聚丙烯中空纤维膜分离混合气中氨的研究

以Ｈ２ＳＯ４溶液为吸收液，用聚丙稀中空纤维研究了Ｎ２、ＮＨ３混合气中分离氨的传质过程．该过程中，氨的分离为一级动力学过程，Ｈ２ＳＯ４和（ＮＨ４）２ＳＯ４浓度对氨的分离没有明显影响．实验结果表明，Ｈ２ＳＯ４的平均利用率为９９％以上，（ＮＨ４）２ＳＯ４的生产能力为１４７．７ｋｇ／ｍ２·ｄ．     

电解电渗析法处理硼酸铵料液分离氨及硼酸的研究

<正> 一、前言碳铵法加工硼镁矿制取硼酸新工艺,在国内已进行了较多的研究,已有辽宁省开原化工厂用于生产。该工艺是以碳酸氢铵溶液浸取焙烧后的粉状硼镁矿,所得的浸取液主要含有硼酸铵及过量的碳酸氢铵。为了使铵与硼酸分离,把硼酸铵料液送入不锈钢的蒸馏塔中,通入蒸汽使硼酸铵分解,蒸馏出来的氨经冷凝塔回收,溶液里主要含有硼酸,再经蒸发结晶而获得硼酸产品。这一蒸氨过程,热量消耗大,氨的损失多,蒸发塔效率不高,易受腐蚀,     

低碳盐湖提锂:高渗透选择性纳滤膜和正渗透膜材料

报道了联合基金项目“面向青海盐湖卤水锂提取过程强化的高性能中空纤维正渗透膜材料的设计研究”的最新进展。研究从吸附/解吸或稀释盐湖卤水出发,采用“纳滤－正渗透膜”耦合工艺纯化和浓缩Li+浓度至3 wt.%用于碳酸锂沉淀。研究重点是制备高渗透分离性能的层层自组装中空纤维纳滤膜和正渗透膜材料。通过基膜孔结构和物化性能与层层自组装纳滤膜性能和界面聚合正渗透膜性能之间的关系研究及系列技术攻关,已完成四寸中空纤维纳滤膜和正渗透膜的制备,技术指标达到项目指标。项目研究为青海盐湖锂提取提供了核心的分离和浓缩膜材料。     

热分解法测定水盐体系中硝酸铵和水含量研究

针对复杂硝酸铵水盐体系溶解度的测定,传统分析方法操作步骤繁琐,且试剂较贵,引入一种简单准确的分析方法,即热分解法,对LiNO3-KNO3-NH4NO3-H2O体系和NaNO3-KNO3-NH4NO3-H2O体系中硝酸铵和水的含量进行精确分析。结果表明,热分解温度控制在230～240℃,若控制样品质量为1.5 g,分解时间不低于36 h,能将LiNO3-KNO3-NH4NO3-H2O体系中的硝酸铵和水彻底分解,且随着样品中硝酸铵含量增加,热分解时间也将延长,分析相对误差能控制在0.2%以内。针对复杂NaNO3-KNO3-NH4NO3-H2O体系,热分解温度控制在230～255℃,若控制样品质量为1.5 g,分解时间不少于44 h,且随着样品中硝酸铵含量的增加,相应延长热分解时间,能将复杂NaNO3-KNO3-NH4NO3-H2O体系中的硝酸铵和水彻底分解,分析相对误差能控制在0.2%以内。     

利用光卤石和无水芒硝制取硫酸钾技术的进展

硫酸钾是重要的无氯钾肥,其生产方法较多。主要介绍“利用盐田光卤石和天然无水芒硝为原料制取硫酸钾”的专利技术的实施与进展,对年产万吨硫酸钾工业性试验的实际运行结果进行了分析与总结     

