Application of Grey-autoregressive Dynamic Model to Calculation of Atomic Time Scale

Because of the effects of various kinds of noises and other factors, the state of running of an atomic clock is quite complicated. In order to precisely predict the exact variation in frequency or clock rate of the atomic clock, it is necessary to study and make a reliable prediction model and via the model the clock rate of the atomic clock is predicted so as to be adopted in the monitoring of the coordinated local time and the calculation of the local atomic time. The problem how to utilize the grey model and autoregressive model to predict the clock rate of the atomic clock is discussed. The synthesized model of the two models is proposed and researched. It is tested and verified in combination with the actual data of the atomic clocks at National Time Service Center, and the computational methods of predicting the accuracies of the models corresponding to different atomic clocks are given.     

铯原子喷泉钟低噪声频率综合器的研制

铯原子喷泉钟是现今的时间频率的基准,其中的频率综合器性能直接影响喷泉钟的稳定度性能.介绍了铯原子喷泉钟的低噪声频率综合器的设计和实现.对该频率综合器的测试表明,输出的9.2 GHz频率信号的相位噪声为-82 dB[Rad2/Hz]@offset1 Hz,满足设计要求.     

Prediction of Clock Errors of Atomic Clocks Based on Modified Linear Combination Model†

The prediction of the clock errors of atomic clocks plays an important role in the work on time and frequency. Each of the prediction models often used at present has its own merits and shortages. A combination of the predicted results obtained by means of these models can be used to synthesize the characteristics of various kinds of prediction models. In the light of the problem which occurs when the linear combination model is used to make the prediction of clock errors, the concept of learning weight is proposed and the modified combination prediction model is made by taking advantage of various kinds of pieces of accuracy information. For verifying the efficiency of this method the clock error sequences of the IGS (International GNSS Service) of 4 GPS satellites are selected and the predicted results of the quadratic polynomial and grey model are combined. The result shows that the modified model can further improve the stability and accuracy based on the guarantee of the reliability.     

NTSC的双混频时差测量系统试运转结果分析

中国科学院国家授时中心(NTSC)新进口的由德国Timetech公司制造的双混频时差测量系统(dual mixer time difference system,DMTD)已经通过了试运行。介绍了DMTD的工作原理和设备结构。NTSC时频基准实验室的主钟(MC)信号作为DMTD的频率参考信号,5个氢钟和18个铯钟的频率信号作为被测信号与MC信号进行相位比对。用频率分配放大器输出的多路MC信号也作为被测信号用以监测DMTD本身的精度和稳定度。给出了DMTD和时间间隔计数器TIC实际测量结果的比较及误差分析。测量结果表明DMTD特别适用于频率短期稳定度非常高的氢原子钟这样的频标之间的频率和时间比对。该设备将用于NTSC的守时工作,不久的将来也将用于铯喷泉与氢钟的频率比对。     

脉冲星时稳定度及可能应用

给出了毫秒脉冲星长期计时观测最新结果和脉冲星时与原子时频率稳定度的比较。指出脉冲星时频率稳定度的提高受到计时观测误差的限制,讨论了提高毫秒脉冲星计时观测精度的方法。随着脉冲星计时阵的实施,脉冲星时的应用已为期不远。可能的应用包括毫秒脉冲星与原子钟结合守时、建立综合脉冲星时和用脉冲星计时阵检测原子时误差等方面。     

HP5071A铯原子钟内部工作参数的监视与分析

基于对 1 997年上半年购进的 6台HP50 71A铯原子钟的内部工作参数的监视结果 ,分析了 3台铯原子钟 (Cs0 8、Cs1 1和Cs1 6 )从开始运行到铯束管寿命结束期间内部参数的变化趋势 ,以及铯束管在寿命将要到期期间性能的变化情况。对铯原子钟内部工作参数的长期观察与分析 ,有助于对铯原子钟进行更好的维护和使用     

The Influence of Spatial Resolution on Estimating the Force-freeness of Magnetic Fieldtwo

It is a common practice in the solar physics community to judge whether the measured photospheric vector magnetograms are force-free or not. In the previous work, it was studied how the measurement limitations such as the limited field of view, instrument sensitivity, and measurement error could affect the judgement of force-freeness based on the observed magnetograms. A further research on the influence of the spatial resolution on the force-freeness judgement is carried out in this article. The result shows that changing (mainly reducing) the spatial resolution has little influence on the force-freeness judgement in the ideal noiseless case. In the case when there are white noises in the magnetograms as those in the really observed magnetograms, it is opposite to the common intuition that properly reducing the spatial resolution can actually suppress the error, and significantly reduce the heavy influence of the measurement error on the force-freeness judgement, thus to enhance effectively the accuracy of the force-freeness judgement of magnetic field. This result sets up a theoretical foundation and an instructive guidance for judging the force-freeness of solar magnetic field correctly by using the observed magnetograms.     

