对于苯并[a]芘的毒性当量（Bapeq）,土样中总Bap。值的范围为12.50-147.95μgkg^-1,其中50％土样总Bapeq的值超过荷兰规定目标值（总Bapeq=32.96μgkg^-1）,表明福州市部分农业土壤存在一定的潜在生态风险。     

福州市农业土壤多环芳烃的含量、来源及生态风险

研究了福州市农业表层土壤(0～10 cm)中美国环境保护署(USEPA)优控的16种多环芳烃(PAHs)含量,并对其来源和生态风险进行了分析.结果表明,供试土样中16种PAHs检出率达到100%,其总量的含量范围为100.2～1 215.1 μg kg-1,且与土壤总有机碳的含量呈显著正相关;土壤中PAHs主要源于生物燃烧和石油.利用毒性当量因子(TEF)计算了供试土样中PAHs单体相对于苯并[a]芘的毒性当量(Bapeq),土样中总Bapeq值的范围为2.50～147.95 μg kg-1,其中50%土样总Bapeq的值超过荷兰规定目标值(总Bapeq=32.96 μg kg-1),表明福州市部分农业土壤存在一定的潜在生态风险.     

大兴安岭摩天岭雨养泥炭沼泽多环芳烃分布特征与来源分析

运用气相色谱—质谱(GC-MS)技术对大兴安岭摩天岭(47°22′23″N,120°38′45″E)雨养泥炭沼泽泥炭柱中的多环芳烃(PAHs)污染物进行了分析。结果表明,研究区雨养泥炭沼泽表层PAHs总含量的质量比为1 874.4 ng/g,与国内外雨养泥炭沼泽表层相比,其污染水平相对较高。由于研究区气候冷湿,雨养泥炭沼泽中的有机质腐殖化程度较低,有机碳含量较高,这和其PAHs含量的相关性较小。研究区样品中检测出的PAHs主要以2~3环的多环芳烃为主;由PAHs分子标志物指标分析结果可知,研究区雨养泥炭沼泽PAHs污染物的主要来源是当地森林火灾与大气远距离沉降;沉降的PAHs污染物是原油开采、石油生产和化石燃料燃烧的共同贡献。在距地表15~34 cm处,柱状剖面层的PAHs含量显著增加,这是由于1987年和1998年大兴安岭发生森林火灾树木燃烧所致。     

隔离降雨对杉木林土壤可溶性有机碳和微生物生物量碳的影响

通过在亚热带杉木林内设置不同隔离降雨强度试验:完全隔离降雨、隔离60%降雨、隔离20%降雨和对照(自然降雨),研究隔离降雨对0~20 cm土层可溶性有机碳(DOC)和微生物生物量碳(MBC)含量的影响,结果表明:0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层,除完全隔离降雨处理土壤DOC峰值出现在春季外,其他处理均出现在秋季。0~10 cm土层中完全隔离降雨和隔离60%降雨处理的土壤MBC峰值出现在春季,而隔离20%降雨和对照的则出现在夏季,10~20 cm土层各处理对应的MBC最大值分别出现在春季、夏季、夏季和秋季。随着土层加深,4种处理土壤DOC、MBC含量均显著降低。0~10 cm土层,完全隔离降雨处理的土壤DOC、隔离60%降雨土壤MBC均与土壤含水量显著正相关,杉木林土壤DOC和MBC对降水变化响应具有明显的季节性。     

天津地区典型土壤剖面多环芳烃的垂向分布特征

天津地区不同环境功能区表层土中均检出萘、苊、苊烯、联苯、菲、惹烯、芴、二苯并呋喃、二苯并噻吩、荧蒽、芘、屈、苯并芴、苯并蒽、苯并荧蒽、苯并芘、、二苯并[a,h]蒽、茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘、苯并[g,h,i]等多环芳烃化合物,但含量差别显著,南、北排污河污灌区多环芳烃含量明显高于非污染区及北部山区。不同剖面表土中多环芳烃的组成特征也存在明显差别,与非污灌耕地及北部山地相比,污灌耕地和滨海盐土耕地四环以上芳烃相对含量明显较高,而烷基取代物含量明显较低。剖面表层至40cm土壤中多环芳烃含量相对较高,深处含量明显降低,但不同剖面变化幅度存在明显差别,污灌耕地和滨海盐土耕地降低幅度最大,其它剖面变化较小,但剖面深部(>40cm)芳烃化合物组成特征基本趋于一致。     