温度对复分解法制硝酸钾生产过程的影响

探讨以硝酸铵和氯化钾为原料、复分解法制硝酸钾工艺中 ,配料、硝酸钾结晶、氯化铵结晶等处操作温度对产量、质量、操作时间等的影响     

硫酸镁与氯化钾制取硫酸钾工艺的试验研究

应用相图理论,描述了“水氯镁石与废硫酸生产盐酸”工艺中的副产品硫镁与氯化钾制取硫酸钾工艺的试验数据与结果。其特点是循环综合利用察尔汉盐湖钾盐生产中的副产品,无工业三废,原料成本低,经济效益好,具有较高的推广应用价值。     

“九五”科技攻关项目三个专题通过国家鉴定验收

20 0 0年 1 2月 2 0日 ,国土资源部按照国家有关规定组织相关专家 ,在北京对中科院青海盐湖研究所承担的国家“九五”科技攻关项目的三个专题进行了鉴定验收 ,专家们经过认真审查和讨论一致通过验收。三个专题分别为 :“制取硫酸钾新工艺工程化试验研究”,“盐湖老卤提锂新工艺试验研究”和“盐湖水氯镁石脱水制取电解用无水氯化镁试验研究”。“制取硫酸钾新工艺工程化试验研究”对盐田光卤石和无水芒硝制取硫酸钾新工艺进行了改进和提高 ,使工艺对原料的适应范围更广 ;对过滤设备进行了选型试验 ,确定了适合该工艺的设备类型 ;选择了两种…     

黄河故道盐沼土壤碳、氮含量和氨氧化微生物分布特征

以黄河三角洲南岸故道为研究区,研究湿地土壤中各形式碳、氮含量和氨氧化微生物的分布特征。选择氨单加氧酶基因(amo A)和联氨合成关键基因(hzs B),分别作为氨氧化古菌(AOA)、氨氧化细菌(AOB)和厌氧氨氧化菌(anammox)的分子标记,通过分子生物技术手段,进行定量分析。结果表明,土壤盐度和全碳含量是影响湿地土壤中全氮含量、硝态氮含量、铵态氮含量和氨氧化古菌丰度的主要指标。近海光滩和芦苇(Phragmites australis)—柽柳(Tamarix chinensis)盐沼土壤的铵态氮含量较高,柽柳盐沼土壤的硝态氮含量较高。土壤盐度、全碳和全氮含量由海向陆逐渐增高。油田区盐沼土壤的硝态氮含量在不同深度呈现强变异性,变异系数大于1,在10~20 cm深度土壤中达到1.55。光滩土壤的氨氧化古菌丰度为3.41×108~1.9×104copies/g;油田区盐沼土壤的氨氧化古菌和氨氧化细菌丰度在0~20 cm深度较高,氨氧化古菌丰度为1.69×108~5.6×105copies/g,氨氧化细菌丰度为1.41×107~1.20×104copies/g,厌氧氨氧化菌分布在30~40 cm深度土壤中,丰度为7.85×105copies/g。柽柳盐沼土壤的硝态氮含量和氨氧化微生物丰度较高,表明该区域是湿地氨氧化反应的活跃区。氨氧化古菌和氨氧化细菌丰度比值随着盐度降低而降低,氨氧化古菌在0~40 cm深度都检测到丰度,说明氨氧化古菌比氨氧化细菌和厌氧氨氧化菌具有更广阔的生态位。     

氮输入对小叶章湿地土壤甲烷产生与氧化能力的影响

于2009年6月底,采集三江平原小叶章(Calamagrosis angustifolia)沼泽化湿地的白浆土样品,采用室内模拟试验,研究施不同氮肥和氮肥浓度变化对土壤CH4产生与氧化能力的影响.结果显示,对于表层(0～6 cm深度)土壤,施尿素能明显促进土壤CH4产生,而施硫酸铵则抑制土壤CH4产生,施尿素土壤的CH4产生率分别是未施氮肥和施硫酸铵土壤的4.71倍和10.92倍;对于12～22 cm深度的土壤,净氮输入量为2 ms/g的土壤的平均CH4氧化率大于净氮输入量为1 mg/g的土壤,而未施氮肥和净氮输入量为5 mg/g的土壤的平均CH4氧化率小于0,这表明适量施入硝酸铵能促进土壤氧化大气浓度CH4的能力,但当氮肥输入量增加到一定量后这种作用将消失;施硝酸铵、施硫酸铵、施尿素和施硝酸钾都能促进土壤氧化大气浓度CH4的能力,但施硝酸铵、施硫酸铵和施尿素土壤的平均CH4氧化率分别是施硝酸钾土壤的3.45倍、2.66倍和1.92倍.     