On the extraction of extended structure from Herschel-SPIRE scanning observations in the presence of 1/f noise

We present results from a study of the impact of uncorrelated 1/ f noise on the extraction of spatial structure, on a range of scales, from sky mapping observations made using the Herschel-SPIRE (the spectral and photometric imaging receiver) photometer in the scan-map mode. These studies were carried out using a detailed instrument simulator, and the output reduced using the map-making algorithm to be implemented in the SPIRE data pipeline. The influence of source size scale, telescope-scanning rate and 1/ f noise knee frequency is investigated, and operational bounds to the expected losses are presented, using the case of zero 1/ f (white) noise as a benchmark. Both cross-linked and non-cross-linked observing options are studied. The results presented here represent the best current estimate of the sensitivity of the SPIRE photometer to emission on arbitrary scales. The data presented are general and scalable to any SPIRE observation made using the scanning mode.     

A Research on the Algorithm of Local Atomic Time

The goal of all time laboratories’ pursue is to produce and keep a stable, precise and reliable time scale. The long-term stability of the time scale is mainly taken into account in the traditional ALGOS algorithm, while the local atomic time scale should give consideration to both the long-term and shortterm stabilities. From the analysis and research on the atomic clock noise model and under the condition that the long-term stability of the local atomic time scale does not drop, a complete algorithm is proposed which is suitable for the calculation of the local time scale TA (NTSC) carried out at the time laboratory with the time-keeping clocks of a unitary type and being close in performance at the National Time Service Center, called the NTSC for short, of Chinese Academy of Sciences. The data of all the clocks in the NTSC which participated in the calculation of the International Atomic Time (TAI) all the year round in 2008 are applied to the test and verification of the new algorithm, with the result showing that both the short- and long-term stability indexes of the obtained TA (NTSC) are improved. The research result is suitable for the calculation of the atomic time scale of the time laboratory whose time keeping system is similar to that of the NTSC.     

四种综合脉冲星时算法比较

由单颗脉冲星定义的脉冲星时受多种噪声源的影响,其短期和长期稳定度都不够好.为了削弱这些噪声源对单脉冲星时的影响,可以采取合适的算法对多个单脉冲星时进行综合得到综合脉冲星时,从而提高综合脉冲星时的长期稳定度.文中介绍4种综合脉冲星时算法:经典加权算法、小波分析算法、维纳滤波算法和小波域中的维纳滤波算法,将这4种算法分别应用于Arecibo天文台对两颗毫秒脉冲星PSR B1855+09和PSRB1937+21观测得到的计时残差并作出比较.     

脉冲星对氢原子钟的频率驾驭算法研究

氢原子钟具有较高的短期稳定度,将其作为主钟可在短期内产生高精度的本地时间信号.但氢钟存在频率漂移现象,导致其长期稳定度较差,从而影响本地时间的准确性.毫秒脉冲星自转高度稳定,借助于其长期稳定度高的特性,可定期实现对氢原子钟的频率驾驭,并对实时信号加以控制.首先分析了国际脉冲星计时阵(International Pulsar Timing Array,IPTA)第二批发布数据中四颗毫秒脉冲星的稳定度随时间的变化,同时采用哈达玛方差分析了中国科学院国家授时中心(National Time Service Center,NTSC)一台氢钟的频率稳定性能,最终给出了利用脉冲星驾驭氢原子钟频率的方法.     

时间尺度算法（精密时钟综合算法）的研究

时间尺度是通过综合众多精密时钟得到的。时间尺度的计算目前主要采用类ALGOS算法 ,这类算法的缺点是权值没有准确反映精密时钟噪声参数以及不能使五种噪声分量同时达到优化综合和不能形成实时的时间尺度。从精密时钟综合的优化算法原理出发 ,探讨了精密时钟噪声参数的估计、精密时钟噪声中噪声分量的分解等问题的解决方法 ,并由此提出了较优化的时间尺度算法 (精密时钟综合算法 ) ,还提出了对现有算法的改进意见。     

The reduction and analysis of GPS common view data

The atomic time scale (such as TAI) obtained from atomic clocks of time laboratories distributed in various locations requires that the means of time comparison should have the same degree of stability as the atomic clocks in use. GPS CV is currently the most widely adopted means of time comparison in the world, and its data reduction and error analysis are indispensable means for improving the accuracy and precision of the technique. The data reduction and analysis of the GPS CV data of CRL-CSAO are taken as an example to illustrate various problems to be solved and the accuracy achieved.     

基于CSST多色测光的时序测光精度分析

中国巡天空间望远镜(Chinese Survey Space Telescope, CSST)是中国的首个大型空间光学望远镜, 将对包括系外行星探测在内的诸多科学目标开展研究, 有望取得前沿科学进展. 时序测光精度是CSST重要的性能指标, 受到物理噪声和仪器噪声的影响, 需要通过数值模拟对其分析和评估. 模拟基于目前公布的CSST主要技术参数, 建立了时序的恒星信号和噪声模型, 以CSST的i波段为例, 分析凝视观测模式下的测光精度. 通过数值仿真, 展示了孔径测光中各项噪声的贡献, 特别是由指向抖动和像素响应不均匀性导致的抖动噪声. 模拟结果还给出了测光孔径的推荐范围. 为了获得更高的信噪比, 可以减小仪器抖动振幅和像素不均匀性, 或者采用参考星较差测光的方式. 结果为CSST后续的时序测光精度与不同指标参数的相关性分析、系外行星探测能力评估以及测光数据处理提供了模拟数据的支撑.     