干旱区梨园不同覆盖条件下土壤环境因子综合性评价研究

在干旱沿黄灌区开展不同覆盖材料配合滴灌的灌溉保墒方式下,进一步研究了不同覆盖方式对梨园全生育期的土壤理化性状和养分含量变化影响,分析了土壤温度、水分、pH等和矿质营养元素间的相互关系,对覆盖后的土壤质量进行了综合性评价。试验处理分为无覆盖对照（T1）、园艺地布覆盖（T2）、玉米秸秆覆盖（T3）和黑地膜覆盖（T4）4个处理;试验设计为随机区组设计,每个处理小区均为167株梨树（约占地667 m²）,重复3次;各小区土样分0~20 cm、20~40 cm、40~60 cm土层取样。结果表明：（1） 园艺地布和黑地膜覆盖处理有一定的增温效应,而玉米秸秆覆盖有较好的降温和稳温效应,且增墒效应明显,土壤含水率比其他3种处理显著提高了1.0%~2.7%。（2） 相较无覆盖处理,黑地膜覆盖可提升表层土壤pH,并加速表层土壤有机质的分解,有机质含量较无覆盖处理下降33.1%;玉米秸秆覆盖可显著降低各土层的土壤pH,降低范围为1.8%~4.6%,并促进0~20 cm土层有机质的提升,土壤有机质含量增加12.2%;园艺地布覆盖下0~40 cm土层内土壤有机质含量和全盐量均有降低。（3） 黑地膜覆盖下0~20 cm和20~40 cm土层的碱解氮含量分别为73.00 mg·g^-1和64.53 mg·g^-1,均显著地高于无覆盖处理,无覆盖条件下土壤碱解氮在深层（40~60 cm土层）积累较多,显著地高于玉米秸秆和黑地膜覆盖;各处理0~20 cm和20~40 cm土层速效磷含量差异显著,大小顺序均为T4>T3>T2>T1,玉米秸秆覆盖可提升土壤速效钾和速效铁的含量。（4） 进行主成分分析表明不同覆盖方式对梨园浅层土壤环境因子的影响要明显大于深层土壤,在0~40 cm土层内各覆盖处理效果均好于无覆盖处理,其中玉米秸秆覆盖在0~20 cm和20~40 cm土层综合得分分别为1.189和0.326,覆盖效果最佳。     

Statewide Estimates of Undiscovered Deposits of Gold,Silver, Copper,Lead, and Zinc

Estimates of the number of undiscovered deposits on a statewide basis offer a different perspective on the nation's undiscovered resources of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc. Mean estimates of the number of undiscovered deposits statewide were extracted from the estimates of undiscovered deposits nationwide. More than 50 undiscovered deposits are estimated to occur in Alaska, Arizona, Nevada, and Wisconsin. Estimating the number of undiscovered deposits statewide serves as a measure of a state's total remaining mineral resources in known conventional deposit types.     

南极研究科学委员会(SCAR)专家组会议

在本届南极地球科学讨论会(1987年8月24—28日)期间及会后,南极研究科学委员会(SCAR)分别举行了南极地质制图学、火山岩地质及岩石学、南方高纬度新生代古环境演化、南极岩石圈结构与演化四个专家组正式会议.由于时间冲突,笔者未能参加古环境会议.制图会议对讨论会上展示并向SCAR提交的图件逐一审议.其中地质图均为小范围大比例尺图,如巴西提交的乔治王岛菲尔德斯半岛地形地质图(1∶1.5万);地球物理方面以航磁图为多;最引人注目的是大面积遥感图,利用卫(航)片经数据处理清晰地反映出地质构造或冰盖结构特征.会议着重讨论了今后几年计划实现的16幅图件(地质6、地球物理6、遥感3、水文1),其中主要有“南极地质全图”(1∶1千万,Tingey主编,“斯科舍弧构造图”(1∶3百万,J.W.Thomson主编),“罗斯海、威得尔海构造及地震剖面图”(比例尺未定,K.Hinz主编),“南极半岛地区地震剖面及地质图”(比例尺未定,C.O.Berbert主编)等.当讨论新遥感图件协调问题时,几家大公司代表就“LANDSAT”、“SPOT”、“AVHRR”等卫星及数据处理性能优劣争论激烈,并都希望由本公司承担这一任务.     

第五届国际南极地球科学讨论会

本届讨论会于8月24—28日在英国剑桥鲁宾逊学院举行,共有23个国家196名代表参加,其中美(54人)、英(51人)、西德(17人)、南非(8人)、意大利(8人)、澳大利亚(8人)、新西兰(8人)、日本(6人)等国代表人数较多.除正式代表以外,尚有许多自由听众(如英国南极局研究生、外国石油公司代表等).会议于24日上午开幕,英地调所长致2分钟简短祝词,会议主席(英南极局地质处主任)用M.Thomson教授作了有关说明,即开始宣读论文.     