微生物对杜塘水库沉积物氮元素释放的影响

本研究以杜塘水库大坝断面沉积物为对象,通过对上覆水-沉积物界面的好氧／厌氧连续培养模拟试验,比较灭菌与非灭菌条件下,上覆水中氨氮和硝酸盐氮的浓度变化以及沉积物中氨氮和总氮质量分数的变化,并分析培养前后沉积物中与氮循环相关微生物的变化,研究微生物对氮释放的影响．结果表明,灭菌组沉积物氨氮和硝酸盐主要通过上覆水-沉积物浓度梯度作用力进行扩散释放,较快达到平衡;而未灭菌组氨氮和硝酸盐的释放受溶解氧浓度影响,缺氧环境在微生物的作用下会促进反硝化作用以及氨氮的释放,沉积物中含有10^4CFU／g的氨化细菌和反硝化细菌,暗示着沉积物中微生物作用下的氨化作用和反硝化作用较为激烈．     

Microstructure of NH4Cl-NH3-H2O system studied by ATR-FTIR, Raman and MD simulation

The solubilities of ammonium chloride in aqueous ammonia decreased first and then increased with increasing ammonia concentrations, but the mechanism of this phenomenon has not been clarified. In the present work, the ATR-FTIR and Raman spectroscopy were employed to investigate the corresponding mechanism. The spectra analysis was focused on the region between 2500 and 4000 cm-1. It was firstly discovered that the N-H???N hydrogen bonds between ammonium ions and ammonia molecule was mainly formed in the NH4Cl-NH3-H2O system with concentrations higher than 10% ammonia, but N-H???O hydrogen bonds between ammonium ions and water molecule took advantage in the system with lower ammonia concentrations. Correspondingly, the phenomena of hydrogen bonding redshift and blueshift was observed respectively compared in NH3?H2O solution. Moreover, the hydrogen bonding structure of the saturated solution was obtained by means of MD simulation. The present work provides some theoretical basis for the separation of ammonium potassium chloride.     

硫酸镁—氨气法生产氢氧化镁

以硫酸镁和氨气为原料,直接制备高浓度阻燃剂氢氧化镁。通过单因素实验确定了最佳工艺条件,搅拌强度450r／rain,氨镁摩尔比2．4：1,氨气加入流量500mL／min,陈化时间60min,反应温度60℃,硫酸镁浓度2．50mol／L。用扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪和激光粒度仪表征产品的形貌、结构及粒度。在最佳工艺条件下得到,D5012．06μm,D90 18．99μm,料浆浓度7．37％,Mg收率68．02％,氢氧化镁纯度96．75％。     

A Lab-scale Study on the Routes of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal in Gravel-based Reed Bed Systems

The removal of ammonia and phosphorus from an artificial wastewater was studied in two lab-scale reed beds.During batch and continuous operations,it was found that ammonia was removed from the wastewater via a two-step process,sorption inside bed matrices followed by nitrification into nitrite and nitrate.Rapid decrease in the concentration of ammonia in the artificial wastewater was observed during the batch operation,whereas during the continuous operation,which lasted for 39 days,the percentage removal of ammonia decreased gradually with time before stabilizing at around 20%.The efficiency of phosphorus removal exhausted rapidly during the continuous operation,from 39% on the first day of operation to virtually zero after only 5 days.The results suggest that sorption (which may include ion exchange,adsorption,and biomass assimilation) serves as an initial step to remove ammonia and phosphorus from the wastewater,prior to any microbial transformations.     