附有周期项的预报模型及其在GPS卫星钟差预报中的应用研究

为了有效进行GPS卫星钟差预报和更好地反映卫星钟差特性,除了考虑卫星原子钟频移、频漂和频漂率等物理性质外,还应考虑到卫星钟差的周期性变化特点.在二次多项式模型基础上,增加了周期项因素,构造了新的预报模型.选取部分GPS卫星铯钟(Cs.clock)和铷钟(Rb.clock)钟差资料,根据钟差变化趋势分3种情况,按不同时间长度进行钟差预报分析,并与二次多项式模型的预报结果比较分析,大量数据分析表明:附有周期项的二次多项式模型预报精度优于二次多项式模型,铷钟预报精度略优于铯钟.     

高精度原子钟频率稳定度测试系统的软件设计

结合高精度原子钟频率稳定度测试系统的工作原理，介绍了测试系统的软件设计。基于软件的需求分析，运用对象模型方法，重点分析了系统的框架结构、自动测试流程和数据处理及其算法。实验结果证明，该软件可以实现测试过程的稳定和自动化。     

Low-frequency gravitational waves from cosmological compact binaries

We consider gravitational waves emitted by various populations of compact binaries at cosmological distances. We use population synthesis models to characterize the properties of double neutron stars, double black holes and double white dwarf binaries, and white dwarf–neutron star, white dwarf–black hole and black hole–neutron star systems.
We use the observationally determined cosmic star formation history to reconstruct the redshift distribution of these sources and their merging rate evolution.
The gravitational signals emitted by each source during its early spiralling in phase add randomly to produce a stochastic background in the low-frequency band with spectral strain amplitude between ~10⁻¹⁸ and ~5×10⁻¹⁷ Hz^−1/2 at frequencies in the interval ~5×10⁻⁶–5×10⁻⁵ Hz.
The overall signal, which at frequencies above 10⁻⁴ Hz is largely dominated by double white dwarf systems, might be detectable with LISA in the frequency range 1–10 mHz and acts like a confusion-limited noise component, which might limit the LISA sensitivity at frequencies above 1 mHz.     

一种新的守时型原子钟综合时间尺度方法研究

在这篇文章中, 提出了一种基于改进的指数平滑和Vondrak_Cepek联合平滑的氢铯综合时间尺度产生方法. 以最小误差方法为理论基础, 动态估计氢原子钟频率漂移参数, 提升氢原子钟钟差预测准确度; 基于改进的二次指数平滑产生氢原子钟组时间尺度、加权平均方法产生铯原子钟时间尺度, 同时设计Vondrak_Cepek滤波器以结合两类时间尺度长短期稳定度优势, 提升综合时间尺度性能. 实验结果表明, 所提方法产生的氢铯综合时间尺度时稳可达1.60x10^-15,天稳可达3x10^-15,优于ALGOS、AT1和Kalman滤波3种经典方法产生的时间 尺度性能.     

基于双谱滤波的综合脉冲星时算法研究

毫秒脉冲星的自转频率非常稳定,提供了一种独立的基于遥远自然天体并能持续数百万乃至数十亿年的时间基准,具有稳定性强、运行时间长、服务范围广等特点.为了减弱毫秒脉冲星计时观测中各种高斯噪声对脉冲星时的影响,研究了一种基于双谱滤波的综合脉冲星时构建算法,处理分析了国际脉冲星计时阵(International Pul-sar Timing Array,IPTA)最新发布的4颗毫秒脉冲星(PSR J0437-4715、J0613-0200、J1713+0747和J1909-3744)的观测数据,分析了不同时间尺度综合脉冲星时的稳定性,并与构成国际原子时(International Atomic Time,TAI)的4家授时单位原子钟稳定性进行了比较.结果表明:双谱滤波算法能够较好地抑制观测噪声,提高综合脉冲星时的稳定性.相比于经典加权算法,综合脉冲星时1 yr、10 yr稳定度从7.77×10^-14、8.56×10^-16分别提高到1.50×10^-14、3.50×10^-16,单脉冲星时稳定性的提升也类似.同时发现,综合脉冲星时稳定性在5 yr及以上时间尺度上优于原子钟稳定性,可用于改善当前原子时的长期稳定性.     

原子钟噪声的蒙特卡络模拟方法

讨论了原子钟噪声的蒙特卡络模拟方法．具体过程是：先产生模拟所需的正态分布随机数，从实际钟的阿仑方差估算出噪声电平，然后用１组递点函数产生高质量的模拟钟时差的随机序列．在对１台商品铯钟进行具体模拟后，给出了真实数据与模拟值的阿仑方差之问的相符程度，最后对实际问题进行了分析．