Sediment Facies of a Low-Energy, Meso-Tidal, Fringing Reef, Singapore

Pulau (P.) Semakau comprises a narrow, low-lying island, surrounded by a wide fringing coral reef of late-Holocene age. The modern reef flat comprises a gently sloping surface related to modern mean low water neap tide level. Six sediment facies are recognised below the line of high water of which three, adjacent to the island, are composed of terrigenous minerals and rock fragments and three are autochthonous carbonates sediments developed since local sea-level still stand (c. 6,500 years BP). The fringing reefs of P. Semakau and Singapore differ from many of the reef forms recorded from Peninsular Malaysia waters and the Gulf of Thailand. The Singapore reefs have wide, well-developed intertidal reef flats, lack lagoons and reef crests, and have a very steep reef slope. In contrast to most other fringing reefs of the region, the Singapore reefs have developed in a low wave energy, meso-tidal environment lacking strong environmental gradients.     

Estimates of Number of Undiscovered Deposits of Gold,Silver, Copper,Lead, and Zinc in the United States

Estimates of the number of undiscovered deposits offer a unique perspective on the nation's undiscovered mineral resources. As part of the 1998 assessment of undiscovered deposits of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc, estimates of the number of deposits were made for 305 of the 447 permissive tracts delineated in 19 assessment regions of the country. By aggregating number of undiscovered deposits by deposit type and by assessment region, a picture of the nation's undiscovered resources has emerged. For the nation as a whole, the mean estimate for the number of undiscovered deposits is 950. There is a 90% chance there are at least 747 undiscovered deposits and a 10% chance there are as many as 1,160 undiscovered deposits. For Alaska, the mean estimate for the number of undiscovered deposits is 281. There is a 90% chance there are at least 168 undiscovered deposits and a 10% chance there are as many as 402 undiscovered deposits. Assuming that the majority of deposits used to create the grade and tonnage models that formed the basis for estimating the number of undiscovered deposits are significant deposits, there remain about as many undiscovered deposits as have already been discovered. Consideration of the number of undiscovered deposits as part of national assessments carried out on a recurring basis serves as a leading indicator of the nation's total mineral resources.     

Annual regime of bedforms, roughness and flow resistance, Lillooet River, British Columbia, BC

A field study to examine the statistical character of dune morphology and the correlation among dune morphology, discharge, and flow resistance was conducted in a meandering reach of Lillooet River, near Pemberton, British Columbia, Canada. The field season spanned the 1995/1996 hydrologic year with sample day discharge events ranging between 33 and 425 m³ s⁻¹. Surveys of the bed morphology along the thalweg in two dune fields (A and B) were completed using an echo sounder with chart recorder that enabled the measurement of more than 4000 dunes. Dune height ranged between 0.08 and 0.96 m, length between 2.01 and 20.99 m, and steepness between 0.02 and 0.10. Histograms of each dune shape (height, length, steepness) sample most often displayed positive skewness and non-Gaussian distributions (Gamma, Beta, and Weibull); median sample height and length histograms displayed positive skewness; and steepness was nearly Gaussian. Histograms of all dimensionless dunes (i.e., measurement divided by average measurement of sample) were Gaussian and slightly leptokurtic. Neither the height nor length of dunes measured in this investigation were successfully predicted by the empirical models of Allen [Allen, J.R.L., 1984. Developments in Sedimentology. Sedimentary Structures: Their Character and Physical Basis, 2nd edn. Elsevier, New York, vol. 30 (A and B), 1256 pp.], Fredsøe [J. Hydraul. Div., Am. Soc. Civ. Eng. 108(HY8) (1982) 932.], or Yalin [J. Hydraul. Div., Am. Soc. Civ. Eng. 90(HY5) (1964) 105.]. Least-squares regression models for dune–height relations produced here are similar to models published by other field researchers; regression models for dune length only conform to those developed elsewhere if the discharge of the study rivers was similar. The energy gradient in dune field A varied within a smaller range than in field B, enabling dune size to become more fully equilibrated with respect to flow environment. Although the average Froude numbers were much less than critical, dunes appeared to wash out towards a plane bed as discharge increased due to a change from a bedload to suspended-load dominated sediment-transport regime. Flow resistance increased most rapidly during changes in base flow and at the beginning and end of the seasonal flood; resistance tended to be smaller in field A than B, reflecting local differences in energy gradient. Flow resistance increased until a dune steepness of 0.070 was attained and then decreased. The steepness value was considered to be coincident with kolk generation [Dyer, K.R., 1986. Coastal and Estuarine Sediment Dynamics. Wiley, NY, 342 pp.], suggesting that macroturbulent flow structures play an important role in defining the roughness of dunes on a channel bed.