SHORT COMMUNICATION APPLICATION OF THE POWELL METHOD TO THE OPTIMIZATION OF FLOW INJECTION SYSTEMS

This paper describes the application of the Powell algorithm to the optimization of a flow injectionsystem configuration.The performance of this algorithm has been compared with the modified simplexmethod.The system studied is the determination of ammonia,based on the indophenol blue reaction.Alinear combination of sensitivity and sample throughput is used as the objective function because of itssimultaneous optimization capability.Results obtained show that the proposed method may reach theoptimal conditions with a lower number of experimental evaluations.     

三峡库区梁滩河流域水化学与硝酸盐污染

运用水化学和水质分析技术,测定了三峡库区梁滩河流域地表水体和地下水体中的水化学组成和硝酸盐氮含量,揭示了梁滩河流域地表水和地下水水体的水化学组成和硝酸盐污染的空间分布规律、来源及循环过程。结果表明:梁滩河流域地表水的硝酸盐污染表现为沿着地表径流从上游到下游呈现出加重的趋势,这种污染趋势与养殖业、生活和工农业废污水的沿程直接排放有着直接关系;而地下水硝酸盐污染呈现出流域上游和下游较轻、而中游东侧支流区域较重的空间分布特征,这种空间分布特征与地表水体中氨氮和有机氮的含量、地表水与地下水之间的补给排泄关系、厚层土壤包气带的存在以及土地利用状况等因素有着密切的关系。     

钾肥生产中副产尾盐梯级利用试验研究

柴达木盆地是我国重要的钾肥基地,年产氯化钾超过700×10~4t,副产尾盐超过1 000×10~4t,尾盐的主要组分是氯化钠,并夹带少量的氯化钾。通过精制试验研究,进一步回收氯化钾,氯化钠则作为纯碱原料,实现了尾盐的梯级综合利用,对促进盐湖循环经济发展具有重要意义。试验表明,采用二段洗涤工艺,结合喷淋和搅拌两种洗涤方式处理钾肥生产浮选尾盐,浮选尾盐经二段洗涤所得产品中氯化钠含量达到92.54%,符合纯碱所需原盐指标要求;母液中的氯化钾富集到一定程度后,回收可作为钾肥生产原料。     

Effects of Microtopographically Concentrated Recharge on Nitrate Variability in a Confined Aquifer: Model Simulations

Simulated recharge to a shallow confined aquifer indicates that locally concentrated recharge through microtopographically determined recharge areas (having elevation differences of less than 2 cm) can have a substantial effect on the spatial variability of nitrate-N concentrations [N-NO₃] in the upper meter of an aquifer. For an aquifer that is confined and near pressure equilibrium with the watertable, hydraulic mounds formed under recharge areas can cause temporary large local increases in hydraulic gradient and subsequent flux from the aquitard to the upper aquifer. These hydraulic surges carry nitrates from the aquitard to the upper aquifer, where they move as local plumes and disperse according to the properties of the prevailing aquifer flow system, until discharged, reduced to ammonia, or denitrified. Under conditions of maximum local recharge the ratio of aquifer nitrate concentration to till nitrate concentration ([N-NO₃]_a/[N-NO₃]_t) may approach an upper limit of 1. Understanding these processes is important for interpretation of nitrate and other solute measurements near the aquifer-aquitard boundary.     

The influence of ornithogenic products on the nutrient status of soils surrounding nests on nunataks in Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica

The nutrient status of soils surrounding ten snow petrel Pagodroma nivea nests was investigated by sampling along four transects (One up-slope and three down-slope) from each nest. The highest levels for total N and P.% C. nitrite and ammonia (but not nitrate) were associated with the nest itself. Elevated levels of all nutrients still occurred at I m from the nest but dropped to levels similar to those of non-bird influenced soils at 2 m or 5 m from the nest. Highest bacterial and algal numbers were also associated with the nest. An experiment to examine the breakdown of guano showed nitrification levels to be insignificant and nutrient release levels very slow.